• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1548-1555
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• 2011

Persimmons are shown to contain high levels of phenolics. The present study was designed to investigate if a sweet persimmon wine (SPW) would affect the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages in a room of controlled temperature and lighting. The rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. After the acclimatization period, rats were weight-matched and assigned to the following three groups: two groups were fed 6.7% ethanol or the caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet and the other group was fed the isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli diet containing SPW at the same ethanol level. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum transaminase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Liver lipids and histology were assessed at 6 weeks. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of SPW were determined. SPW significantly increased antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. As markers of liver injury, serum alanine and aspartate transminases were markedly lowered by SPW at 6 weeks. SPW significantly reduced the serum levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to ethanol treatment. SPW delayed the development of an alcoholic fatty liver by reversing fat accumulation in the liver, as evidenced in histological observations. Taken together, SPW seems to protect the liver from becoming fatty by alleviating fatty liver symptoms and lowering hepatic and serum lipid levels. Such a protective effect of SPW appears to be in part due to its phenolics.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2016

Batteries are used for main power engine in the fields such as mobiles, electric vehicles and unmanned submarines, for starter and lamp driver in general automotive, for emergency electric source in ship. These days, lead-acid and the lithium ion batteries are increasingly used in the fields of the secondary battery, and the lead-acid battery has a low price and safety comparatively, The lithium ion battery has a high energy density, excellent output characteristics and long life, whereas it has the risk of explosion by reacting with moisture in the air. But Recently, due to the development of waterproof, fireproof, dustproof technology, lithium batteries are widely used, particularly, because their usages are getting wider enough to be used as a power source for hybrid ship and electric propulsion ship, it is necessary to manage more strictly. Hybrid ship has power supply units connected to the packets to produce more than 500kWh large power source, and therefore, A number of the communication modules and wires need to implement the wire inspection and monitor system(WIIMS) that allows monitoring server to transmit detecting voltage, current and temperature data, which is required for the management of the batteries. This paper implements a low price type wireless inspection and monitoring system(WILIMS) of the lithium ion battery for hybrid vessels using BLE wireless communication modules and power line modem( PLM), which have the advantages of low price, no electric lines compared to serial communication inspection systems(SCIS). There are state of charge(SOC), state of health(SOH) in inspection parts of batteries, and proposed system will be able to prevent safety accidents because it allows us to predict life time and make a preventive maintenance by checking them at regular intervals.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.100-109
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• 2006

This study evaluated the effects of water velocity, substrates, and phosphorus concentrations on the growth of filamentous periphytic algae (FPA) in the two types of artificial channel systems using treated wastewater. Controlled parameters included 5 ${\sim}$ 15 cm $s^{-1}$ for the water velocity; 10 and 20 mm wire meshes, natural fiber net, gravel and tile for the substrates: and 0.05 ${\sim}$ 1.0 mgP $L^{-1}$ for the P concentration. Algal growth rate of FPA was compared using both chi. a and dry weight change with time. Under the controlled water velocity range, the growth of FPA increased with the velocity, but the maximum growth rate was shown in the velocity of 10 cm $s^{-1}$. The substrate that showed the maximum growth of FPA differed between the artificial channel and indoor channel, due to the influence of suspended matters which caused the clogging of the meshed substrates. Under the controled range of P concentration, the growth rates of all three FPA species (Spirogyra turfosa, Oedogonium fovelatum, Rhizoclonium riparium) increased with the P increase, but they showed the differential growth rates among different P concentrations. The results of this study suggest that under the circumstance having an large amount of nutrients FPA develop the biomass rapidly and that even a little increase over the threshold velocity causes the detachment of filamentous periphytic algae. Thus, FPA dynamics in eutrophic streams, such as those receiving treated wastewater, seem to be sensitive to the water velocity. On the other hand, detached algal filaments could deteriorate water quality and ecosystem function in receiving streams or down-stream, and thus they need to be recognized as an important factor in water quality management in eutrophic streams.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 1981

