• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.2801-2805
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• 2010

A nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBF-Cl) with anilines in MeOH-MeCN mixtures was conducted at 25, 35, and $45^{\circ}C$. Based on the higher $\beta_{nuc}$ values (1.0 - 1.6) of the reaction and a good correlation of the rate constants with the reduction potentials of the aniline nucleophiles, the present reaction was initiated by a single electron transfer (SET). After this step, the reaction proceeds through a transition state similar to the normal $S_NAr$-Ad.E pathway.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.508-517
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• 2023

In cancer patients, chemo/radio therapy may cause infertility by damaging the spermatogenesis affecting the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In vitro differentiation of stem cells especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into germ cells has recently been proposed as a new strategy for infertility treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation and differentiation of SSCs using their co-culture with Sertoli cells and conditioned medium (CM) from adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs). Testicular tissues were separated from 2-7 days old neonate Wistar Rats and after mechanical and enzymatic digestion, the SSCs and Sertoli cells were isolated and cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1X antibiotic, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. The cells were treated with the CM from AD-MSCs for 12 days and then the expression level of differentiation-related genes were measured. Also, the expression level of two major spermatogenic markers of DAZL and DDX4 was calculated. Scp3, Dazl, and Prm1 were significantly increased after treatment compared to the control group, whereas no significant difference was observed in Stra8 expression. The immunocytochemistry images showed that DAZL and DDX4 were positive in experimental group comparing with control. Also, western blotting revealed that both DAZL and DDX4 had higher expression in the treated group than the control group, however, no significant difference was observed. In this study, we concluded that the CM obtained from AD-MSCs can be considered as a suitable biological material to induce the differentiation in SSCs.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.117-121
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• 2008

In ad hoc network, the scarce energy management of the mobile devices has become a critical issue in order to extend the network lifetime. Therefore, the energy consumption is important in the routing design, otherwise cluster schemes are efficient in energy conserving. For the above reasons, an Energy conserving Context aware Clustering algorithm (ECC) is proposed to establish the network clustering structure, and a routing algorithm is introduced to choose the Optimal Energy Routing Protocol (OERP) path in this paper. Because in ad hoc network, the topology, nodes residual energy and energy consuming rate are dynamic changing. The network system should react continuously and rapidly to the changing conditions, and make corresponding action according different conditions. So we use the context aware computing to actualize the cluster head node, the routing path choosing. In this paper, we consider a novel routing protocol using the cluster schemes to find the optimal energy routing path based on a special topology structure of Resilient Ontology Multicasting Routing Protocol (RODMRP). The RODMRP is one of the hierarchical ad hoc network structure which combines the advantage of the tree based and the mesh based network. This scheme divides the nodes in different level found on the node energy condition, and the clustering is established based on the levels. This protocol considered the residual energy of the nodes and the total consuming energy ratio on the routing path to get the energy efficiently routing. The proposed networks scheme could get better improve the awareness for data to achieve and performance on their clustering establishment and messages transmission. Also, by using the context aware computing, according to the condition and the rules defined, the sensor nodes could adjust their behaviors correspondingly to improve the network routing.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2012

