• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.58 no.3
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory relapsing skin disorder. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in the development of AD, and interleukin (IL) 31 is known to be related to pruritus in AD. The aim of our study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are related to IL-31 levels or to the severity of AD. Methods: We enrolled 91 children with AD and 32 control subjects without history or symptoms of allergic diseases. Blood was drawn to evaluate complete blood cell count, total eosinophil count (TEC), and total IgE, specific IgE to common allergens, 25(OH)D, and IL-31 levels. Serum 25(OH)D and IL-31 levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) index was used to evaluate the severity of AD. Results: The mean 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in the AD group than in the control group; 25(OH)D decreased greatly in the moderate and severe AD groups compared with the mild AD group. Children with atopic sensitization showed significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than nonatopic children. However, serum IL-31 levels were not related to AD group, SCORAD index, or 25(OH)D levels. The SCORAD index was inversely correlated with serum 25(OH)D level and positively correlated with TECs and total IgE levels. Children with moderate and severe AD had significantly higher TECs than children with mild AD. Conclusion: Vitamin D is related to the severity of AD independently of IL-31.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.401-411
• /
• 2018

Longevity in medicine can be defined as a long life without mental or physical deficits. This can be prevented by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current conventional AD treatments only alleviate the symptoms without reversing AD progression. Recent studies demonstrated that Panax ginseng extract improves AD symptoms in patients with AD, and the two main components of ginseng might contribute to AD amelioration. Ginsenosides show various AD-related neuroprotective effects. Gintonin is a newly identified ginseng constituent that contains lysophosphatidic acids and attenuates AD-related brain neuropathies. Ginsenosides decrease amyloid ${\beta}$-protein ($A{\beta}$) formation by inhibiting ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-secretase activity or by activating the nonamyloidogenic pathway, inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity, and decrease $A{\beta}$-induced production of reactive oxygen species and neuro-inflammatory reactions. Oral administration of ginsenosides increases the expression levels of enzymes involved in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and alleviates $A{\beta}$-induced cholinergic deficits in AD models. Similarly, gintonin inhibits $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity and activates the nonamyloidogenic pathway to reduce $A{\beta}$ formation and to increase acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase expression in the brain through lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Oral administration of gintonin attenuates brain amyloid plaque deposits, boosting hippocampal cholinergic systems and neurogenesis, thereby ameliorating learning and memory impairments. It also improves cognitive functions in patients with AD. Ginsenosides and gintonin attenuate AD-related neuropathology through multiple routes. This review focuses research demonstrating that ginseng constituents could be a candidate as an adjuvant for AD treatment. However, clinical investigations including efficacy and tolerability analyses may be necessary for the clinical acceptance of ginseng components in combination with conventional AD drugs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.38 no.7
• /
• pp.521-532
• /
• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to rise in industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle, including dietary habits, especially imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary fatty acids and the assess the blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters in AD patients. AD (n = 50) patients and gender ${\cdot}$ age matched healthy controls (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Current fatty acids intake status was determined by 3-day food record method. Blood sample were collected from 30 subjects in each group and blood fatty acid composition and immune parameters were analysed. AD patients consumed less PUFA and their n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was higher than that of HC. Both the ratios of PUFA and MUFA were positively correlated with SCORAD in AD patients (p < 0.05). In the AD patients, there were abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the RBC and WBC, SFA being significantly high and most n-3 PUFA being significantly low. Moreover, both the ratios of EPA and DHA in WBC were negatively correlated with dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in AD patients (p < 0.05). Serum total IgE and IL-4 levels of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.01). Ratios of monocyte and eosinophil in WBC of AD patients increased significantly compared with the levels of HC including total WBC count (p < 0.01), and ratios of Iymphocyte and basophil in WBC of AD patients decreased significantly compared with the levels of HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the ratios of eosinophil in WBC were positively correlated with dietary P/M ratio (p < 0.05), and the ratios of monocyte in WBC were positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.05) in AD patients. This results indicated that AD patients had significantly high intake of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA compared with HC. Imbalance of intake of dietary fatty acids affected fatty acid compositions in the RBC and WBC, and these lead to immune imbalance and grow worse of AD.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.187-195
• /
• 2009

The application of mathematical analysis to the study of wireless ad hoc networks has met with limited success due to the complexity of mobility, traffic models and the dynamic topology. A scenario based universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) time division duplex (TDD) opportunistic cellular system with an ad hoc behaviour that operates over UMTS frequency division duplex (FDD) licensed cellular network is considered. In this paper, we present a new routing metric which overall improves system performance in terms of interference and routing which operate in an ad hoc network in an opportunistic manner. Therefore we develop a simulation tool that addresses the goal of analysis and assessment of UMTS TDD opportunistic radio system with ad hoc behavior in coexistence with a UMTS FDD primary cellular networks.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.169-178
• /
• 2019

