• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.403-408
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• 1993

To clarify the effects of killing methods on biochemical changes of plaice, Paralichthys olivaceus muscle at early period after death, cultured plaices were killed by the following four different methods; 1. spiking at the brain instantly. 2. letting them to die in the air. 3. dipping in sea water including anesthetic. 4. electrifying in sea water. Immediately after death, the changes in ATP and its related compounds, ATP breakdown, and IMP or lactate accumulation rates of muscle during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ were studied. ATP in samples killed by letting and electrifying were decomposed more rapidly than spiking and dipping samples. The rate constant of ATP breakdown were $0.429h^{-1}$ for samples killed by electrifying, $0.224h^{-1}$ for letting samples, $0.195h^{-1}$ for spiking samples, and $0.167h^{-1}$ for dipping samples. The maximum speed and content of IMP or lactate accumulation were showed in samples killed by electrifying among the all killing methods. The rate constant of lactate accumulation were $2.256h^{-1}$ for samples killed by electrifying, $1.123h^{-1}$ for letting samples, $0.534h^{-1}$ for spiking samples, and $0.526h^{-1}$ for dipping samples. From the results above, it was revealed that electrifying in sea water could accelerate ATP breakdown and accumulation of IMP or lactate among the all killing methods. The other hand, dipping in sea water including anesthetic delayed those changes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.612-617
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• 1999

The quality characteristics of 15 kinds of the commercial northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (CNS) of korean traditional salt-fermented fish sauces were evaluated comparing to the traditional northern sand lance, Ammodytes Personatus sauce (TNS). The ranges of chemical compositions of the CNSs were $66.5\~71.0\%$ moisture, $19.3\~24.6\%$ ash, $4.7\~12.0\%$ crude protein, and the pH and salinity were $5.56\~6.47\%,\;24.0\~32.9\%$, respectively. Total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total free amino acid and total ATP related compounds (sum of ATP$\~$IMP, HxR, Hx and uric acid) were in the ranges of 0.781$\~$ 1,918 g, 445.9$\~$1037.9 mg, 3,258.9$\~$6:562.6mg in 100 ml CNSs, and 4.766$\~$8.989 $\mu$mol in 1 ml CNSs. The CNSs were higher in content of moisture, TMAO, TMA and pH, but lower in content of crude protein, salinity, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, total ATP related compounds, absorbance at 453 nm and total free amino acid than the TNSs, Both CNS and TNS samples were rich in free amino acids, such as glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid and isoleucine in the order.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.567-572
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Anti-Thrombotic Activities and Cardiovascular Improvement of Fermented Garlic Extracts. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is increasing rapidly in developed countries, with CVDs now representing the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural products and ethnomedicines have been shown to reduce the risk of CVDs. Garlic is a medicinal plant used throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiplatelet activities. We hypothesized that fermented preparations of these products may possess stronger antiplatelet effects than the non-fermented forms owing to the increased bioavailability of the bioactive compounds produced during fermentation. Therefore, we compared these compounds via in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation assays by using standard light transmission aggregometry and ex vivo granule secretions from rat platelets. We found that fermented preparations exerted more potent and significant inhibition of platelet aggregation both in vitro and ex vivo. Likewise, ATP release from dense granules of platelets was also significantly inhibited in fermented preparation-treated rat platelets compared to that in non-fermented preparation-treated ones. We concluded that fermented preparations exerted more potent effects on platelet function both in vitro and ex vivo, possibly as a result of the increased bioavailability of active compounds produced during fermentation. We therefore suggest that fermented products may be potent therapeutics against platelet-related CVDs and can be used as antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.488-492
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• 2001

To investigate changes of components in salt-fermented big eyed herring, Harengula zunasi sauce during fermentation, various chemical properties were examined at $2\~3$ months intervals during 18 months of fermentation. The hydrolytic degree increased sharply until 5 months of fermentation and showed the gentle increasement after that. On the other hand, the content of total and amino nitrogen increased gradually during 18 months of fermentation, The hypoxanthine and uric acid were the most abundant in ATP related compounds, ranging from $81.7\%\;to\;90.1\%$. After 18 months of fermentation, sauce was rich in free amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, threonine in that order.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 1985

In this experiment, the contents of free amino acids, and nucleotides and their related compounds of dried cod products were analysed by amino acid autoanalyzer and HPLC. Proline, histidine, lysine and alanine were dominant amino acids in raw extracts, having $65.4\%$ of total free amino acid contents, but the contents of aspartic acid, serine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were low, and methionine, tyrosine and arginine were detected in trace amount. In free amino acid composition of dried products, abundant amino acids were glycine, histidine, lysine, proline and alanine. Such amino acid as aspartic acid, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were poor. In extracts of storage sample, most free amino acids were increased in both sun dried products and hot air dried products, and glycine, histidine, lysine, proline and alanine were abundant amino acid, such amino acid as methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were poor. In raw cod, inosine and IMP were dominant contents which 18.5, $10.0{\mu}mole/g$ on dry base, respectively, but the contents of ATP, ADP, hypoxanthine and AMP were detected less than $3.2{\mu}mole/g$. ATP and ADP were decreased while IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine were increased during drying and storage of cod.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.517-522
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• 2001