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased recently all over the world. Several studies worldwide reported growth retardation associated with AD, but few studies were reported in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identity the differences in growth and nutrient intakes between Korean children with and without AD. The participants were 71 AD children and age, gender-matched 81 control children aged 10 to 36 months. Demographic information was gathered by questionnaires. Height and weight were measured at clinic and health centers. Height and weight for age, and weight for height were converted as deviation in Z scores using World Health Organization Standard. A 24 hour dietary recall method was performed to estimate nutrient intakes. A higher percentage of AD children had insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and vitamin B2, defined as intakes lower than 75% of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean, compared to the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, respectively). The percentages of children with height and weight for age Z score below than-1 (stunted) were significantly higher in the AD group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multiple food restriction, defined as ${\geq}$ 3 food elimination, was associated with insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamins A and B2. In conclusion, children with AD need regular nutrient assessment and education about alternative food choices to avoid r food elimination in order to prevent growth retardation or inadequate nutrient intakes. Further longitudinal studies for growth and nutrient intakes should be performed to understand the patterns of growth in children with AD.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the quality of life (QoL) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their and caregivers and its influencing factors. Methods: A descriptive research design was used. 211 pairs of AD patients and their caregivers were recruited from a neurology outpatient clinic of S medical center in Seoul, Korea. Caregivers completed several structured questionnaires regarding AD patients' QoL as well as their QoL, patients' behavioral and psychological symptoms, patients' activities of daily living (ADL), social support, and quality of relationship between AD patients and caregivers. Cognitive status of AD patients was assessed by the researchers using Korean Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: The scores of QoL were 26.91 for AD patients and 85.62 for their caregivers. In the multiple regression, factors associated with AD patients' QoL were the quality of relationship (${\beta}$=.44), ADL (${\beta}$=-.33), patient's age (${\beta}$=.20), caregivers' QoL (${\beta}$=.20), and patient's gender (${\beta}$=.11). Factors associated with caregivers' QoL were the quality of relationship (${\beta}$=.34), relationship (${\beta}$=.32), patient's QoL (${\beta}$=.26), caregivers' gender (${\beta}$=.18), social support (${\beta}$=.12), and the level of caregivers' education (${\beta}$=.12). Conclusion: To improve the QoL in AD patients and their caregivers, strategies to promote their quality of relationship are needed.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2012년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.323-325
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 거리정보에 기반을 두지 않은 방식(range-free)에서 라우팅 에너지 효율성을 고려한 ALPS(Ad hoc network Localized Positioning System) 알고리즘을 제안한다. 관련하여 기존의 대표적인 관련 연구로는 DV-Hop 알고리즘이 있다. 이는 앵커 노드와 앵커 노드사이의 미지 노드들의 거리를 홉 수로 나누어 노드 사이의 거리를 구하고 삼각측량법을 이용하여 노드의 좌표를 계산한다. 하지만 이 경우 앵커 노드와 미지노드 사이의 거리를 홉 수로 나눈 한 홉 거리가 모두 동일하다고 가정하였고, 이에 사용되는 앵커노드간의 평균 거리를 사용하여 노드간의 거리정보를 구하게 되어 각 중계노드는 고정된 경로에서만 거리 정보를 알 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안되는 ALPS 알고리즘은 계층적 클러스터 단위에 소속된 임의의 노드에 대한 위치정보를 제공하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘에 따른 위치정보를 사용 할 경우 기존의 DV-hop방식에 따른 노드의 위치정보를 사용한 경우보다 보다 최적화된 에너지 소모를 유지할 수 있는 경로 알고리즘을 최종적으로 제공하는데 연구의 목적이 있다. 본 논문에서는 상기 두 가지 방식의 위치정보에 따른 라우팅에서 소모되는 에너지 관계를 비교하여 보다 최적화된 에너지 경로 알고리즘이 제공되는 결과를 검증하고 보여주고자 한다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.94-104
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• 2004

