• Acute and Critical Care
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.216-221
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• 2018

Background: In this study, we analyze the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, APACHE IV, Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) 3, and Mortality Probability Model $(MPM)_0$ III in order to determine which system best implements data related to the severity of medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: The present study was a retrospective investigation analyzing the discrimination and calibration of APACHE II, APACHE IV, SAPS 3, and $MPM_0$ III when used to evaluate medical ICU patients. Data were collected for 788 patients admitted to the ICU from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. All patients were aged 18 years or older with ICU stays of at least 24 hours. The discrimination abilities of the three systems were evaluated using c-statistics, while calibration was evaluated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. A severity correction model was created using logistics regression analysis. Results: For the APACHE IV, SAPS 3, $MPM_0$ III, and APACHE II systems, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.745 for APACHE IV, resulting in the highest discrimination among all four scoring systems. The value was 0.729 for APACHE II, 0.700 for SAP 3, and 0.670 for $MPM_0$ III. All severity scoring systems showed good calibrations: APACHE II (chi-square, 12.540; P=0.129), APACHE IV (chi-square, 6.959; P=0.541), SAPS 3 (chi-square, 9.290; P=0.318), and $MPM_0$ III (chi-square, 11.128; P=0.133). Conclusions: APACHE IV provided the best discrimination and calibration abilities and was useful for quality assessment and predicting mortality in medical ICU patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1252-1264
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• 1998

연구배경 : 급성호흡곤란층후군은 기계호흡을 포함한 집중 치료에도 불구하고 일반적으로 사망율이 50%에 이르는 중증 급성폐손상으로 사망률 개선을 위해 지난 10여년간 여러 'sepsis trial'들이 시도되어 왔으며, 기계 호흡관리 전략의 변화로 의미 있는 사망율의 개선을 보이고 있다. 사망에 관련한 인자들로는 패혈증, 장기 손상, 고령, APACHE II 점수등이 있다. 내과계 중환자실에서 기계호흡 치료로 관리된 급성호흡곤란증후군 환자를 대상으로 이러한 인자들이 예후에 미치는 영향을 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 급성호흡곤란증후군의 진단은 1994 년 ATS-ESICM에서 발표된 진단범주에 근거하였다. 천안 순천향병원에서 1995년 3월부터 1998년 10월까지 호흡기계 중환자실에서 기계호흡 치료로 관리된 급성호흡곤란증후군 환자 40예를 대상으로 후향적 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 보았다. 결 과 : 급성호흡곤란증후군 발생원인으로는 각각 패혈증 50%(20/40), 폐렴 30%(12/40), 흡인성 폐렴은 20%(8/40) 이였다. 원인에 따른 사망률은 각각 패혈증이 50%(20/40), 폐렴 67%(8/12), 흡인성폐렴38%(3/8)이였다. 전체 사망율은 60%(24/40)였으며, 28일-사망군에서 사망원인으로 각각 패혈중이 43%(9/21), 다발성장기부전이 29%(6/21), 호흡부전이 19%(4/21)이였다. 28일-생존군(19)과 28일-사망군(21)간에 연령, 성별차이는 없었으며, 급성호흡곤란증후군 발생당시 APACHE II 점수는 각각 $22.82{\pm}3.25$ 및 $24.94{\pm}4.67$, 저산소 점수는 각각 $124.11{\pm}49.10$ 및 $110.33{\pm}55.74$, 장기손상수는 각각 $2.00{\pm}0.94$ 및 $2.12{\pm}0.93$개로 양군간에 차이는 없었다. 발생당시 70세 이상, APACHE II 점수가 26 이상, 저산소점수가 150 미만이였던 예는 양군간에 유의한 차이가 있었다 (p<0.05). 생존군에서 발생 당시 및 3일째에 비해 7일째에 APACHE II 점수, 장기손상수, 저산소점수가 유의하게 호전되었고 (p<0.05), 사망군과 유의한 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). 사망군에서는 7 일간의 관찰기간동안 장기손상수 및 저산소정수의 변화는 없었으며, 특히 APACHE II 점수는 발생당시에 비해 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 1995년부터 1998년까지 사망율을 비교한 결과 68%에서 40% 이하로 감소하였으며, 연도별로 연령, APACHE II 점수, 저산소 점수 및 장기손상수는 차이가 없었다. 전년도 및 후년도군 각각에서 첫주에 적용된 평균 호기말양압은 2.8mmHg 및 9.2mmHg였으며(p=0.0001), 일환량은 475.8ml 및 371.8ml로 차이가 있었다(p=0.0013). 결 론 : 급성호흡곤란증후군에서 발생당시 APACHE II 점수 및 저산소점수 정도와 함께 치료경과에 따른 APACHE II 점수, 저산소점수 및 장기손상수 등의 호전여부가 예후에 중요한 것으로 사료되며, 근년에 관찰된 급성호흡곤란증후군의 유의한 사망률 개선에 적어도 호기말양압의 유의한 증가가 영향을 준 것으로 사료되었다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2008

