• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.73-87
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the effect of lactose in 4 different concentrations against the protective effect of calcium on the acute lead poisoning in rats after 4 weeks treatment. In this animal experiment, 70 albino male weanling rats (50-70g of body weight) of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. Lead was dissolved in the distilled water and intubated at the dose of 400mg lead (as acetate)/ kg of body weight/day. Calcium and lactose were administered in drinking water ad libiturn dissolved with the solution of 0.7% calcium gluconate mixed with 40, 80, 160 and 320mM lacotse respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The rate of body weight gain in all treated groups turned out to be lower than that in the control group during 4 weeks treatment. The slow-down of body weight gain was the most significantly observed in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05). 2. The relative spleen weight in lead only treated group was significantly lower than that of lead + calcium, lead + calcium + 80mM lactose treated group ( p < 0.05). 3. The value of RBC, WBC, Hb and Hct showed a decreasing tendency in the group treated with lead only ( p < 0.05), however, a significant decrease was not observed in the group treated with lead + calcium. On the other hand, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. 4. The activity of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase ($\delta$-ALAD activity) showed the same tendency as No. 2. 5. The lead concentration in the blood (PbB) showed an increasing tendency and the interrelation among the different groups was also identical with No. 2. 6. With a statistical approach, it was found out that the activity of $\delta$-ALAD and the lead concentration in the blood show a relation of inverse proportion(r=-0.7301). The diagram was interpreted with the logarithmic equation InY = 5.5357-0.0251X (X:PbB, Y:$\delta$-ALAD activity). 7. In the histopathological findings of the kidney, the protective effect of calcium was observed. However, the protective effect of calcium was restricted in the group treated with lead + calcium + lactose. As a conclusion, the intensity of the acute ingested lead poisoning was obviously reduced by calcium, however, the protective effect of calcium was deteriorated in proportion with the concentration of the lactose to be administered. On the other hand, it was also noted that the deterioration was lightly restrained in the group treated with the physiological concentration of 80mM lactose than the results shown in the groups treated with lactose of other concentrations.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 ALA의 생산 공정을 개발하기 위해 재조합 플라스미드, pFLS45를 도입한 재조합 대장균의 성장과 ALA 생산 특성을 조사하였다 30 mM 숙신산과 15 mM 글리신이 첨가된 배양액에서 균체 성장이 원활하고 높은 ALA 생산성을 보였다. 그리고 LA는 균체성장이 거의 다 이루어진 정지기에 첨가될 때 균체 성장에 저해를 일으키지 않으면서 ALA 생산성을 높일 수 있었다. 또한 세포내 효소 ALAD의 활성은 30 mM LA가 첨가되었을 때 가장 효과적으로 저해되었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 재조합 대장균은 pH 조절을 위한 산이나 알칼리 첨가에 민감하여 pH를 조절하지 않은 경우에 균체의 성장이 가장 원활하였고 ALA 생산성도 높았다. 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 배양한 경우 균체의 성장은 원활하였지만 ALA의 생산성이 매우 낮았다. 그리고 일반적인 pET 계열의 재조합 대장균의 발현 양상과 달리 유도 발현하지 않고 LA만을 첨가했을 때 ALA 생산 농도는 800 mg/L 이상으로 매우 높았다. 7L급 생물반응기를 이용하여 MS8 배지에 기질 (포도당, 숙신산, 글리신) 및 LA를 간헐적으로 첨가하여 균체 성장 및 ALA 생산 특성을 살펴보았다. 균체량은 높지 않았지만 기질첨가 이후 ALA 생산량은 꾸준히 증가하여 기존의 ALA 생산량보다 두 배 이상 증가한 1300mg/L 정도 생산되었으며 ALAD의 활성은 다른 실험결과와 비교할 때 30% 정도 낮았다. 한편, LA 및 숙신산의 첨가 이후 낮아진 배양액의 pH는 균체 성장을 저해하였는데 발효 중 기질을 첨가한 후 pH를 잘 제어하면서 유가식 또는 연속식 발효를 수행하면 ALA 생산성을 증대시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 고농도의 ALA 생산은 균체 생존에 영향을 주므로(37) 생산된 ALA를 적절히 분리하는 방법이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1993

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the biological lead exposure indices and air lead concentrations measured by personal air samplers. The 72 occupationally lead exposed workers were observed and the bioiogical lead Exposure indices chosen for this study were blood lead(PbB), urine lead(PbU), zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood(ZPP), $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid in urine(ALAU), $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD), coproporphyrin in urine(CPU) and hemoglobin(Hb). The workers were divided into four groups by air lead concentrations: Group I; under $0.05mg/m^3$, Group II; $0.05-0.10mg/m^3$, Group III; $0.10-0.15mg/m^3$ and Group IV; and over $0.15mg/m^3$. For evaluation the relationship between the biological lead exposure indices and air lead concentrations was used as correlation coefficients. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In Group I, II, III and IV, the mean value of PbB were $25.45{\pm}1.84{\mu}g/dl,\;27.87{\pm}3.53{\mu}g/dl,\;31.21{\pm}1.76{\mu}g/dl\;and\;47.02{\pm}13.96{\mu}g/dl$. Between Group IV and other groups showed statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. There was an increasing tendency of PbB, PbU, ALAU and ZPP according to the increase the mean air lead concentration, while ALAD has decreasing tendency. CPU and Hb did not show any constant tendency. 3. Correlation coefficients between PbB, PbU, ZPP, ALAU, ALAD, CPU, Hb and air lead concentration were 0.95, 0.83, 0.89, 0.72, -0.83, 0.51 and -0.45 respectively, and regression coefficient between PbB(Y) and PbA(X) was Y=126.8746X+16.9996(p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2003

