• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.256-263
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• 1994

The aceB gene, encoding for malate synthase, one of the key enzymes of glyoxylate bypass, was isolated from a pMT1-based Corynebacterium glutamicum gene library via complementation of an Escherichia coli aceB mutant on an acetate minimal medium. The aceB gene was closely linked to aceA, separated by 598 base pairs, and transcribed in divergent direction. The aceB expressed a protein product of Mr 83, 000 in Corynebacterium glutamicum which was unusually large compared with those of other malate synthases. A DNA-sequence analysis of the cloned DNA identified an open-reading frame of 2, 217 base pairs which encodes a protein with the molecular weight of 82, 311 comprising 739 aminoo acids. The putative protein product showed only limited amino acid-sequence homology to its counteliparts in other organisms. The N-terminal region of the protein, which shows no apparent homology with the known sequences of other malate synthases, appeared to be responsible for the protein s unusually large size. A potential calciumbinding domain of EF-hand structure found among eukaryotes was detected in the N-terminal region of the deduced protein.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is the most common mechanism underlying the lowering of blood pressure. In the present study, five organic extracts of a marine brown seaweed Ecklonia cava were prepared by using ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane, and diethyl ether as solvents, which were then tested for their potential ACE inhibitory activities. Ethanol extract showed the strongest ACE inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of 0.96 mg/ml. Five kinds of phlorotannins, phloroglucinol, triphlorethol-A, eckol, dieckol, and eckstolonol, were isolated from ethanol extract of E. cava, which exhibited potential ACE inhibition. Dieckol was the most potent ACE inhibitor and was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor against ACE according to Lineweaver-Burk plots. Dieckol had an inducible effect on the production of NO in EAhy926 cells without having cytotoxic effect. The results of this study indicate that E. cava could be a potential source of phlorotalnnins with ACE inhibitory activity for utilization in production of functional foods.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.952-958
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• 2005

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is known to be primarily responsible for hypertension. Threedimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models have been constructed using the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) for a series of 28 ACE inhibitors. The availability of ACE crystal structure (1UZF) provided the plausible biological orientation of inhibitors to ACE active site (C-domain). Alignment for CoMFA obtained by docking ligands to 1UZF protein using FlexX program showed better statistical model as compared to superposition of corresponding atoms. The statistical parameters indicate reasonable models for both CoMFA ($q^2$ = 0.530, $r^2$ = 0.998) and CoMSIA ($q^2$ = 0.518, $r^2$ = 0.990). The 3D-QSAR analyses provide valuable information for the design of ACE inhibitors with potent activity towards C-domain of ACE. The group substitutions involving the phenyl ring and carbon chain at the propionyl and sulfonyl moieties of captopril are essential for better activity against ACE.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.11-13
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• 1999

Recently it was reported that Insertion/Deletion polymorphism in the gene coding for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) is associated with human capacity for physical performance. This study was performed to genotyping of the ACE gene to determine the correlation between elite endurance performance and ACE I/D gene polymorphism. DNA sample was obtained from peripheral blood, hair roots and mouth epithelial cell in 739 general population and 200 elite athletic performance students. The ACE gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using allele specific oligonucleotide primers. 155, 525 bp and 237 bp PCR products indicating the presence of insertion(I) and deletion(D) alleles, respectively, were clearly resolved after electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. Of the 200 elite athletic performance population subjects, 68(34%) showed ACE genotype 11,100(50%) genotype ID and 32(16%) genotype DD. Of the 739 general population subjects, 259(35.1%) showed ACE genotype 11,363(49.1%) genotype ID and 117(15.8%) genotype DD. Therefore ACE I/D gene polymorphism was not associated with human capacity for physical performance.(p>0.05)

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.495-509
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• 2009

