• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.111-112
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• 2009

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a convenient term to indicate the compositions of the various forms of amorphous carbon (a-C), tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), hydrogenated amorphous carbon and tetrahedral amorphous carbon (a-C:H and ta-C:H). The a-C film with disordered graphitic ordering, such as soot, chars, glassy carbon, and evaporated a-C, is shown in the lower left hand corner. If the fraction of sp3 bonding reaches a high degree, such an a-C is denoted as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), in order to distinguish it from sp2 a-C [2]. Two hydrocarbon polymers, that is, polyethylene (CH2)n and polyacetylene (CH)n, define the limits of the triangle in the right hand corner beyond which interconnecting C-C networks do not form, and only strait-chain molecules are formed. The DLC films, i.e. a-C, ta-C, a-C:H and ta-C:H, have some extreme properties similar to diamond, such as hardness, elastic modulus and chemical inertness. These films are great advantages for many applications. One of the most important applications of the carbon-based films is the coating for magnetic hard disk recording. The second successful application is wear protective and antireflective films for IR windows. The third application is wear protection of bearings and sliding friction parts. The fourth is precision gages for the automotive industry. Recently, exciting ongoing study [1] tries to deposit a carbon-based protective film on engine parts (e.g. engine cylinders and pistons) taking into account not only low friction and wear, but also self lubricating properties. Reduction of the oil consumption is expected. Currently, for an additional application field, the carbon-based films are extensively studied as excellent candidates for biocompatible films on biomedical implants. The carbon-based films consist of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, which are biologically harmless as well as the main elements of human body. Some in vitro and limited in vivo studies on the biological effects of carbon-based films have been studied [$2{\sim}5$].The carbon-based films have great potentials in many fields. However, a few technological issues for carbon-based film are still needed to be studied to improve the applicability. Aisenberg and Chabot [3] firstly prepared an amorphous carbon film on substrates remained at room temperature using a beam of carbon ions produced using argon plasma. Spencer et al. [4] had subsequently developed this field. Many deposition techniques for DLC films have been developed to increase the fraction of sp3 bonding in the films. The a-C films have been prepared by a variety of deposition methods such as ion plating, DC or RF sputtering, RF or DC plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD), ion implantation, ablation, pulsed laser deposition and cathodic arc deposition, from a variety of carbon target or gaseous sources materials [5]. Sputtering is the most common deposition method for a-C film. Deposited films by these plasma methods, such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) [6], are ranged into the interior of the triangle. Application fields of DLC films investigated from papers. Many papers purposed to apply for tribology due to the carbon-based films of low friction and wear resistance. Figure 1 shows the percentage of DLC research interest for application field. The biggest portion is tribology field. It is occupied 57%. Second, biomedical field hold 14%. Nowadays, biomedical field is took notice in many countries and significantly increased the research papers. DLC films actually applied to many industries in 2005 as shown figure 2. The most applied fields are mold and machinery industries. It took over 50%. The automobile industry is more and more increase application parts. In the near future, automobile industry is expected a big market for DLC coating. Figure 1 Research interests of carbon-based filmsFigure 2 Demand ratio of DLC coating for industry in 2005. In this presentation, I will introduce a trend of carbon-based coating research and applications.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.253-260
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• 2006

As media and product became variety, the propensity of the people is be coming various. From diversity, there we could search for some popularity is called 'the mania.' When Mania takes shape, the product will being longer even masses in these days only have short-term life. Also there are hundreds of animations that has short-term life whom people forgot everyday they watch. However, the animations could lasting its value which has the Mania. This thesis is a studies on the constitution of Mania from animation 'Fullmetal Alchemist's Character The BONES had made. We can learn that the audience were not just like the animation, but get crazy for it by comparing Japanese animation industry in those days; before it has been shrinking and manufacturing various contents from Fullmetal Alchemist means there is enough consumtions. There are many reasons to form Mania group, but specially the character symbols at the works as a whole. From this study is to know a cause of how the animation 'Fullmetal Alchemist' made huge Mania group, and significance value of the work those group left.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-98
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• 1995

