• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2020

Purpose: To investigate the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid peroxidation marker for oxidative stress (OS), in autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) by utilizing the SjS-prone C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 (B6DC) mouse and the SjS patient plasma samples. Methods: The MDA concentrations in the lysates of the submandibular gland, liver, and serum samples from the SjS-prone B6DC mouse model were compared with those from the C57BL/6J as a control. A thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay kit was used to measure MDA. Plasma samples from five SjS patients and five control subjects were also evaluated. Results: The MDA concentrations in experimental animals and controls were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between the plasma of SjS patients and of controls. Conclusions: The expression of MDA was investigated in the organs from the SjS-prone B6DC mouse for the first time and in the plasma samples of SjS patients. No significant differences were observed between SjS and control samples when MDA was the target molecule with the TBARS assay. MDA may not be a reliable marker to measure OS contrary to the published studies involving OS of SjS.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to reduce dose while maintaining image quality during digital radiographic examination of paranasal sinus by using the automatic exposure control (AEC) system. The tube voltage was set as six stages that increased by about 10 kVp to 70 kVp, 81 kVp, 90 kVp, 102 kVp, 109 kVp and 117 kVp. And then the AEC system conditions were consisted of 9 setting environments, that change mode of the sensitivity (S200, S400, S800) and the density (+2.5, 0, -2.5). We measured automatically exposed tube current (mAs) under 54 conditions with combined these, and assessed SNR and PSNR through the acquired images. In addition, four radiologists performed a qualitative assessment of the acquired images for each combination on a five-point scale of the Likert. As a result, the lowest dose and the highest values of SNR and PSNR in images with a qualitative assessment more than 4 point were the AEC control factors of 90 kVp, S800, D2.5. We applied this condition to the clinical trial, it showed an effect of 83.1% reduction in exposure radiation dose (mR). Therefore, AEC system could be used as dose reduction technology if it understood and used related regulatory factors and physical characteristics.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of automatic exposure control (AEC) control factors in digital radiography systems based on the fine contrast images using coin phantoms. The AEC control factors were targeted at the range of dominent zone, sensitivity, and density. The dominent zone was divided into cases where a single coin was used to cover the field configuration, and cases where seven coins were used to cover the field configuration. The sensitivity was classified into three stages (200, 400, 800) and the density was classified into three stages (2.5, 0, 2.5). Image quality was evaluated by signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Then, the automatically exposed tube current was measured. As a result, the X-ray image of seven coins obtained a result value of about 1.2 times higher for SNR and 1.9 times higher for CNR than the X-ray image for one coin. The tube current was also about 1.6 times higher. In conclusion, In AEC, the higher the field configuration and dominent zone are matched and the higher the density, the lower the sensitivity, which increases the tube current and CNR, which increases the image quality. Therefore, it is judged that the appropriate setting of the range of dominent zone, sensitivity, and density of the control, which is the AEC control factor, could improve the fine contrast of images.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2021

This study confirmed the usefulness of the copper filter according to the mode change by comparing and analyzing the energy change according to the application of the copper filter and the change in effective dose and image quality according to the distance to the subject in the DR(Digital Radiography) system. The average energy increased when the copper filter was applied and the reduction rate by 50% of mAs was increased as the thickness of the copper filter increased according to the application of the 10 kVp rule in AEC mode. The effective dose decreased as the thickness increased when the copper filter was applied in AEC(Automatic Exposure Control) mode and manual mode according to the application of the 10 kVp rule, and the decrease rate decreased with increasing 10 kVp increments. As a result of analyzing the dicom images for AEC mode and manual mode with Image J. the PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) values were approximate values of less than 30 dB for each mode and for each copper filter thickness. When the copper filter was applied, the average energy increased, so when the 10 kVp rule was applied, the mAs for each mode could be reduced, and the effective dose could also be reduced. However, as the distance and tube voltage increased, the reduction rate of mAs decreased, and the quality of the image was found to decrease when the copper filter was applied, but there was no difference in quality of the image when the copper filter thickness increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.903-909
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the effect of changes in the patient's central position on the exposure dose and image quality of surrounding organs during a chest lateral examination using an Auto Exposure Control(AEC). The experiment was conducted on a human body phantom. A needle was attached to the lower part of the center of the coronal plane of the phantom, and a lead ruler was attached to the lower part of the detector so that the 50 cm point was located at the lower center of the AEC ion chamber. The exposure conditions were 125 kVp, 320 mA, the distance between the source and the image receptor was 180 cm, and the exposure field size was 14 × 17 inches. Only one AEC ion chamber was used at the bottom center, and the density was set to '0' and sensitivity to 'Middle', and the central X-ray was incident vertically toward the 6th thoracic vertebra. With AEC mode applied, the 50 cm point of the needle and lead ruler were aligned and the phantom was moved 5 cm toward the stomach (F5) and 5 cm toward the back (B5), and the dose factor was analyzed by measuring ESD. The ESD of the thyroid gland according to the change in patient center position was 232.60±2.20 μGy for Center, 231.22±1.53 μGy for F5, and 184.37±1.19 μGy for B5, and the ESD of the breast was 288.54±3.03 μGy for Center, F5 was 260.97±1.93 μGy, B5 was 229.80±1.62 μGy, and the ESD of the center of the lung was 337.02±3.25 μGy for Center, F5 was 336.09±2.29 μGy, and B5 was 261.76±1.68 μGy. As a result of comparing the average values of dose factors between each group, the difference in average values was statistically significant (p<0.01), and each group appeared to be independent. As a result of the study, there was no significant difference in the dose to the thyroid, breast, and center of the lung according to the change in the patient's central position, except for the breast (10%) when the patient moved forward about 5 cm. However, movement of about 5 cm posteriorly resulted in an average dose reduction of 23.7%. Additionally, when the patient's central position was moved to the rear, image quality deteriorated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.1149-1155
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• 2023