Purpose: The major complication of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning is respiratory failure as a result of cholinergic toxicity. Many clinicians find it difficult to predict the optimal time to initiate mechanical ventilation (MV) weaning, and as a result have tended to provide a prolonged ventilator support period. The purpose of this study is to determine any clinical predictors based on patients characteristics and laboratory findings to assist in the optimal timing of mechanical ventilator weaning. Methods: We reviewed medical and intensive care records of 44 patients with acute OP poisoning who required mechanical ventilation admitted to medical intensive care unit between July 1998 and June 2007. Patient information regarding the poisoning, clinical data and demographic features, APACHE II score, laboratory data, and serial cholinesterase (chE) levels were collected. Base on the time period of MV, the patients were divided into two groups: early group (wean time < 7 days, n = 28) and delayed group (${\geq}$ 7 days, n = 16). Patients were assessed for any clinical characteristics and predictors associated with the MV weaning period. Results: During the study period, 44 patients were enrolled in this study. We obtained the sensitivity and specificity values of predictors in the late weaning group. APACHE II score and a reciprocal convert of hypoxic index but specificity (83.8%) is only APACHE II score. Also, the chE concentration (rho = -0.517, p = 0.026) and APACHE II score (rho = 0.827, p < 0.001) correlated with a longer mechanical ventilation duration. Conclusion: In patients with acute OP poisoning who required mechanical ventilation, the APACHE II scoring system on a point scale of less than 17 and decrements in cholinesterase levels on 1-3 days were good predictors of delayed MV weaning.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2016

Purpose: The incidence of glufosinate poisoning is gradually increasing, and it can be fatal if severe poisoning occurs. However, factors useful for predicting the post-discharge neurological prognosis of patients who have ingested glufosinate have yet to be identified. Our objective was to evaluate the utility of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score measured in the emergency department for predicting the neurological prognosis. Methods: From April 2012 to August 2014, we conducted a retrospective study of patients who had ingested glufosinate. The outcome of the patients at discharge was defined by the Cerebral Performance Category Score (CPC). The patients were divided into a good prognosis group (CPC 1, 2) and a poor prognosis group (CPC 3, 4, 5), after which the APACHE II scores were compared. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve from patients determined calibration and discrimination. Results: A total of 76 patients were enrolled (good prognosis group: 67 vs poor prognosis group: 9). The cut-off value for the APACHE II score was 12 and the area under the curve value was 0.891. The Hosmer and Lemeshow C statistic x2 was 7.414 (p=0.387), indicating good calibration for APACHE II. Conclusion: The APACHE II score is useful at predicting the neurological prognosis of patients who have ingested glufosinate.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2023