Six malformin B's produced by Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. were separated by HPLC. Their structures determined by the methods of amino acid analyses, mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional NMR were revealed as cyclic pentapeptides structurally related to malformin $A_1$. Both the NMR and MS/MS data suggest that the respective structures of separated malformin B's were as follows; cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Leu-L-allo-Ile for $B_{1a}$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Leu-L-Leu for $B_{1b}$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Val-L-Leu for $B_2$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Ile-L-Leu for $B_3$, cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Ile-L-Ile for $B_4$, and cyclo-D-Cys-D-Cys-L-Val-D-Val-L-Ile for $B_5$. Among the malformin B's, the structure of $B_{1b}$ was the same as that of malformin $A_3$ or C. All the malformin B's showed physiological activities in the two assay systems using corn(Zea mays L.) roots and mung bean(Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypercotyl segments. The malformin B's with molecular weight 529 were more effective for inducing corn root curvature than those with molecular weight 515. The difference in molecular weight of malformin B's, i.e., the retention time on HPLC, results in the polarity change of the whole malformin molecule which affects the revealation of the malformin activities. In addition, the disulfide form of the malformin B's gives the rigidity of the molecule, whereas the combination of the fourth and the fifth amino acid residues provides the optimal three-dimensional configuration to the malformin receptor of plants. Presumably, these two factors are appeared to be essential for the greatest physiological activity of malformin B's. malformin $B_{1a}$ caused the corn root curvature by 90% at a concentration of $0.25{\mu}M$. However, such differential activities with molecular weight of 529 or 515 of malformin B's were not found in the mung bean hypercotyl segment test. Maximum stimulation of mung bean hypercotyl growth was observed at $0.1{\mu}M$ concentration of malformin B's. The growth of the segments treated with $B_5$ was 154% greater than that of the control.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase $C\delta$ $PLC\delta$) plays an important role in many cellular responses and is involved in the production of second messenger. The present study was conducted to obtain the biochemical characteristics of the expressed recombinant $PLC\delta$ in E. coli cloned from Misgurnus mizolepis and partially purified $PLC\delta$ enzymes from liver tissues of M. mizolepis (wild ML-$PLC\delta$). The ML $PLC\delta$ gene was cloned and expressed under the previous report (Kim et al., 2004), and purified the recombinant protein by successive chromatography using $Ni^{2+}$-NTA affinity column and gel iltration FPLC column. The wild ML-$PLC\delta$ protein was solublized with 2 M KCI and purified by successive chromatography on open heparin-Sephagel and analytical TSKgel heparin-5PW. Both the recombinant and wild ML-$PLC\delta$ form of protein showed a concentration-dependent PLC activity to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate (PIP$_2$) or phosphatidylinositol (PI). Its activity was absolutely $Ca^{2+}$- dependant, which was similar to mammalian $PLC\delta$ isozymes. Maximal PI-hydrolytic activations of recombinant and wild ML- TEX>$PLC\delta$ was at pH 7.0 and pH 7.5, respectively. In addition, the enzymatic activities of recombinant and wild ML-$PLC\delta$ were increased in concentration-dependent manner by detergent, such as sodium deoxycholate SDC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The activities decreased in contrast by a polyamine, such as spermine. Western blotting showed that several types of $PLC\delta$ isozymes exist in various organs. Taken together our results, it suggested that the biochemical characteristics of ML-$PLC\delta$ are similar with those of mammalian $PLC\delta1$ and ${\delta}3$ isozymes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effects of multiple superovulation and parity on embryo production in Hanwoo cows. Donors were superovulate 4 times $1\~2$ months interval and inserted CIDR plus (with the capsule of estradiol benzoate 10mg) on Day 10 from standing heat for 9 days and injected 2.5ml FSH (Antorin R-10) 2 times in a day on 6th day to 10th day from insertion of CIDR and the doses of FSH were decreasing 0.5ml on every 2 times. On 3th day of FSH injection, 25ml $PGF_2{\alpha}$ were injected i.m. and on 4th day, CIDR was removed. After 2 days from removing CIDR, AI was performed 2 times 12 hour apart with 2 straws of Korean Proved frozen Semen and simultaneously 200ug/ml GnRH was injected and embryos were recovered on 7th day from Al. The response rates of superovulated donors were $85.7\%,\;90.5\%,\;62.5\%,\;100\%$ from 1 to 4 times of superovulation, respectively. There were significant differences among No. of superovulation times (P<0.05). The results of transferable embryos were 3.7, 3.4, 3.4, 5.7 from 1 to 4 times of superovualtion, respectively. There were no differences among No. of superovulation times. The results of transferable embryos were 2.5, 3.0, 5.3, 3.0, 3.4 form heifer, first born to 4 the born, respectively. There were significant differences among the parities of donors (P<0.05). These results suggested that even 4 times of superovulations of Hanwoo donors could be able to recover transferable embryos, it might be used the donors maximally and improved the adaptation of embryo transfer to farms safely.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-35
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• 2008