As one of the fundamental studies for the breeding of marine algae, the effects of several plant hormones (IAA, Gibberellin, 2.4-D, NAA, Kinetin) on the growth of Porphyra-fronds, P. tenera Kjell. form tamatsuensis Miura, were investigated from January 21 to February 21 1981. The fronds used for the experiment were dissected out at $25mm^2$ size, and cultured in modified Provasoli's ESP medium supplemented with various concentrations of each plant growth regulators. The culture was kept under constant water temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ in 14 hrs. photoperiod and illuminated with 2,400 lux by fluorescent light. Based on the results of first experiment, the culture of fronds for the secondary experiment was carried out at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;10^{\circ}C$ in medium containing various levels of Kinetin from April 6 to 24, and compared the growth of two groups at each concentrations with each other, The results obtained are summarized as follows : (1) The best growth efficiencies were observed at 5.0mg/1 of each plant hormones except Gibberellin. Among them, the highest growth-rate was $312.5\%\;(345.3\%\;in\;frond\;size)$ in contrast with control at 5.0mg/1 of Kinetin, and was followed by $257.5\%\;(236.1\%)$ in 2.4-D,$166.7\%(147.6\%)$ in IAA and $141.7\%\;(167.7\%)$ in NAA, but that in Gibberellin was $247.9\%(241.9\%)$ at 10.0mg/l. (2) Especially, the fronds cultured at 5.0mg/1 of Kinetin were deep black-brown in colour, and had vivid, healthy chloroplasts in their all cells. On the contrary, the fronds cultured in other media were discoloured to light black-brown or green-drown, and almost all cells were vacuolated or shrunk gradually into death.(3) There was an obvious difference between the best growth-rates of the fronds cultured at 5.0mg/l of Kinetin at $5^{\circ}C$ and those at $10^{\circ}C$. The former was $366.7\%$, the latter $318.8\%$ but the difference was little at lower concentrations. (4) Many abnormal cells grown up to $25.0-27.5\mu$ in diameter were found among the marginal cells of fronds which showed the best growth in Kinetin, and the fronds wire $41.0-42.0\mu$ in thickness which was thicker by $10.0\mu$ or so than the others. (5) In two fronds at 1.0mg/1 of Kinetin cell-divisions were observed, which might developed into antheridium, but it was doubtful whether due to the efficiency of Kinetin.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2008

Purpose: The frequency of foreign body in the knee joint is not as high, but it sometimes required wide or multiple arthrotomy in order to remove, which can baffle the surgeon in some ways. Our study is to evaluate for effectiveness of arthroscopic retrieval for intra-articular foreign body in the knee joint. Materials and Methods: The 22 patients(16 males, 6 females) had received arthroscopic foreign body retrieval in the knee joint from March 1983 to September 2006. The causes of foreign bodies of the knee joint were 7 of trauma (31.9%) related cases, 13 of surgery related cases (59.0%), 2 found during follow up after operation (8.1%) in pathologies of foreign body. Results: There were 15 of metal showed the most percentage (68.1%), 7 of non-metal (31.9%) in types of foreign bodies, and others included bullet, suture material, pencil lead, broken wire etc. All cases were used by arthroscopic techniques. All foreign bodies were removed easily and were showed no complication such as postoperative joint stiffness. Conclusion: Arthroscopic foreign body retrieval in the knee joint is effective surgery in terms of easy access to foreign body and less postoperative complication.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2012

Purpose: The clinical and radiographic outcomes of the internal fixation, which were executed on patients over the age of 65 with proximal humerus fracture by using a polyaxial angular stable locking compression plate (Non-Contact-Bridging proximal humerus plate, Zimmer, Switzerland, NCB), were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Thirty two patients over the age of 65 among the proximal humerus fracture treated with NCB plate, between August 2007 and January 2011, were chosen as the subjects. The average age of patients was 71 years, and the average postoperative follow-up period was 11.5 months. The fractures included 14 two-part and 18 three-part fractures. The clinical results were evaluated, using the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the Constant score. The radiological results were evaluated by time to union and Paavolainen method, which measures the neck shaft angle. Results: At the last follow-up examination, the mean VAS score was 3 points and the mean Constant score was 64.5 points, with bone union achieved after the average of 16.2 weeks following the surgery in all the cases. The mean neck shaft angle was 125.9 and 24 cases had good results, while 8 cases had fair results by Paavolainen method, at the last follow-up. There were 1 case of delayed union and cerclage wire failure, and 3 cases of subacromial impingement. There were no complications, such as loss of reduction, nonunion, screw loosening, or avascular necrosis of the humeral head. Conclusion: Internal fixation, using a NCB plate, was considered to be an effective surgical method in treating proximal humerus fracture in the elderly patients, on whom the fixation of the fracture and maintenance of reduction are difficult.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.212-216
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• 1981

The growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus treated with vanillin, ortho-vanillin and guaiaco1 was studied on synthetic medium in mechanically agitated chemostat culture, The exponential-phase growth rate exhibited a maximum at the cells treated with 50 ppm vanillin. That stimulation, however, appears to be an effect on growth rate rather than total cell growth. And the others were inhibited by the chemicals. Much greater inhibition in growth of the cells treated with 100 ppm of each chemical than oars treated with 50 ppm was observed after 25 hour fomentation. For aerobic microbes, the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction is enhanced for the reproduction of NAD, which consequently cause to stimulate fermentation. For micro-aerophilic microbes , however, the same effect was not observed at the present study at least in the case of cell concentration. However except f or one treated with 50 ppm vanillin the same effect was observed in the case of growth is to. From the result using the glucose as a substrate, it was found that the cell concentrations measured in terms of ultimate optical density (UOB/ml), were 0.96 and 0.92, when treated with 50 and 100 ppm vanillin; 0.40 and 0.45 when treated with ortho-vanillin 50 and 100 ppm: 0.49 and 0.47, when treated with guaiacol 50 and 100 ppm. The specific growth rates were 0.44, 0.15, 0.25, 0.29, 0.37, and 0.34; the specific production rates wire 0.33, 0.15, 0.16, 0.22, 0.28, and 0.26 and the glucose concentrations (g/1) after 25 hour fermentation were 23.5, 32.8, 31.5, 29.5, 28.0 and 28.8, these all in the same sequences as the first.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2004