한국전통차로 알려진 녹차, 감잎 및 홍화의 열수추출물이 납투여된 흰쥐의 헴합성과 적혈구 중의 항산화효소 활성도 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 체중 kg당 25 mg의 납을 매주 1회 경구투여 하였다. 녹차잎, 감잎 및 홍화 열수추출물은 매일 일정시간에 체중 kg당 1.26 g 수준이 되도록 4주간 경구투여하여 사육한 결과 헤마토크릿치, 헤모글로빈 함량 및 적혈구 수는 납 단독투여군이 정상군에 비하여 유의적인 감소를 보였으나 녹차, 감잎 및 홍화 열수추출물 급여로 감소 정도가 완화되었다. 혈액과 간조직 ALAD 중의 활성은 정상군에 비하여 납 단톡투여 군이 유의 적으로 감소되었으며, 한국전통차 열수 추출물 급여시 활성이 정상 수준 가까이 회복되었는데 그 효능은 혈액학적 성상 변화와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다 혈장 중 AST, ALT활성은 정상군에 비하여 납 단독투여군에서 유의적으로 증가되었으며 각각의 열수추출물 급여시 납에 의한 활성 증가가 현저하게 억제되어 정상수준으로 회복되었으며 한국전통차 종류에 따른 차이는 유의적이지는 않으나 감잎과 홍화가 효과적인 것으로 관찰되었다. 적혈구 중의 SOD와 CAT활성 및 GSH 함량은 납 단독투여시 유의적으로 증가되고 GSH-Px 활성은 감소된 반면, 녹차, 감잎 및 홍화 열수추출물 급여시 납으로 인한 적혈구의 항산화효소 활성변화가 완화되었다

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 1989

An experimental study on the selenium effects on toxicity of lead (4ppm intraperitoneal injection) in adult male rats of Spragne-Dawley strain was performed. This study was carried out to reveal the selenium effects concerning treatment and prevention of lead intoxication and differences of the selenium effects according to the administration method between oral and subcutanous. The changes of body weight, liver and kidney weight per body weight, hemoglobin values, hematocrit values, TBA values in serum, and $\delta$-ALAD activity in blood were determined. The results were as follows 1. There were no significant differences among groups about the change of body weight. 2. In the liver weight per body weight, the group of Pb administration after the oral administration of selenium was significantly high, different from the group of Pb administration alone (p < 0.05). 3. There .were no significant differences among groups about the kidney weight per body weight. 4. On the hemoglobin values, the group of Pb administration with selenium was significantly high,different from the group of Pb administration alone (p < 0.05). 5. There were no significant differences among groups about the hematocrit values. 6. On TBA values in serum, all the selenium treated groups were significantly low different from the group of Pb administration alone (p < 0.01). 7. On $\delta$-ALAD activity, all selenium treated groups were significantly high different from the group of Pb adminsitration alone (p < 0.01). Considering from the results of this experiment, selenium seems to reduce Pb toxicity and preventive administration of selenium seems to be also effective. And the difference of selenium effect according to the administration method between oral and subcutaneous could not be found.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 1984

The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of Zn in lead poisoning rats by way of examining interaction mechanism of Pb and Zn. The fifty-five rats were Pb divided into four groups such as Zn group, group, Pb and Zn group, and control group. The rats of Zn group and of Zn and Pb group were subdivided into four groups by dose of Zn respectively 250mg/l, 500mg/l, 1, 000mg/l and 2, 000 mg/l. The rats having been fed the above mentioned chemicals, were weighed every five days for fifty-five days, and the subjects were slaughtered for measuring $\delta$-ALAD activities in blood and the accumulation amount of the chemicals in livers and kidneys. The results of the study are summarized as following 1. As for body weight gains, those of the control group rats were the highest, and those of Pb group the lowest. 2. $\delta$-ALAD activities of Pb group showed the tendency of decrease in comparison with those of control group. In Zn group, the subgroups of 250mg/l and 500mg/l showed higher activities than control group, whereas the subgroups of 1, 000mg/l and 2.000mg/l showed lower. 3. Hb value of Pb group was lower than that of control group. In Zn group, Hb value of the groups of 250mg/l and 500mg/l was a little higher than that of control group, while that of the groups of 1, 000mg/l and 2, 000mg/l was lower. 4. The amount of Pb and Zn accumulated in liver was much higher than in kidney. The amount of Pb accumulated in organs of Zn and Pb group decreased gradually in contrast to high concentration of Zn.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.87-90
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• 2003

ALA is an essential intermediate in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway and has applications as a biodegradable herbicide and insecticide as well as medical applications including photodynamic therapy of cancers. For the development of mass production process of ALA it is necessary to on-line monitor some metabolites such as glycine, succinate, LA and ALA. In this work, medium compositions, pH conditions, induction and addition of LA were investigated to increase the production of ALA by recombinant E. coli. A 2-dimensional fluorescence sensor was used to monitor the processe and the fluorescence spectra were correlated with on- and off-line data like ALAS, ALAD, cell mass etc.