We study metamorphism of metasedimetary rocks and origin and evolution of leucogranite form Samcheok area, northeastern Yeongnam massif, South Korea. Metamorphic rocks in this area are composed of metasedimentary migmatite, biotite granitic gneiss and leucogranite. Metasedimentary rocks, which refer to major element feature of siliclastic sediment, are divided into two metamorphic zones based on mineral assemblages, garnet and sillimanite zones. According to petrogenetic grid of mineral assemblages, metamorhpic P-T conditions are $740{\sim}800^{\circ}C$ at $4.8{\sim}5.8\;kbar$ in the garnet zone and $640-760^{\circ}C$ at 2.5-4.5kbar in sillimanite zone. The leucogranite (Imwon leucogranite) is peraluminous granite which has high alumina index (A/CNK=1.31-1.93) and positive discriminant factor value (DF > 0). Thus, leucogranite is S-type granite generated from metasedimentary rocks. Major and trace element diagram ($R_1-R_2$ diagram and Rb vs. Y+Nb etc.) show collisional environment such as syn-collisional or volcanic arc granite. Because Rb/sr ratio (1.8-22.9) of leucogranites is higher than Sr/Ba ratio (0.21-0.79), leucogranite would be derived from muscovite dehydrate melting in metasedimentary rocks. Leucogranites have lower concentration of LREE and Eu and similar that of HREE relative to metasedimentary rocks. To examine difference of REEs between leucogranites and metasedimentary rocks, we perform modeling using volume percentage of a leucogranite and a metasedimenatry rock from study area and REE data of minerals from rhyolite (Nash and Crecraft, 1985) and melanosome of migmatite (Bea et al., 1994). Resultants of modeling indicate that LREE and HREE are controlled by monazites and garnet, respectively, although zircon is estimated HREE dominant in some leucogranite without garnet. Because there are many inclusions of accessary phases such as monazite and zircon in biotites from metasedimentary rocks. leucogranitic magma was mainly derived from muscovite-breakdown in metasedimenary rocks. Leucogranites can be subdivided into two types in compliance with Eu anomaly of chondrite nomalized REE pattern; the one of negative Eu anomaly is type I and the other is type II. Leucogranites have lower Eu concetnrations than that of metasedimenary rocks and similar that of both type. REE modeling suggest that this difference of Eu value is due to that of components of feldspars in both leucogranite and metasedimentary rock. The tendency of major ($K_2O$ and $Na_2O$) and face elements (Eu, Rb, Sr and Ba) of leucogranites also indicate that source magma of these two types was developed by anatexis experienced strong fractionation of alkali-feldspar. Conclusionally, leucogranites in this area are products of melts which was generated by muscovite-breakdown of metasedimenary rock in environment of continetal collision during high temperature/pressure metamorphism and then was fractionated and crystallized after extraction from source rock.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2018