Objective : Membranous nephropathy(MN) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease and a relatively common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults worldwide. But treatment of MN is not defined. This study was to evaluate the effects of Acasia Catechu extract(ACE) on the MN induced by cBSA in mice. Methods : Mice were divided into 4 groups. The normal group was injected with a saline solution. The control group was treated with cBSA(10 mg/kg i.p.) only. The third group was treated with cBSA (10 mg/kg i.p.) and ACE (250 mg/kg, p.o.). The fourth group was treated with cBSA (10mg/kg i.p.) and ACE (500mg/kg, p.o.). After cBSA and ACE treatment for 6 weeks, we measured change of body weight, 24hrs proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatinine, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-$\gamma$, IgA, IgM and IgG levels. The morphologic changes of renal glomeruli were also observed with a light microscope. Results : The levels of 24 hrs proteinuria, total cholesterol, triglyceride, IgG, IgM, IgA, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, IFN-$\gamma$ significantly decreased in both ACE groups. The level of albumin significantly increased in both ACE groups. The mRNA expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ in splenocytes considerably decreased in the ACE-500 group. In histological findings of kidney tissue, thickening of GBM decreased in both ACE groups. Conclusions : This study shows that ACE might be effective for treatment of MN. More clinical data and studies are to be done for efficient application.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.456-460
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• 1993

전통 기호음료 성분에 의하여 나타나는 기능특성을 조사하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 결명자,들깨, 대추, 모과, 오미자, 오갈피 및 생강 추출물을 ion-exchange chromatography, 유기용매에 의한 분획, silica gel column chromatography, thin layer chromatography에 의하여 여러 가지 획분으로 분획하여 Angiotensin I 전환효소(ACE) 저해작용을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 기호음료 원료에서 추출한 수용성 획분의 ACE 저해작용은 생강>오갈피>오미자>들깨>결명자>모과>대추의 순으로 나타났다. 일반 가정에서 널리 이용되고 있는 결명자에서 분리한 compound C 는 ACE 저해제로 알려져 있는 bradykinin에 비하여 ACE 저해작용이 비교적 낮았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.226-233
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• 1993

효소에 의한 가수분해로 식품단백질로부터 생리활성 peptide의 생성을 밝히기 위한 연구의 일환으로 효소에 의한 단백질 가수분해물의 ACE 저해작용을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 가수분해에 따른 ACE 저해능은 가수분해 8시간까지는 급격히 증가하다가 그 후로는 완만하게 증가하였으며, 특히 복합효소, bromelain 및 pepsin등에 의해 우수하게 나타났다. 그러나 trypsin 및 $\alpha$-chymotrypsin에 의한 egg albumin 및 casein 가수분해시에는 가수분해 8시간 이후에는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 단백질 가수분해물의 ACE 저해능은 첨가량의 증가와 함께 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 가열에 대하여 비교적 안정한 것으로 나타났다. 3. 단백질 가수분해물의 아미노산 조성은 거의 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 glutamic acid의 함량이 월등히 많은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 egg albumin 가수분해물의 경우는 glutamic acid의 함량이 적은 반면 alanine 및 cysteine의 함량이 다소 많은 것으로 나타났다 4. Gel 여과에 의한 단백질 가수분해물의 획분별 ACE 저해작용은 서로 비슷한 획 분에서 나타났으며 이 때의 분자량은 1,400부근으로 나타났다. 5. Gel 여과에 의한 ACE 저해작용 획분의 아미노산 조성은 서로 다른 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.289-303
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• 2021

Covid-19 is an ongoing pandemic as we speak in 2022. This infectious disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which infects cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on the cell surface. Thus, strategies that inhibit the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor can stop this contagion. Hanjeli (Coix lacryma-jobi) essential oil contains many bioactive compounds, including dodecanoic acid; tetradecanoic acid; 7-Amino-8-imino-2-(2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl); and 1,5,7,10-tetraaza-phen-9-one. These compounds suppress viral replication and may prevent Covid-19. Accordingly, this study assessed whether, these four limonoid compounds can block the ACE2 receptor. To this end, their physicochemical properties were predicted using Lipinski's "rule of five" on the SwissADME website, and their toxicity was assessed using the online tools ProTox and pkCSM. Additionally, their interactions with the ACE2 receptor were predicted via molecular docking using Autodock Vina. All the four compounds satisfied the "rule of five" and tetradecanoic acid was predicted to have a higher affinity than the comparison compound remdesivir and the original ligand of ACE2. Molecular docking results suggested that the compounds from hanjeli essential oil interact with the active site of the ACE2 receptor similarly as the original ligand and remdesivir. In conclusion, hanjeli essential oil contains compounds predicted hinder the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the ACE2 receptor. Accordingly, our data may facilitate the development of a phytomedical strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2001

