• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.293-312
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• 1998

This study was designed to find the characteristics and patterns in subjectivity of an attitude on the induced abortion before marriage in women for a university student. Q-methodology was used as a research design and the research procedures were as follows. Q-sampling has been derived from the literature review and interview. Its credibility and validity were also tested by nursing and methodology professors. Total of 34 statements were selected. P-sampling has been drawn and 49 samples were selected. Based on 9 point scale, the slected respondents rated their operant definition on the induced abortion before marriage in women. The results of above procedures were analyzed by PCQ program. The attitude about the induced abortion before marriage in women were analyzed based on the typal array, extreme comments, and the demographic information of study subjects. The results revealed that there were three types of attitude about the induced abortion before marriage in women. The three types were named as follows ; 1) The first type, agree of conservative perspectives, was consisted of 15 subjects. They emphasized the sanctity of human life and the right of life that will never allow the killing fetus and prevention of induced abortion. 2) The second type, agree of liberal perspectives, was consisted of 10 subjects. They insisted the right to choice for women to control their body, so women have appropriate reason, they could choice induced abortion. 3) The third type, agree of compromise perspectives, was consisted of 7 subjects. They emphasized prevention of induced abortion but allowed under social permission. As a result, this study discovered three types of the attitude about the induced abortion before marriage in women. By identifying the nature of each of these types, this study can be useful to develop efficient strategies for preventing induced abortion.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.423-436
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• 2000

This study was designed to find the characteristics and patterns in subjectivity of the perspectives on the coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student. Q-methodology was used as a research design and the research procedures were as follows. Q-sampling has been derived from the literature review and a questionnaire. Its credibility and validity were also tested by nursing professors. Total of 34 statements were selected. P-sampling has been drawn and 51 samples were selected. Based on 9 point scale, the selected respondents rated their operant definition on the perspectives on the coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student. The results of above procedures were analyzed by PCQ program. The perspectives on the coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student were analyzed based on the typical array, extreme comments, and the demographic information of study subjects. The results revealed that there were three types of the perspectives on the coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student. The three types were named as follows; 1) The first type, agree of positive change by oneself perspectives, was consisted of 18 subjects. They thought that they did their best positive change for the most effective coping strategies about practical stress. 2) The second type, agree of social support perspectives, was consisted of 13 subjects. They thought that they asked for an other person's help for the most effective coping strategies about practical stress. 3) The third type, agree of looking on avoidance perspectives, was consisted of 5 subjects. They thought that they looked on or avoided problems for the most effective coping strategies about practical stress. As a result, this study discovered three types of the degree of the perspectives on the coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student. By identifying the nature of each of three types, this study can be useful to develop efficient coping strategies about practical stress in nursing student.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.39-52
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• 2019

There are various factors to consider when parties to an international agreement draft a dispute resolution clause in their written contract. These factors can be classified into two categories. The first category is about the parties and the nature of the contract, such as the parties' places of business and whether the contract contains a simple transaction or has a complicated nature. The second category is about the applicable rules of the parties' places of business or performance such as the private international law, service of process rules, and enforcement of court judgment and arbitration award rules. When parties to an international contract agree to a litigation, they normally choose a forum court and a governing law. In selecting a forum court and a governing law, the parties must consider private international law, service of process rules, and enforcement of judgement rules of candidate forums. In case the parties agree to an arbitration, they have to choose between institutional arbitration and ad hoc arbitration. For ad hoc arbitration, parties still need to further agree on which arbitration rules to use, and in which place the arbitration shall take place. Mediation involves a similar kind of decision as with arbitration. Traditionally, national courts of the parties' places of business have been used as litigation forums in dispute resolution clauses but, recently, arbitration is being increasingly employed as an alternative dispute resolution method in international contracts. Moreover, there have been international efforts to utilize mediation as a dispute resolution method in international commercial issues. Rather than simply taking a dispute resolution clause provided in a sample written contract, parties to an international contract must carefully consider various relevant factors in order to insert a dispute resolution clause which will work well for a particular contract.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1D
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• pp.177-184
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• 2006

This study is to develop a distributed urban flood runoff model that simulates the road runoff and to test the applicability of the model by applying to Pyeongtaek city of $12.2km^2$. To generate the runoff along the runoff, agree burned DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with road networks was suggested and the proper spatial resolution of DEM was identified finer than 15 m. To test the model applicability, 32 points on the road networks were selected and the hydrographs of each point were generated. The test showed reasonable results that increase the road runoff from the high elevation roads to the low elevation roads and the road runoff considering rainwater drainage from the road also showed reasonable results.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.129-143
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• 2021