This study aims to investigate the effect of changes in the Sub ROI on exposure index(EI) and to present indicators of changes in EI values that may occur when changing Sub ROI in clinical practice. This study was conducted on a subject of 20 cm of acrylic for a setting similar to abdominal radiography, and the specifications of one acrylic sheet is 20 × 20 × 5 cm. The survey conditions were the same as 80 kVp , 320 mA, 25 ms, SID 110 cm and the Sub ROI obtained 30 images for each type using five types provided by the equipment company. The EI value provided by the equipment and entrance skin exposure(ESE) were compared and analyzed. The mean value of EI according to the change in Sub ROI was 101.18±0.27 for LS, 106.57±0.31 for AEC, 107.74±0.39 for VR, 107.90±0.38 for HR, and 109.72±0.32 for SS (p<0.01). The average value of ESE by sub ROI type (LS, AEC, VR, HR, SS) was measured to be 476.45±1.71 μGy, 476.92±1.48 μGy, 476.14±2.30 μGy, 475.61±1.96 μGy, and 477.14±1.46 μGy, with statistically significant differences (p<0.01). As a result of this study, the EI according to the sub ROI type is based on LS(109.72), which represents the minimum value. AEC increased 5.3%, VR increased 6.4%, HR increased 6.6%, SS increased 8.4%, and overall, increased by about 5.3%. As for the average value of ESE, HR(475.61 μGy)type showed the minimum value, and based on this, AEC increased 0.27%, VR increased 0.11%, LS increased 0.17%, SS increased 0.32%, and overall, increased by about 0.17%.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.40-43
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• 2003

The phase transformation, variation of secondary phase, and critical current density $(J_c) for (Bi,Pb)_2Sr_2Ca_2Cu_3O_10 (2223)$ tapes have been studied through the thermal slide heat treatment (TSHT) process. This process consists of a multiple variations of oxygen partial pressures and temperatures at the initial heat treatment During the initial heat treatment some secondary phase such as $(Ca,Sr)_2CuO_3(2/1 AEC), (Ca,Sr)_{14}Cu_{24}O_{41} (14/24 AEC), and (Bi,Pb)_2Sr_2CuO_y$(2201, amorphous phase) farm in Bi-2223 tapes, especially at the 2223 grain boundaries. These secondary phases are detrimental to the phase transformation and final properties. In order to control the secondary phase in Bi-2223 tapes the amount and size of secondary phases among the TSHT process were observed. The results indicate that the amount and particle size of AEC particles were smaller when the TSHT process was used than when the normal process at the initial heat treatment was used which results in the improved $J_c$ properties after the final process.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

Purpose - This paper suggests approaching methods for a way of strategies for traditional market extend and new ebusiness, market development, and plan of new product in the future and develop a way of method for cooperation through analysis on the smart phone market trend in different culture, effectively. Research design, data, methodology - As research design, data, and methodology, this paper suggests new idea and approaches from comparing characteristics analysis of smart phone market in different culture in AEC. This paper takes data to analysis from ITU, World Bank, AEC, and IMF. These organizer's data can be trusted as official society in the world. This paper can prove market and the characteristics of society through the corresponding results. Results - This paper can suggest the novel idea on market development and the big possibility depend on ACE country and can describe the possibility on new market because of low smart phone market penetration and low digital market penetration. Conclusions - This paper concludes to develop e-business, culture friendly ship, linking with education, development of appropriate technology depend on country, and should develop new strategy for market extend to low penetration.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2022

With the development of sequencing technology, there is a need for technology to predict the function of the protein sequence. Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers are becoming markers that distinguish the function of the sequence. In particular, many researchers are researching various methods of predicting the EC numbers of protein sequences based on deep learning. However, as studies using various methods exist, a problem arises, in which the exact prediction result of the sequence is unknown. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an All Enzyme Commission (AEC) algorithm. The proposed AEC is an algorithm that executes various prediction methods and integrates the results when predicting sequences. This algorithm uses duplicates to give more weights when duplicate values are obtained from multiple methods. The largest value, among the final prediction result values for each method to which the weight is applied, is the final prediction result. Moreover, for the convenience of researchers, the proposed algorithm is provided through the AllEC web services. They can use the algorithms regardless of the operating systems, installation, or operating environment.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• The 5th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.616-623
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• 2013

One of the oldest, most common engineering problems is measuring the dimensions of different objects and the distances between locations. In AEC/FM, related uses vary from large-scale applications such as measuring distances between cities to small-scale applications such as measuring the depth of a crack or the width of a welded joint. Within the last few years, advances in applying new technologies have prompted the development of new measuring devices such as ultrasound and laser-based measurers. Because of wide varieties in type, associated costs, and levels of accuracy, the selection of an optimal measuring technology is challenging for construction engineers and facility managers. To tackle this issue, we present an overview of various measuring technologies adopted by experts in the area of AEC/FM. As the next step, to evaluate the performance of these technologies, we select one indoor and one outdoor case and measure several dimensions using six categories of technologies: tapes, total stations, laser measurers, ultrasound devices, laser scanners, and image-based technologies. Then we evaluate the results according to various metrics such as accuracy, ease of use, operation time, associated costs, compare these results, and recommend optimal technologies for specific applications. The results also revealed that in most applications, computer vision-based technologies outperform traditional devices in terms of ease of use, associated costs, and accuracy.