Purpose: In patients with glufosinate poisoning, severe neurological symptoms may be closely related to a poor prognosis, but their appearance may be delayed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score could predict the neurological prognosis in patients with glufosinate poisoning who present to the emergency room with alert mental status. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively through a chart review for patients over 18 years who presented to a single emergency medical center from January 2018 to December 2022 due to glufosinate poisoning. Patients were divided into groups with a good neurological prognosis (Cerebral Performance Category [CPC] Scale 1 or 2) and a poor prognosis (CPC Scale 3, 4, or 5) to identify whether any variables showed significant differences between the two groups. Results: There were 66 patients (67.3%) with good neurological prognoses and 32 (32.8%) with poor prognoses. In the multivariate logistic analysis, the APACHE II score, serum amylase, and co-ingestion of alcohol showed significant results, with odds ratios of 1.387 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.027-1.844), 1.017 (95% CI, 1.002-1.032), and 0.196 (95% CI, 0.040-0.948), respectively. With an APACHE II score cutoff of 6.5, the AUC was 0.826 (95% CI, 0.746-0.912). The cutoff of serum amylase was 75.5 U/L, with an AUC was 0.761 (95% CI, 0.652-0.844), and the AUC of no co-ingestion with alcohol was 0.629 (95% CI, 0.527-0.722). Conclusion: The APACHE II score could be a useful indicator for predicting the neurological prognosis of patients with glufosinate poisoning who have alert mental status.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2005

Objectives : To evaluate the predictive validity of three scoring systems; the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation(APACHE) III, simplified acute physiology score(SAPS) II, and mortality probability model(MPM) II systems in critically ill patients. Methods : A concurrent and retrospective study conducted by collecting data on consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU) including surgical, medical and coronary care unit between January 1, 2004, and March 31, 2004. Data were collected on 348 patients consecutively admitted to the ICU(aged 16 years or older, no transfer, ICU stay at least 8 hours). Three models were analyzed using logistic regression. Discrimination was assessed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves, sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rate. Calibration was assessed using the Lemeshow-Hosmer goodness of fit H-statistic. Results : For the APACHE III, SAPS II and MPM II systems, the area under the receiver operating characterist ic(ROC) curves were 0.981, 0.978, and 0.941 respectively. With a predicted risk of 0.5, the sensitivities for the APACHE III, SAPS II, and MPM II systems were 81.1, 79.2 and 71.7%, the specificities 98.3, 98.6, and 98.3%, and the correct classification rates 95.7, 95.7, and 94.3%, respectively. The SAPS II and APACHE III systems showed good calibrations(chi-squared H=2.5838 p=0.9577 for SAPS II, and chi-squared H=4.3761 p=0.8217 for APACHE III). Conclusions : The APACHE III and SAPS II systems have excellent powers of mortality prediction, and calibration, and can be useful tools for the quality assessment of intensive care units(ICUs).

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.464-473
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the predictive ability of three mortality scoring systems; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) III, Simplified Acute Physiology Score(SAPS) II, and Mortality Probability Model(MPM) II in discriminating in-hospital mortality for intensive care unit(ICU) patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: Eighty-nine patients admitted to the ICU at a university hospital in Daejeon Korea were recruited for this study. Medical records of the subject were reviewed by a researcher from January 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004, retrospectively. Data were analyzed using SAS 8.1. General characteristic of the subjects were analyzed for frequency and percentage. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows. The values of the Hosmer-Lemeshow's goodness-of-fit test for the APACHE III, the SAPS II and the MPM II were chi-square H=4.3849 p=0.7345, chi-square H=15.4491 p=0.0307, and chi-square H=0.3356 p=0.8455, respectively. Thus, The calibration of the MPM II found to be the best scoring system, followed by APACHE III. For ROC curve analysis, the areas under the curves of APACHE III, SAPS II, and MPM II were 0.934, 0.918 and 0.813, respectively. Thus, the discrimination of three scoring systems were satisfactory. For two-by-two decision matrices with a decision criterion of 0.5, the correct classification of three scoring systems were good. Conclusion: Both the APACHE III and the MPM II had an excellent power of mortality prediction and discrimination for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients in ICU.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제65권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2008