Objectives This study was aimed to evaluate clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of traffic injuries, which has already been developed at domestic or outside of country, and to explore the Korean medical treatments included in the CPGs. Methods Twelve electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI {Chinese Academic Journals, CAJ}], Research Information Sharing Service [RISS], Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System [OASIS], KoreaMed, Korean Medical Guideline Information [KoMGI), National Guideline Clearinghouse [AHRQ], Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative Website [COMET], Turning Research into Practice [TRIP], The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], and Medical Research Information Center [MedRIC]) up to July 2021 were searched. Only systematically developed CPGs for traffic injuries were selected and appraised. The appraisal was conducted by using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II tool. Results Six CPGs were included and evaluated. All CPGs were appraised as highly recommended because they exceeded 60% in more than 4 among 6 domains of AGREE II, including domain of 'rigor of development', and 30% in the rest. Recommendations related to Korean medicine treatments such as on manual therapy related to Chuna were given in 6 CPGs, 4 for acupuncture, 1 for Qigong and 1 for Taping. Conclusions The 6 CPGs were developed up to now through a systematic development methodology and there were many recommendations for Korean medical treatments related to manual (Chuna) treatment, acupuncture and Qigong. However, the evidence for the side effects and risk factors of Korean medical treatments was scantly reflected in CPGs. Therefore, it is considered that balanced CPG with benefits and risks should be developed, covering Korean medical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.181-183
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• 1996

We found that our initial model agrees with most of the recent reports; however, it does not agree with some of them with respect to the kinetics of nucleus formation. This disagreement stems from the question of whether or not a nucleus precursor should be treated as an embryonic cluster.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.36-44
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• 1984

The prediction of the emission concentrations in 4-cycle 4-cylinder spark ignition engine is made by considering the model with the extended Zedovich mechanism. The predicted values for nitric oxide, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide agree with the experimentally measured ones.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2018

This article examines whether parties may agree to contractually waive the right to bring annulment proceedings. Alternately it looks at whether certain grounds of annulment may be waived. The ability for parties to resolve this issue contractually by waiving this element of Article 52(1)(b) ICSID offers a potentially powerful solution. For parties to agree beforehand to the circumstances where tribunals have not 'manifestly exceeded their power' could allow them to remove the unpredictability of annulment on this foundation. Even in the event that an ad hoc committee is against the validity of waiver, it may be possible for a party to frame this restriction as an interpretative agreement by the parties rather than strictly as waiver of a ground of annulment. Ultimately, the wish to enter into such an agreement would likely only be driven by a few exceptional commercial need or prior negative experience with the remedy of annulment. In that cases, and depending on the nature of the specific concern with annulment, a limited waiver or interpretative agreement on certain Article 52(1) ICSID grounds may certainly be appropriate.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 1991

The most fatigue tests carried out under the either stress or strain control, but machines and structures had taken variable stress. This variable stress was treated as statistics based on p-type distributions. In this paper, the cumulative fatigue damage of SM45C round bar specimens having a center hole resulting from block loading with p-distributions in rotating bending conditions, is presented. The value of p was changed in the range from 0.25 to 1; 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1. The following conclusions were obtained through the constant stress amplitude experiments and the block loading experiments. (1) In constant loading test, fatigue life was affected by cyclic rate. From experimental data, N$_{f}$ (100cpm)/N$_{f}$(3000cpm)equal to 0.56. (2) In case of the cyclic rate 100cpm and 3000cpm, at the high stress amplitude level the crack propagation life N$_{*}$f is longer than the low stress amplitude level. (3) Miner's hypothesis may be valid for p=0.75 and prediction of fatigue life by Haibach's method agree with experimental data well for the case p=0.5, while the modified Miner's method agree with experimental data well for the case p=0.25.5.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1231-1239
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• 2008

The characteristics of flow on unventilated dual jets was experimentally investigated. The two nozzles each with an aspect ratio of 20 were separated by 6 nozzle widths. Reynolds number based on nozzle width was set to 5,000 by nozzle exit velocity. All measurements were made over a range of nozzle-to-nozzle angles from $0^{\circ}$ to $25^{\circ}$. The particle image velocimetry and pressure transducer were employed to measure turbulent velocity components and mean static pressure, respectively. It was shown that a recirculation zone with sub-atmospheric static pressure was bounded by the inner shear layers of the individual jets and the nozzles plated. As nozzle-to-nozzle inclined angles were decreased, it was found that the spanwise turbulent intensity is greater than the streamwise turbulent intensity in the merging region. In the combined region, the velocity of dual jets agree well with that of single jet, but the turbulence intensity of dual jets not agree with that of single jet.