• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2023

This review serves two purposes: first, to promote the use of improved optimization techniques in response surface methodology (RSM); and second, to enhance the optimum conditions for the fermentation of probiotics. According to research in dairy science, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K79 is a candidate probiotic that has beneficial health effects, such as lowering blood pressure. The optimum conditions for L. plantarumK79 to produce peptides with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity were proposed, through modeling each of ACE inhibitory activity and pH as a function of the four factors that are skim milk concentration (%), incubation temperature (℃), incubation time (hours), and starter added amount (%). To estimate optimum conditions, the researchers employed a desirability-based multi-response optimization approach, utilizing third-order models with a nonsignificant lack of fit. The estimated optimum fermentation conditions for L. plantarum K79 were as follows: a skim milk concentration of 10.76%, an incubation temperature of 36.9℃, an incubation time of 23.76 hours, and a starter added amount of 0.098%. Under these conditions, the predicted ACE inhibitory activity was 91.047%, and the predicted pH was 4.6. These predicted values achieved the objectives of the multi-response optimization in this study.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.532-538
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• 2020

In this study, emulsification process were conducted to manufacture the natural sunscreen from raw materials such as shea butter, olive emulsifier wax, and green tea extract. The emulsification was optimized by using the central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) where the response values were established as the mean droplet size (MDS) and emulsion stability index (ESI) after 7 days in addition to UV absorbance at 300nm. The amount of emulsifier and additives and emulsification time were established as operating variables and the optimal conditions of sunscreen emulsification were accepted as 3.70, 2.47 wt.%, and 15.42 min, respectively according to the result of CCD-RSM. On the other hand, the response values were estimated as 1173.80 nm and 99.56% for MDS and ESI, respectively, after 7 days, in addition to UV absorbance at 300 nm (2.47). The average error from actual experiments was a low level as about 3.0 ± 1.5%, which is mainly due to the fact that the optimization using CCD-RSM applied in this study was in the relatively high significant level.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2023

In this study, natural surfactants were extracted from Medicago sativa L. The O/W emulsification processes with the extracted natural surfactants were optimized using central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) and a 95% confidence interval was used to confirm the reasonableness of the optimization. Herein, independent parameters were the ratio of saponins to total surfactant (P), amount of surfactant (W), and emulsification speed (R), whereas the reaction parameters were the emulsion stability index (ESI), mean droplet size (MDS), and viscosity (V). Using the multiple reaction, the optimal conditions for the ratio of saponins to total surfactant, amount of surfactant, and emulsification speed for O/W emulsification were 49.5%, 9.1 wt%, and 6559.5 rpm, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the expected values of ESI, MDS, and V as the reaction parameters were 89.9%, 1058.4 nm, and 1522.5 cP, respectively. The values of ESI, MDS, and V from these expected values were 88.7%, 1026.4 nm, and 1486.5 cP, respectively, and the average experimental error for validating the accuracy was about 2.3 (± 0.4)%. Therefore, it was possible to design an optimization process for evaluating the O/W emulsion process with Medicago sativa L. using CCD-RSM.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.562-568
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• 2021

An O/W (oil in water) emulsion, wheat germ oil raw material, was produced by using natural wheat germ oil and composite sugar-ester. The effects of variables such as the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value, added emulsifier amount, and emulsification time on the average particle size, emulsification viscosity and ESI of O/W wheat germ oil emulsion were investigated. The parameters of the emulsification process produced by the central composite design model of the response surface methodology (CCD-RSM), which is a reaction surface analysis method, were simulated and optimized. The optimum process conditions obtained from this paper for the production of O/W wheat germ oil emulsion were 8.4, 6.4 wt%, 25.4 min for the HLB value, amount of emulsifier, and emulsion time, respectively. The predicted reaction values by CCD-RSM model under the optimum conditions were 206 nm, 8125 cP, and 98.2% for mean droplet size (MDS), viscosity, and ESI, respectively, based on the emulsion after 7 days. The MDS, viscosity and ESI of the emulsion obtained from actual experiments were 209 nm, 7974 cP and 98.7%, respectively. Therefore, it was possible to design an optimization process for evaluating the stability of the emulsion of wheat germ oil raw material by CCD-RSM.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2021

In this study, we measured total flavonoids after extracting the total flavonoids from lemongrass which is known to have a high content of antioxidant ingredients when using microwave energy. Also, optimal extraction conditions of active ingredients using central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) were presented. Both ultrapure water and alcohol were used as extraction solvents and the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water, microwave irradiation time, and microwave irradiation power were set as independence variables. And the extraction yield and total flavonoids were measured. The optimal extraction conditions using CCD-RSM were the volume ratio of ethanol/ultrapure water = 56.3 vol.%, the microwave irradiation time = 6.1 min, and the microwave irradiation power = 574.6 W. We could also obtain expected results of yield = 17.2 wt.% and total flavonoids = 44.7 ㎍ QE/mL dw under the optimum conditions. The comprehensive satisfaction degree of this formula was 0.8562. The P-value was calculated for the yield of 0.037 and the total flavonoids content of 0.002. The average error from actual experiments established for the verification of conclusions was lower than 2.5%. Therefore, a high favorable level could be obtained when the CCD-RSM was applied to the optimization of extraction process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 2023