The development and proliferation of the mandibular condyle can be altered by changes in the biomechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint. The biomechanical loads were varied by feeding diets of different consistencies. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether changes of masticatory forces by feeding a soft diet can alter the trabecular bone morphology of the growing mouse mandibular condyle, by means of micro-computed tomography. Thirty-six female, 21 days old, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups. Mice in the hard-diet control group were fed standard hard rodent pellets for 8 weeks. The soft-diet group mice were given soft ground diets for 8 weeks and their lower incisors were shortened by cutting with a wire cutter twice a week to reduce incision. After 8 weeks all animals were killed after they were weighed. Following sacrifice, the right mandibular condyle was removed. High spatial resolution tomography was done with a Skyscan Micro-CT 1072. Cross-sections were scanned and three-dimensional images were reconstructed from 2D sections. Morphometric and nonmetric parameters such as bone volume(BV), bone surface(BS), total volume(TV), bone volume fraction(BV/TV), surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) were directly determined by means of the software package at the micro-CT system. From directly determined indices the trabecular number(Tb. N.) and trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) were calculated according to parallel plate model of Parfitt et al.. After micro-tomographic imaging, the samples were decalcified, dehydrated, embedded and sectioned for histological observation. The results were as follow: 1. The bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.) and trabecular number(Tb. N.) were significantly decreased in the soft-diet group compared with that of the control group (p<0.05). 2. The trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) was significantly increased in the soft-diet group(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant differences in the surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) between the soft-diet group and hard-diet control group (p>0.05). 4. Histological sections showed that the thickness of the proliferative layer and total cartilage thickness were significantly reduced in the soft-diet group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.452-459
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• 2006

Competition will usually develop between the opposing walls as the restorative resin shrinks during polymerization. Magnitude of this phenomenon may be depended upon cavity configuration and volume. The purpose of this sturdy was to evaluate the effect of cavity configuration and volume on microleakage of composite resin restoration that has margins on the enamel site only. The labial enamel of forty bovine teeth was ground using a model trimmer to expose a flat enamel surface. Four groups with cylindrical cavities were defined, according to volume and configuration factor(Depth x Diameter / C-factor) - Group I : 1.5 mm ${\times}$ 2.0 mm / 4.0, Group II : 1.5 mm ${\times}$ 6.0 mm / 2.0, Group III : 2.Omm ${\times}$ 1.72 mm / 5.62, Group IV : 2.0 mm ${\times}$ 5.23 mm / 2.54. After treating with fifth-generation one-bottle adhesive - BC Plus$^{TM}$ (Vericom, AnYang, Korea), cavities were bulk flted with microhybrid composite resin - Denfill$^{TM}$ (Vericom). Teeth were stored in distilled water for one day at room temperature and were finished and polished with Sof-Lex system. Specimens were thermocycled 500 times between 5$^{\circ}$C and 55$^{\circ}$C for 30 second at each temperature. Teeth were isolated with two layers of nail varnish except the restoration surface and 1 mm surrounding margins. Electrical conductivity (${\mu}$A) was recorded in distilled water by electrochemical method. Microleakage scores were compared and analyzed using two-way ANOVA at 95% level. The results were as follows: 1. Small cavity volume showed lower microleakage score than large one, however, there was no statistically significant difference. 2. There was no relationship between cavity configuration and microleakage. Factors of cavity configuration and volume did not affect on microleakage of resin restorations with enamel margins only.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

Electric power which is the energy source of economy and industries requires long distance transportation due to regional difference between its production and consumption, and it is supplied through the multi-loop transmission and distribution system. Prior to its actual use, electric power flows through several transformations by voltage transformers in substations depending on the characteristics of each usage, and a transformer has the structure consisting of the main body, winding wire, insulating oil and bushings. A transformer fire that breaks out in substations entails the primary damage that interrupts the power supply to houses and commercial facilities and causes various safety accidents as well as the secondary economic losses. It is considered that causes of such fire include the leak of insulating oil resulting from the destruction of bottom part of bushings, and the chain reaction of fire due to insulating oil that reaches its ignition point within 1 second. The smoke detector and automatic fire extinguishing system are established in order to minimize fire damage, but a difficulty in securing golden time for extinguishing fire due to delay in the operation of detector and release of gas from the extinguishing system has become a problem. Accordingly, this study was carried out according to needs of active mechanism to prevent the spread of fire and block the leak of insulating oil, in accordance with the importance of securing golden time in extinguishing a fire in its early stage. A bushings fireproof structure was developed by applying the high temperature shape retention materials, which are expanded by flame, and mechanical flame cutoff devices. The bushings fireproof structure was installed on the transformer model produced by applying the actual standards of bushings and flange, and the full scale fire test was carried out. It was confirmed that the bushings fireproof structure operated at accurate position and height within 3 seconds from the flame initiation. It is considered that it could block the spread of flame effectively in the event of actual transformer fire.