Due to the characteristics of an ad hoc network without a control center, self-organization, and flexible topology, the trust evaluation of the nodes in the network is extremely difficult. Based on the analysis of ad hoc networks and the blockchain technology, a blockchain-based node-level trust evaluation model is proposed. The concepts of the node trust degree of the HASH list on the blockchain and the perfect reward and punishment mechanism are adopted to construct the node trust evaluation model of the ad hoc network. According to the needs of different applications the network security level can be dynamically adjusted through changes in the trust threshold. The simulation experiments demonstrate that ad-hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV) Routing protocol based on this model of multicast-AODV(MAODV) routing protocol shows a significant improvement in security compared with the traditional AODV and on-demand multipath distance vector(AOMDV) routing protocols.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.705-713
• /
• 2019

Avocado, superfood, contains a variety of essential nutrients and phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to explore whether avocado could modulate skin inflammation in vivo. We elucidated the pharmacological effects of avocado on compound 48/80- or histamine-induced scratching behaviors and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in mice. Additionally, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of avocado and its underlying mechanism including its effect on the expression levels of inflammatory-related genes and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions. The findings of this study demonstrate that avocado attenuated AD-clinical symptoms including itching, eczematous, erythema and dryness and histamine levels in mice. Moreover, avocado suppressed both inflammatory cytokines expression as well as NF-κB and caspase-1 activation in AD-like skin lesions in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that avocado may be a potential candidate for treating skin inflammatory diseases like AD.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.64-70
• /
• 2003

In this paper, us describe about the performance metrics and optimal implementation of Ad hoc network that is constructed easily by mobile terminals without infra-structure and is used in emergency sites and army field. And the results are used in study on DQM based ad hoc routing protocol.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.18 no.3 s.81
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2003

본 고는 IPv6 기반의 이동 Ad-hoc 네트워크에서의 IP 네트워킹에 필수적인 설정 및 서비스를 자동화하는 자동네트워킹 기술의 개념과 개발 현황에 대해 소개한다. 이 기술을 통해 Ad-hoc 네트워크에 위치하는 이동단말은 네트워킹에 필요한 네트워크 인터페이스의 IP 주소 설정을 자동적으로 할 수 있고, 인터넷서비스의 대표적인 응용인 웹 서비스를 위한 DNS 운영도 Ad-hoc 네트워크에서 수행할 수 있다. 자동네트워킹 기술은 또한 화상회의 응용과 같은 멀티캐스트 응용이 세션을 운영하는 데 필요한 멀티캐스트 주소도 자동으로 할당할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 이동단말의 응용이 특정 서비스를 제공받기 원할 때 그 서비스를 제공할 서버를 발견할 수 있는 서비스 위치탐색 기능도 제공함으로써, Ad-hoc이라는 특수한 환경에서 다양한 네트워크 서비스를 운영할 수 있게 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
• /
• 2002.04a
• /
• pp.127-129
• /
• 2002

인터넷에는 다른 하드웨어적 특성을 갖는 다양한 형태의 이동노드가 존재한다. 이러한 특성이 무선통신 과정에 반영되어 다양한 문제가 발생한다. 이동 노드로만 구성된 무선 ad-hoc 네트웍은 이와 같은 특성에 큰 영향을 받게 된다. 기존의 ad-hoc 네트웍 라우팅 프로토콜은 목적 노드에 도달하기 위한 경로의 발견과 관리에 연구가 집중되었으며, 최근 이동노드의 특성을 라우팅 과정에 반영하기 위한 연구가 시작되고 있다. 본 논들은 ad-hoc 라우팅 프로토콜에서 이동노드가 갖는 이질적 특성을 라우팅에 반영하고, 이를 AODV 라우팅 프로토콜에 적용하기 위한 메커니즘을 제안한다. 본 메커니즘은 이동노드의 특성을 이용한 Proactive 방식의 노드가 추가되어 일반 이동노드에게 다중 홉의 경로에 대한 패킷 전송을 대신하며 주변 이동 노드에게 다중 홉의 라우팅 정보를 제공한다. Reactive 방식의 노드는 Proactive 방식의 노드를 발전하고 이용하기 위해 기능을 확장하였다. 이를 통하여 안정적인 경로를 선택 할 수 있으며 ad-hoc 네트워크 망의 확장이 가능하다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
• /
• 2001.10b
• /
• pp.1593-1596
• /
• 2001

블루투스는 1 개의 마스터와 최대 7 개의 슬레이브로 구성되는 피코넷과 다수의 피코넷으로 구성되는 스캐터넷의 형성이 가능하여 이를 이용한 ad hoc PAN 네트워킹에 대한 연구가 시작되고 있다. 본 논문은 블루투스 피코넷에서의 ad hoc 네트워킹을 위한 GloMoSim 기반 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 ad hoc 라우팅 알고리즘을 피코넷에 적용한 시뮬레이션 결과에 관한 것이다 ad hoc 라우팅 알고리즘으로는 AODV와 DSR을 사용하였으며, 피코넷을 이루는 슬레이브의 개수를 1 개에서 7개까지 변화시면서 마스터-슬레이브와 슬레이브-슬레이브 간의 데이터 전송에 대한 성능을 평가 하였다.