In this study, the O/W emulsification processes with the natural surfactants that were extracted from Medicago sativa L. and Sapindus saponaria L. as emulsifiers were optimized using the central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). Herein, independent parameters were the amounts of mixed emulsifiers, the mixing ratio of natural emulsifiers (soapberry saponin/alfalfa saponin), and the emulsification time, whereas the reaction parameters were the emulsion stability index (ESI), mean droplet size (MDS), and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scanvenging activity). Through basic experiments, the ranges of operation variables for the amount of mixed emulsifiers, the mixing ratio of natural emulsifiers, and the emulsification time were 12~14 wt%, 30~70%, and 20~30 min, respectively. The optimum operation variables deduced from CCD-RSM for the amount of mixed emulsifiers, the mixing ratio of natural emulsifiers, and the emulsification time were 13.2 wt%, 44.2%, and 25.8 min, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the expected values of the ESI, MDS, and antioxidant activity were 88.7%, 815.5 nm, and 38.7%, respectively. And, the measured values of the ESI, MDS, and antioxidant activity were 90.6%, 830.2 nm, and 39.6%, respectively, and the average experimental error for validating the accuracy was about 2.1%. Therefore, it was possible to design an optimization process for evaluating the O/W emulsion process using CCD-RSM.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2020

In this study, we dedicated to optimize the process for a reactive diluent for epoxy resin of improved chemical resistance by using cardanol, a component of natural oil of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The central composite design (CCD) model of response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization. The quantitative factors for CCD-RSM were the cardanol/ECH mole ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The yield, epoxy equivalent, and viscosity were selected as response values. Basic experiments were performed to design the reaction surface analysis. The ranges of quantitative factors were determined as 2~4, 4~8 h, and 100~140 ℃ for the cardanol/ECH reaction mole ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature, respectively. From the result of CCD-RSM, the optimum conditions were determined as 3.33, 6.18 h, and 120 ℃ for the cardanol/ECH reaction mole ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature, respectively. At these conditions, the yield, epoxy equivalence, and viscosity were estimated as 100%, 429.89 g/eq., and 41.65 cP, respectively. In addition, the experimental results show that the error rate was less than 0.3%, demonstrating the validity of optimization.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.320-325
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• 2021

In this study, an optimization for the production of water emulsion was designed by adding an extract of wheat sprout, which is known to contain a large amount of antioxidants. The central composite design of reaction surface analysis method (CCD-RSM) was used for the optimization process. The amount of emulsifier, emulsification time, and added amount of wheat sprout extract were selected as independent variables based on our preliminary experiments. The mean droplet size (MDS), viscosity, and emulsion stability index (ESI) were set as the responses to evaluate the stability of the emulsion. For each independent variable, the P-value and coefficient of determination were evaluated to verify the reliability of the experiments. From the result of CCD-RSM, optimum conditions for the emulsification were determined as 23.6 min, 7.7 wt.%, and 3.9 wt.% for the emulsification time, amount of emulsifier, and amount of sprout, respectively. From the optimized condition obtained, MDS, viscosity, and ESI after 7 days from reaction were estimated as 252.3 nm, 616.7 cP, and 88.7%, respectively. The overall satisfaction was 0.9137, which supported the validity of the experiments, and the error rate was measured at 0.5% or less by advancing the experiments. Therefore, an optimized process for producing an emulsion by adding the malt extract was designed by the CCD-RSM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.205-210
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• 2006

Nowaday manufacture technology and manufacture environment are changing rapidly. By development of computer and enlargement of technique, most of manufacture field are computerized. It is measured automatically do much quality characteristics thereby and great many data happen in a day. corporations is important if have gotten fast information that are useful from wide data to go first in international competition according to these change. Statistical process control(SPC) techniques are used as a problem solution tool at manufacturing process until present. However, this statistical methods is not applied more extensively because have much restrictions in realistic problem. In this paper, wish to develop more realistic and scientific new statistical design techniques doing to integrate data mining(DM) and statistical methods by the alternative to cope these problem. First step selects significant factor using DM techniques from datas of manufacturing process including much factors and second step wish to find optimum of process after get the estimated response function through response surf ace methodology(RSM) that is statistical techniques.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2018

The adsorption of Eosin Y by the activated carbon (WCAC) prepared from waste citrus peel was investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) statistical procedures. Experiments were carried out as per BBD with three input parameters, the Eosin Y concentration (Conc. : 30~50 mg/L), the solution temperature (Temp. : 293~313 K), and the adsorbent dose (Dose : 0.05~0.15 g/L). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data to the second-order polynomial model with coefficients of the determination ($R^2$) value of 0.9851 and P-value (Lack of fit) of 0.342. An optimum dye uptake of 59.3 mg/g was achieved at the dye concentration of 50 mg/L, the temperature of 333 K, and the adsorbent dose of 0.1056 g. The adsorption process of Eosin Y by WCAC can be well described by the pseudo second order kinetic model. The experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm model.