Changes of nucleotides and their related compounds in raw, cooked and frozen fish muscle were studied with HPLC. Red sea bream(cultured and wild) and flounder(cultured, cultured with Obosan(equation omitted) and wild) were used for this study. In nucleotides, contents of ATP was similar to that of IMP and some of H$\times$R(inosine) and H$\times$(hypoxanthine) were existed in fresh muscle. ATP was decomposed rapidly and contents of IMP became different between cultured and wild fish after 6 hours. The content of IMP was lower in the cultured red sea bream(3.39$\mu$ mole/g) and flounder(3.17$\mu$ mole/g) than in the wi1d red sea bream(7.31$\mu$ mole/g) and flounder(5.03$\mu$ mole/g). But, the flounder cultured with Obosan contained the largest amounts of IMP After 24 hours, K values of cultured fish muscle(27.7%, 28.2%) were higher than that of wild ones(22.8%, 24.3%). The K value of cultured flounder fed with 0.3% Obosan(equation omitted)(25.7%) was between cultured and wild flounder. IMP was the one which existed the most in cooked and frozen muscle. Amounts of H$\times$R and H$\times$ were more in cooked and frozen muscle. than in raw muscle. From these results, we could suggest that the wild one was more palatable and fresher than the cultured one and the palatability of cultured one seemed to be improved depanding on the feed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.546-555
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• 1996

Level of nitrogenous compounds in dried shellfish related to the formation of flavors during processing and storage was investigated. Fresh samples of blue mussel, short-necked calm and pacific oyster showed relatively low levels of ATP, ADP and AMP, but high levels of iMP and inosine. Relatively high content of TMAO in fresh samples was markedly reduced in the samples broiled samples, but TMA content was rather elevated in the samples broiled, which was a lowered result of TMAO content. The degree of reduction of TMAO and enhancement of TMA contents was relatively small in the hot-air dried samples during storage periods. Glycinebetaine content in fresh samples was slightly decreased by boiling and broiling. Contrast to glycinebetaine content, hormaline and trigonelline contents were severely reduced by boiling and broiling. Twenty-nine kinds of amino acids and their derivatives were identified in the sample of blue mussel, short-necked calm. Among them, glycine, alanine, arginine, glutamic acid and lysine were major amino acids, but contents of these amino acids was greatly decreased in the samples after drying and boiling processes.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.466-472
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• 2006

In order to develop materials of crab-like flavorant, taste compounds including physicochemical characteristics were analyzed in red snow crab cooker effluent(RSCCE) and hepatopancreas. The $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ was a suitable condition in from 1.5 to $40\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE by sensory evaluation. Lactic acid and succinic acid were major compounds in non-volatile organic acids detected in both $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE and hepatopanceras. The 5 compounds such as AMP, HxR, IMP, ATP and GMP were major in ATP related compounds of $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE, whereas 3 compounds including IMP, GMP and Hx in hepatopanceras. The content of total free amino acids in hepatopancreas was 5.6 times higher than in $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE. The major compounds in $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE were followed by methionine, lysine, arginine, valine, histidine, alanine, hydroxy proline, and glycine in that order, whereas methyl histidine, leucine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, threonine, taurine, isoleucine, and serine were followed in hepatopancreas. By adding 0.5%(w/w) hepatopancreas in $30\;^{\circ}Brix$ RSCCE, crab meat-like odor was kept high level by sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the elect of glutathione(GSH) on lead induced modulation of nitric oxide(NO) synthesis, and to examine how lead modulates NO production in macrophages. Methods : This study was observed in a culture of RAW 264.7 cells, which originated from a tumor in a Balb/c mouse that was induced by the Abelson murine leukemia virus. The compounds investigated were lead chloride, N-acetyl-cystein(NAC), and Buthionine Sulfoximine( BSO). Results : ATP synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells was unchanged by each lead concentration exposure in a dose dependent manner. The NO synthesis was decreased when exposed to lead($PbCl_2$) concentration $0.5{\mu}M$. The presence of $300{\mu}M$ NAC, used as a pretreatment in the culture medium, caused the recovery of the lead induced decrease in NO synthesis, but in the presence of $300{\mu}M$ BSO as a pretreatment, there was no recoverey. Pretreatment with NAC and BSO had no affect on ATP synthesis at any of the lead concentrations used. Conclusions : These results indicated that GSH has a protective effect toward lead toxicity, and suggested that the inhibition of NO production in macrophage due to lead toxicity may be related to cofactors of iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 1971

The present study was directed to define the degradation pattern of the nucleotides and their related compounds in the muscle of anchovy during drying. Three kinds of samples, fresh, sun dried and boiled-and-dried anchovy, were prepared and the contents of nucleotides and related compounds of samples were determined by ion exchange chromatography. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Almost all of ATP disappeared in both muscle of sun dried and boiled-and-dried anchovy, although the initial content of ATP in fresh muscle was very low ($1.8{\mu}moles/g$, dry basis). But the remainning amount of ADP was considerably high while the other nucleotide almost entirely disappeared. This suggested that the residual ADP is responsible to the 'bound nucleotide' of myofibrils. In general, AMP content was comparatively lower than that of other nucleotides. Among three samples, the boiled-and-dried sample showed relatively higher AMP value than others. The amount of IMP remained in muscle remarkably varied between the boiled-and-dried anchovy and sun dried anchovy, the former's value being sixteen times higher than that of latter. In the contents of inosine and hypoxanthine, the sun dried anchovy marked an exceedingly high value equivalent to 2.7 times of the boiled-and-dried anchovy. In comparison of the ratio of inosine and hypoxanthine, hypoxanthine was accumulating in boiled-and-dried anchovy whereas inosine was in the sun-dried anchovy. Eighty three percent of total nucleotides in the fresh anchovy retained in the boiled-and-dried anchovy and IMP ratio in total nucleotides was $73\%$. On the contrary, the sun dried anchovy showed barely $10\%$ of retention rate and IMP ratio was only $38\%$. Considered from the flavor quality of dried anchovy, so far as concerned IMP content, it may be said that the boiled-and-drying method is more favorable process for dried product of anchovy than the sun-drying method.