연구배경: ARDS는 다양한 원인으로 초래되는 급성 염증성 폐 질환으로서 인공호흡기 치료 등의 여러 의학적 발전에도 불구하고 사망률이 40~60%로 예후가 좋지 않다. 이러한 환자들의 예후를 예측하는 방법으로 APACHE, SPAPS, MAM 등 방법이 있지만 간편하지가 않아서, ARDS가 염증성 폐질환이란 점에 착안하여서 염증 지표로 흔히 사용하는 ESR, CRP의 ARDS 환자에서 예후 인자로서의 역할을 평가해 보고자 하였다. 방 법: 87명의 ARDS 환자들의 중환자실 입원 당시의 ESR, CRP 결과와 APACHE II score 그리고 추적 검사한 결과를 확인하였다. 또한 대상 환자를 생존한 군과 사망한 군으로 나누어서 생존한 환자군에서 총 입원기간, 중환자실 입원기간, 인공 호흡기 치료 기간과 ESR, CRP, APACHE II score들과의 상관관계 및 ESR, CRP의 변화추이와 사망률과의 상관 관계에 대해서 연구하였다. 결 과: 중환자실 입원 당시의 ESR, CRP로는 ARDS 환자의 사망률을 예측하기가 어렸다. 하지만 CRP는 ARDS로 중환자실 치료 후 생존했던 환자군에서 사망했던 환자군에 비해서 치료 초기에 유의하게 감소하였으며, 중환자실 입원 당시 ESR이 높을수록 ARDS 환자들의 총 입원 기간 및 중환자실 입원기간이 길었다. 결 론: CRP의 초기 변화 및 중환자실 입원 당시의 ESR은 ARDS 환자의 예후를 예측하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

Background: The incidence of abdominal trauma with intra-abdominal organ injury or bowel rupture is increasing. Articles on the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of small bowel perforation due to blunt trauma have been reported, but reports on the relationship of mortality and morbidity to clinical factors for prognosis are minimal. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the morbidity and mortality of patients with small bowel perforation after blunt abdominal trauma on the basis of clinical examination and to analyze factors associated with the prognosis for blunt abdominal trauma with small bowel perforation. Methods: The clinical data on patients with small bowel perforation due to blunt trauma who underwent emergency surgery from January 1994 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation of each prognostic factor to morbidity and mortality, and the relationship among prognostic factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 83 patients met the inclusion criteria: The male was 81.9%. The mean age was 45.6 years. The mean APACHE II score was 5.75. The mean time interval between injury and surgery was 395.9 minutes. The mean surgery time was 111.1 minutes. Forty seven patients had surgery for ileal perforations, and primary closure was done for 51patients. The mean admission period was 15.3 days, and the mean fasting time was 4.5 days. There were 6 deaths (7.2%), and 25 patients suffered from complications. Conclusion: The patient's age and the APACHE II score on admission were important prognostic factors that effected a patient's progress. Especially, this study shows that the APACHE II score had effect on the operation time, admission period, the treatment period, the fasting time, the mortality rate, and the complication rate.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.525-536
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• 2017

연구목적: 본 연구는 성인 통합 중환자실에 입실 환자를 대상으로 중환자실 체류기간에 영향을 미치는 요인을 인구사회학적, 질병관련 특성을 중심으로 파악하여 효율적인 중환자 간호 중재 개발의 기초적 자료를 제공하기 위하여 실시하였다. 연구방법: 서울특별시에 소재한 일 종합병원의 성인 통합 중환자실에 입실한 환자 최종 270명을 분석한 후향적 조사연구이다. 연구결과: 분석대상 270명 환자 중 중환자실 체류기간이 5일 이상 그룹이 116명(43%)이었으며, 중환자실 체류기간은 FCI score (r=0.33, p<.001), APACHE II(r=0.19, p=.001)와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 중환자실 체류기간의 영향요인은 일반적 특성을 통제한 상태에서 대상자의 중환자실 입실경로(p=0.013), FCI score(p<0.001), APACHE II(p=0.012)로 나타났다. 결론: 중환자실 입실시 응급실 경유나 중증도가 높은 환자의 경우, 입실 초기 보다 집중적인 환자간호를 통해 환자의 체류기간을 줄이도록 하는 다양한 중재개발이 모색되어야 하겠다.