• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.226-233
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• 1993

Enzymatic hydrolysates of food proteins (defatted soybean cake, egg albumin and casein) were tested for inhibitory activity against angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). Food proteins were hydrolysed with complex enzyme, bromelain, alcalase, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain and pepsin by heating method. The hydrolysates obtained from the treatment of complex enzyme and bromelain showed the higher ACE inhibitory activity. ACE inhibitory activity of hydrolysates exhibited a tendency to be increased until 8hrs and increased with increment of concentration. The activity was also stable by heat treatment at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 20min. Molecular weight of active fraction was about 1, 400 and defatted soybean cake hydrolysate below 1, 400 in case of defatted soybean cake hydrolysate treated with alcalase. Amino acid of the active fractions was abundant in Asp, Glu, Lys, lle, Leu, Ala and Val.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2006

C. H. OH, S. N. CHOI, T. G. NAM, The Kinematic Analysis of the Tennis Flat Serve Motion, Korean Jiurnal of Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 97-108, 2006. By the comparison and the analysis of the different factors during the tennis flat serve motion such as the required time per section, the movement displacement of the racket, the velocity of the upper limbs joints, the physical center of gravity, and the angle and the angular velocity of the upper limbs joints between an ace player and a mediocre player, these following results were drawn. First, the experiment result of the total time required per section in a tennis flat serve motion showed that an ace player was faster than a mediocre player by 0.4 seconds. This result suggested that it was required to increase the speed of the racket head by a swift swing to perform an effective flat serve motion. Second, the experiment result of the movement displacement of the racket in the tennis flat serve motion showed that an ace player greatly moved toward the left side on an x-axis. But both an ace and a mediocre player were shown to be at the similar points on a y-axis at the moment of the impact of the racket. An ace player was also shown to be located at a higher position on a z-axis by 0.23m. Third, the velocity of the center of gravity of an ace player was faster in every phase than that of a mediocre player in a tennis flat serve motion. Fourth, the velocity of the upper limb joints of an ace player was faster in every phase than that of a mediocre player in a tennis flat serve motion. Fifth, the experiment result of the speed of the racket head in tennis flat serve motion showed that a mediocre player was faster than an ace player in the first phase, but the latter was faster than the former in the second, third, and the fourth phases. Sixth, at the moment of impact of a tennis flat serve, an ace player had greater flexion of the angle of the wrist joints by an 11.8 degree than a mediocre player. An ace player also had greater extension of the angle of the elbow joint and the shoulder joint respectively by a 5.2 degree and a 1.4 degree with a mediocre player. Seventh, an ace player had greater angular velocity of the upper limb joints and the hip joints than a mediocre player at the moment of the impact of tennis flat serve. Eighth, an ace player was shown to have a greater change of the forward and the backward inclination (or the anterior and posterior inclination) of the upper body

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.427-431
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory activity of water extracts and its enzymatic hydrolysates from algae against angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE). The 7 kinds of algae were extracted with water at $50^{\circ}C,\;70^{\circ}C$ and $98^{\circ}C$. ACE inhibitory activities of water extracts were the highest at $70^{\circ}C$, and those of ceylon moss, layer, green layer, sea mustard, seaweed fusiforme sea tangle and sea staghorn were $10.9\%,\;9.3\%,\;8.9\%,\;8.2\%,\;7.5\%,\;7.1\%$ and $7.0\%$, respectively. Layer, green laver sea mustard and ceylon moss of high ACE inhibitory activities among the 7 kinds of water extracts were hydrolyzed by maxazyme and papain during 24hrs. ACE inhibitory activity of enzymatic hydrolysates was higher than that of water extracts, and was the highest in enzymatic hydrolysates of laver among the tested samples. In laver hydrolysates by proteases, the highest ACE inhibitory activity and peptide-nitrogen contents were observed at 8 hours hydrolysis and the hydrolysates by maxazyme showed relatively higher activity than those by papain(31.3 and $27.9\%$, respectively). But peptide-nitrogen contents were greater in papain hydrolysates than in maxazyme.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 1998

${\alpha},\;{\beta}-Adrenergics$, and calcium channels were known to be related to inducing cardiac hypertrophy. Recently, it was reported that the cardiac renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was an important factor in ventricular hypertrophy. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of ${\alpha},\;{\beta}-adrenergic$, and calcium channel blockers that might be involved in the regulation of cardiac RAS. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of renin gene in the perfused rat heart. Changes in angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and cyclic AMP (cAMP) content which were thought to play a role in inducing cardiac hypertrophy were measured in the perfused rat heart. The expression of renin gene was not only increased by isoproterenol with metoprolol-pretreatment but also increased by vasopressin treatment in the presence of calcium channel blocker, nifedipine or verapamil. Either prazosin alone or norepinephrine with prazosin-pretreatment significantly increased the ACE activity. However, isoproterenol with metoprolol-pretreatment significantly decreased the ACE activity. On the other hand, the ACE activity was not changed by vasopressin, nifedipine, or verapamil treatments. The content of cAMP was significantly increased by either isoproterenol or vasopressin treatment. According to these results, renin gene expression was associated with ${\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor and calcium channel. ACE activity was associated with ${\alpha}-\;and{\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor. In conclusion, ${\beta}2$ - adrenoceptor was important in cardiac renin gene expression and ACE activity and ${\alpha},\;{\beta}$ -adrenergic, and calcium channel blockers might be involved in the regulation of cardiac RAS in a complicated way.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

The angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) has an important role in the maintenance of blood pressure. The ACE inhibitory activities of foods have recently been studied. We tried to isolate ACE inhibitory peptides from the Flavourzyme (FZ), Pescalase (PE), and Thermolysine (TH) protease digests of corn gluten, which was restricted to the use the source of food for digestion problem. The FZ, PE, TH/PE protease hydrolyzed corn gluten and the inhibitory activities of the hydrolyzates for ACE were measured. Major fractions were isolated from the digests using ODS chromatography after treating with ethanol in step gradient. The ACE inhibitors were further purified by Bio-Gel P-2 column and reverse phase HPLC. Five inhibitory peptides were isolated. Their amino acids were sequenced as LPF ($IC_{50}$ = 40$\mu$M), GPP ($IC_{50}$ = 17.6$\mu$M), PNPY ($IC_{50}$ = 30.7$\mu$M), SPPPFYL ($IC_{50}$ = 63 $\mu$M), and SQPP ($IC_{50}$ = 17.2$\mu$M).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1318-1322
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• 2003

This study was carried out to identify the biophysical utility of bioflavonoids by the determination of their antioxidative activities, radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect on the ACE activity. The results obtained were as follows; All flavonoids experimented greatly inhibited the linoleic acid oxidation from the early period of oxidation, and the radical scavenging ability was also greater in genistein and daidzein than other flavonoids, generally showing donating ability. Rutin has the metal-chelating ability with C $u^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, which means to have the inhibitory effect on the promotive oxidation of lipid by metal ion. All flavonoids experimented inhibited the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, which was greater in genistein and daidzein than other flavonoids.s.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-34
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between ACE gene polymorphism and muscle damage parameters after eccentric exercise. 80 collegiate males were instructed to take an eccentric exercise with the elbow flexor muscle through the modified preacher curl machine for 2 sets of 25 cycles (total 50 cycles). The maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were measured before exercise, and 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hrs after exercise. The result showed that after the eccentric exercise, the maximal isometric strength significantly decreased by more than 50% (p < 0.001) and the muscle soreness, CK, and Mb significantly increased compared to those before the exercise (p < 0.001). The ACE gene polymorphism of the subjects was classified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). The result showed that it consisted of 38 cases of type II (46.4%), 33 cases of type ID (43.4%), and 9 cases of type DD (10.2%). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for ACE gene polymorphism was shown to have p = 0.653, which showed that each allele was evenly distributed. Although significant differences in the changes in the maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, CK, and Mb were found according to time course (p < 0.001), no significant differences in the changes in the maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, CK, and Mb were found according to ACE gene polymorphism. Furthermore, no significant difference in the changes in the muscle damage parameters was found according to interaction between ACE gene polymorphism and time course (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the level of the muscle damage parameters changed in the injured muscle after eccentric exercise, but these changes in the muscle damage parameters were not affected by ACE gene polymorphism. The result of this study indicates that ACE gene is not a candidate gene that explains muscle damage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1997

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were isolated and purified from pig blood plasma. Pig blood plasma was obtained after removing blood cells by centrfugation, followed by the addition of anticoagulant to whole pig blood. To precipitate plasma proteins, pig blood plasma was treated with 4% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a final concentration. ACE inhibitors were isolated from plasma protein hydrolysates and TCA supernatant, using ultrafiltration, gel permeation chromatography, and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. ACE inhibitors isolated from plasma hydrolysates and TCA supernatant had $IC_{50}$ values of $23\;{\mu}M$ and $2\;{\mu}M$, pentapeptide, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelicae pubescentis Radix water extract (ACE) on immune properties in macrophage cells. Methods: The cells were divided into two groups: As a control, the first was not treated with ACE, and the other was treated with ACE. Together with the cell viability, productions of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ by treating of ACE were monitored. Results: 1. There was no decrease of the cell viability after 24 hr incubation, but a significant decrease after 48 hr incubation with all four concentrations (25, 100, 200, and $400\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) of ACE. 2. A significant increase in the production of NO was observed in the concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of ACE after 24 hr incubation. 3. Further, after 48 hr incubation, the critical concentration of ACE for the increase was reduced to $25\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 4. The production of (IL)-$1{\beta}$ significantly increased with the ACE concentrations of 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 5. The production of IL-6 significantly increased with the ACE concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 6. A significant increase in the production of (TNF)-${\alpha}$ was detected with ACE concentrations of 50, 100, and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. Conclusions: These show that ACE increases mouse macrophage NO production at concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and the cytokines ((IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and (TNF)-${\alpha}$) at concentrations above $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These results suggest that ACE improves macrophage immune property.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.286-290
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• 2010

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and production optimization of ovotransferrin hydrolysates were studied. Ovotransferrin was hydrolyzed by several enzymes (protamex, alcalase, trypsin, pepsin, neutrase, and flavorzyme) and acid (0.03 N HCl). Ovotransferrin hydrolysate reduced ACE activity by 60.2%, 55.8%, and 42.6% when treated with trypsin, acid, and pepsin, respectively. Trypsin was selected for production of peptide having maximum AC inhibitory effect, which was greatest with 7 h hydrolysis. Central composite design determined that optimum composition of ACE inhibitory substances using substrate concentration of 20-35%, temperature of $35-55^{\circ}C$, and pH of 6.0-8.0. The optimum composition was 1% trypsin, substrate concentration of 26.32%, $51.29^{\circ}C$, and pH 6.32. Under this conditions, a maximum ACE inhibitory effect of 69.1% was evident, similar to the predicted value.