• 생약학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.374-378
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• 1998

Sodium arsenate and Paljin-Tang extract (PJT), a herbal restorative were treated p.o. 20 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and concurrently to rats, and examined the effects on the liver of rats. The values of protein, aniline hydroxylase (AH) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were increased in arsenic-treated group. The values of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) and ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD) of arsenic-treated group were decreased. But concurrent ad-ministration with PJT showed significant recovery from the toxicity of arsenic.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.552-557
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• 2000

In order to investigate the effects of Yukmijihwang-Tang on the hepatic microsomal function of Cd-poisoned rats, 3 mg/kg of cadmium (Cd) and 500 mg/kg of Yukmijihwang-Tang extract (YJT), a herbal hepatoprotective medicine, were administered concurrently to rats for 4 weeks. The levels of protein, aniline hydroxylase (AH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in Cd-treated group. This increase was suppressed by treatment or YJT. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) and ${\delta}-aminolevulinic$ acid dehydratase (ALAD) of Cd-treated group were decreased. This decrease was inhibited by treatment of YJT. Treatment with YJT significantly protects cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.24-25
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• 2003

Lead is ubiquitous in the human environment as a result of industrialization. China's rapid industrialization and traffic growth have increased the potential for lead emissions. Lead poisoning in children is one of the most common public health problems today, and it is entirely preventable. Children are more vulnerable to lead pollution and lead in their bodies can affect their nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems. Children are exposed to lead from different sources (such as paint, gasoline, and solder) and through different pathways (such as air, food, water, dust, and soil). Although all children are exposed to some lead from food, air, dust, and soil, some children are exposed to high dose sources of lead. Significant sources of lead for China's children include industrial emissions (often close to housing and schools), leaded gasoline, and occupational exposure that occurs when parents wear lead-contaminated clothing home from work, burning of coal for home heat and cooking, contaminated food, and some traditional medicines. To assess the blood lead level in children in China, a large-scale study was conducted in 19 cities among 9 provinces during 1997 to 2000. There were 6502 children, aged 3-5 years, were recruited in the study The result indicates that the mean blood lead level was 8.83ug/dl 3-5 year old living in city area. The mean blood lead level of boys was higher than that of girls (9.1l ug/dl vs 8.73ug/dl). Almost 30 percent childrens blood lead level exceeded 10ug/dl. The average blood lead level was higher than that of in 1985 (8.83ug/dl vs 8.lug/dl). An epidemiological study was carried on the children living around the cottage industries recycling the lead from battery. Nine hundreds fifty nine children, aged 5-12 years, living in lead polluted villages where the lead smelters located near the residential area and 207 control children live in unpolluted area were recruited in the study. The lead levels in air, soil, drinking water and crops were measured. The blood lead and ZnPP level were tested for all subjects. The results show that the local environment was polluted. The lead levels both in the air and crops were much higher than that of in control area. In the polluted area, the average blood level was 49.6ug/dl (rang 19.5-89.3ug/dl). Whereas, in the unpolluted area, the average blood level was 12.4ug/dl (rang 4.6-24.8ug/dl). This study indicates that in some countryside area, some cottage industries induce seriously lead pollution and cause children health problem. For the introducing of unleaded gasoline in some large cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the blood lead level showed a declined trend since 1997. By 2000, the use of leaded gasoline in motor vehicles has been prohibited in China. The most recent data available show that levels of lead in blood among children in Shanghai decreased from 8.3ug/dl in 1997 to 7.6ug/dl in 1999. The prevalence rate of children lead poisoning (blood lead >10ug/dl) was also decreased from 37.8% to 24.8%. In children living in downtown area, the blood lead level reduced dramatically. To explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms and individual susceptibility of lead poisoning, a molecular epidemiological study was conducted among children living in lead polluted environment. The result showed that the subjects with ALAD2 allele has higher ZPP level, and the subjects with VDR B allele has larger head circumference than only with b allele. In the present study, we demonstrated that ALAD genotypes modify lead effects on heme metabolism and VDR gene variants influence the skull development in highly exposed children. The polymorphism of ALAD and VDR genes might be the molecular inherited factor modifying the susceptibility of lead poisoning. Recently, Chinese government pays more attention to lead pollution and lead poisoning in children problem. The leaded gasoline was prohibited used in motor vehicles since 2000. The government has decided to have a clampdown on the high-polluted lead smelters for recycling the lead from battery in countryside. It is hopeful that the risk of lead poisoning in children will be decreased in the further