Li Yu's Xian Qing Ou Ji was written during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty when material culture flourished due to the development of the commercial economy. Xian Qing Ou Ji is considered a retrospective work that reflects the rich material society at that time. This study focuses on his gardening theories through the interpretation and analysis of these two texts of 'Jushibu(居室部)' and 'Zhongzhibu(種植部)' in Xian Qing Ou Ji. The results are summarized as follows. First, he explained the method of garden configuration and orientation according to the topography utilizing the theory of 'suiting one's measures to local conditions(因地制宜)'. He emphasized the detailed understanding of topography as the starting point for all the gardening theories. It stated that he tried to adjust the height of the terrain artificially to create an ideal form of 'anterior high and posterior low(前低後高)'. The successful arrangement of houses, pavilions, rockery and waterways et al. was able to be achieved because of his accurate understanding of topography. Second, 'borrowing scenery(取景在借)' means 'borrowing the outside scenery to the inside'. He applied this theory by 'viewing in motion(動觀)' and 'viewing in repose(靜觀)'. 'Viewing in motion' is seen as a positive methodology for landscape enjoyment. For example, the view through a window changes with movements of the boat, and it can portray thousands of landscape paintings which can be seen through the windows. In the case of 'viewing in repose', the window is regarded as a means of attracting outside garden views to the inside. Third, he emphasized 'the firmness of objects(制體宜堅)', where the design of windows and railings must be considered ahead of others. Fourth, he interpreted the contents of 'the pursuit of novelty(創異標新)'. This generalizes the characteristics of his gardening theory. The contents included 'hall wall(廳壁)', 'variable sun visor(活?)', 'hanging boards and couplets(聯?)' and 'method of supporting vines with bamboo screen(竹屛扶植法)'.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-35
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• 1998

This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2011

Durum wheat semolina was added into wet-milled rice flour in order to improve chewy texture, firm bite ("al dente"), and resistance to overcooking of the ordinary rice noodles. Wet noodles were prepared by mixing 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% (w/w) of semolina per semolina and rice flour mixtures. Vital gluten (4%, w/w) and salt (2%, w/w) were added to form the pliable strands of wet noodles and final moisture contents of the raw mixtures were equalized at 45%. Pasting properties of the suspended flour mixtures as measured by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) showed slight increases (up to $1.2^{\circ}C)$ in pasting temperatures along with the considerable decreases in peak viscosities as semolina increased at over 15%. Reduced shear thinning and retrogradation of the starch solution that leads to hardening of the cooked noodles were indicated by lowered breakdown viscosities and gaps between finaland setback viscosities from the RVA viscogram as semolina increased at over 10%. Reduced water uptake and turbidity increases of the cooking water as caused by the soluble starches from the noodle were also noted as the content of semolina increased. More or less significant (p<0.05) decreases in colorimetric L (lightness) value of the raw- and cooked noodles were observed as semolina increased while a- (redness) and b (yellowness) values were rather increased at the same moment. Textural properties of the cooked noodles such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness from TPA tests were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by added semolina, even at 5%-levels or more. It can be concluded that addition of semolina into rice flour could provide easy handling of the wet noodles without distortion during transportation, integrity and firm bite of the cooked noodles, and less loss of starch to the cooking water in comparison with the ordinary rice noodle. It was finally suggested that optimum level of the semolina in the product was approximately 10% for the quality wet rice noodle products.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2022

Cellobiose is a dissacharide constituted by two glucose units joined by a β-('1,4') glycosidic bond that is produced by the decomposition of cellulose. This product exists naturally in plants and has been utilized in different industries as a food sweetener, and as a cosmetic and pharmaceutical material. In this study, the potential of cellobiose as a whitening cosmetic product was evaluated by analyzing autophagy induction and the inhibition of melanin production. A cytotoxicity test conducted in the human melanin-producing cell line MNT-1 with increasing concentrations of cellobiose revealed that this compound did not cause cytotoxicity at 20 mg/mL or less. Based on this, autophagy was firstly evaluated by immunostaining with the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) after treatment with 20 mg/mL of cellobiose. The subsequent confocal microscopy analysis revealed an increase in LC3 puncta, indicating induction of autophagy. In addition, autophagy was further confirmed by western blot analysis, which demonstrated that cellobiose converted LC3-I to LC3- ∏ in a concentration- and time-dependent manners. An analysis of melanin contents after cellobiose treatment at a concentration of 20 mg/mL during 7 days revealed that melanin production was reduced by more than 50%. Additionally, the expression levels of melanogenesis-related proteins TYR and TYRP1 were markedly decreased after cellobiose treatment. Based on these studies, a cosmetic cream formulation containing cellobiose was prepared and the change in formulation was tested for 4 weeks, and it was confirmed that the appearance changed to liquid form at high temperature, but the pH did not change. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated that cellobiose activates autophagy and inhibits melanin production, and showed the potential of this product as a material for whitening cosmetics.