Purpose: This descriptive survey was undertaken to find out the offering types of Physical Examination and Health Assessment course, student's ability to utilize web-based multimedia, and the basic knowledge on physical examination and health assessment in students attending baccalaureate(BSN) and associate degree(AD) programs in nursing, RN-BSN completion programs, and medical school. Method: 77 nursing programs in Korea were surveyed for the information on Physical Examination and Health Assessment courses, and the basic knowledge were tested on 169 nursing and medical students. Results: Majority of BSN(90.69%) and AD(85.29%) programs were offering Physical Examination and Health Assessment courses in students's sophomore years. Majority(95.58%) of programs were using face to face teaching method where as only 4.41% were using web-based multimedia programs. Basic knowledge on Physical Examination and Health Assessment were highest among students in medial school(14.04%) and RN-BSN(13.15%) compared to BSN(8.96%) or AD(8.06%) program. Conclusion: Web-based multimedia contents on Physical Examination and Health Assessment should be developed and should be integrated into the nursing curriculum.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2014년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.848-850
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 이동 에드혹 네트워크(Mobile Ad hoc network: MANET)에서의 상황인식 기반의 스케쥴링 기법인 CSWC(Coverage Scheduling Weight-value Control) 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존의 LEACH 알고리즘은 확률적 분포 함수에 의해 커버리지 영역 안에 존재 하는 클러스터 헤드노드를 선택하여 중계노드로 통신한다. 하지만 확률적 분포함수에 의해 선택된 헤드 노드가 커버리지 영역에서 전송거리 비율이 비균형으로 나뉘어 전송할 경우, 노드의 에너지 소모가 일정하지 않아 효율적으로 사용하지 못하는 경우가 발생한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 최적의 커버리지 영역을 설정하여 유지하는 CSWC알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘은 커버리지 영역이 비균형으로 설정되어 있을 경우, 커버러지 영역을 결정하는 홉 수를 증가시켜 최적의 커버리지 영역을 제공하는 알고리즘이다. 주어진 모의실험 환경에서 노드의 효율적인 커버리지 영역을 설정하여 네트워크의 최적화된 에너지 소모를 보여주고 있다.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2020

[Purpose] This study evaluated the anti-atopic dermatitis (AD) properties of Cordyceps militaris (CM) aqueous extract in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the nutraceutical composition of the CM extract, including its protein, carbohydrate, and selected phytochemical content. [Methods] The expression of pathogenic cytokines in keratinocytes was assayed using an in vitro model. The CM extract downregulated extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 kinase expression in TNFα/IFNγ-stimulated HaCaT cells. We also established an in vivo AD model by repeatedly exposing the ears of mice to local Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE; house dust mite extract) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The epidermal and dermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and serum immunoglobulin levels were measured following a 4-week oral administration of the CM extract. [Results] Histopathological examination showed reduced epidermal/dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration in mouse ears. The CM extract also suppressed serum immunoglobulin levels and gene expression of T helper (Th)1/Th2 cytokines in mouse ear tissue. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the CM extract may be useful for the treatment of AD-like skin lesions.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2007년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.188-194
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• 2007

Ad-hoc망은 기반의 하부 구조 계층의 도움 없이 이동 노드와 클러스터(Cluster)들만으로 구성된 유연한 무선 통신망이다. 위의 연구 기술은 제한된 대역폭과 높은 이동성으로 인해 ad-hoc망에서는 견고하고 간단하면서도 에너지 소비를 최소화해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이동 노드의 위치 정보를 탐색하여 임의의 클러스터 영역을 지정하여 효율적인 온톨로지(Ontology) 기술의 망을 형성시켜, 네트워크의 변화에 대한 예측을 가능케 하는 추론망을 제안한다. 초기에는 mesh 형태의 망을 구성하고 각 노드간의 거리를 분석하고 노드의 이전 값과 현재의 값을 비교하여 노드의 방향성을 예측한다. 이는 노드의 다양한 상황 정보 수집을 해석하여 추론이 가능한 온톨로지 기반의 상황인식(Context-Awareness)기술을 활용하였다. 제안하고자 하는 RODMRP(Resilient Ontology-based Dynamic Multicast Routing Protocol)의 추론망 구조는 온톨로지 기반에서 하나의 상황인식 형태를 떤 이동 노드에서 복원력이 뛰어난 트리 구조를 제공한다. 제안된 RODMRP는 이동 노드간의 변화된 환경에서의 재연결성 유지 및 과도한 packet의 증가에 따른 traffic 증가와 중복 전송에 따른 패킷내에서의 중복정보의 제거 목적으로 제안되었다.