본 연구는 김의 Maxazyme NNP 가수분해물로부터 여러 단계의 column chromatography 및 HPLC를 통해 ACE 저해 peptide를 분리, 정제하여 이의 분자량과 amino acid sequence를 분석하였다. ACE 저해 효과가 큰 저분자 peptide의 함량이 많은 가수분해물을 얻기 위한 최적의 단백질 가수분해 효소를 선정하기 위하여 시험한 결과, Maxazyme NNP에 의한 가수분해물의 ACE 저해효과가 $37.2\%$로 가장 높게 나타났다 김의 효소 가수분해물로부터ACE 저해 peptide만을 효율적으로 분리하기 위한 추출 조건 시험에서, 색소 제거를 위해서는 diethylether 처리가, 다당류 및 고분자 단백질 제거를 위해서는 $70\%$ ethanol 처리가 각각 선정되었다. 김 가수분해물로부터 ACE 저해 peptide를 분리, 정제하기 위한 첫 단계로 ultrafiltration을 한 결과, 분자량 3,000 이하 분획물의 ACE 저해 효과가 $69.4\%$로 가장 높았으며, 이 분획물을 gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-25) , reverse-phase HPLC (ODS & Vydac C-18) 및 gel permeation chromatography (Superdex Peptide HR)와 같은 단계별 column chromatography를 행하여 최종적으로 단일 peptide peak들을 분리하였다. 이들 단일 peptide peak들의 분자량을 Electrospray-Mass Spectrometer로 측정한 결과, 각각 413.48 (S1O2V2V1P),346.86 (S1O2V2V2P) 그리고 320.32 (S2O6V3V1P) dalton이었으며, 이들 peptide의 amino acid sequence는 N-말단으로부터 아미노산 잔기를 분석한 결과, 각각 Val-Gln-Gly-Asn, Thr-Glu-Thr 및 Phe-Arg으로 확인되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2000

고등어 유래의 peptide를 제조하고, Sephadex G-25 column, ODS AQ column, Vydac column, Superdex peptide column을 이용하여 순차적으로 분리, 정제하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 고등어 선어로부터 두부, 내장 및 뼈를 제거하여 얻은 고등어육의 수율은 $65.5{\%}$였으며, 고등어육의 단백질 함량은 $63.3{\%}$, 그리고 지질함량은 $32.6{\%}$로 나타났다. 지질을 제거하기 위하여 알칼리 처리한 후 동결 건조한 고등어 단백질의 수율은 고등어 육에 대하여 $18.2{\%}$로 나타났고, 고등어 단백질을 효소가수분해하여 제조한 고등어 가수분해물의 수율은 $50.6{\%}$로 나타났다. 고등어 가수분해물 cut-off 1만의 membrane으로 ultrafiltration한 결과, MW 10,000이하가 $79.6{\%}$, 10,000 이상이 $20.4{\%}$였으며, ACE저해효과는 10,000이하 획분이 10,000이상 획분보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. (Table 1). 1만 이하의 획분을 Sephadex G-25 column으로 분획하여, 7개의 획분을 얻었고 (Fig. 1), 이 가운데 MS2획분의 ACE 저해효과가 가장 높았다(Table 2). ACE 저해효과가 가장 좋은 MS2획분을 ODS AQ column으로 분획하석 4개의 획분으로 분획하였고 (Fig.2), 이 가운데 Ms2O3획분의 ACE저해효과가 가장 좋았다 (Table 3). Ms2O3획분을 Vydac column으로 재분획하여 8개의 획분으로 분취하였다(Fig.3), 이 가운데 MS2O3V5획분의 ACE저해효과가 가장 좋았다(Table 4). Superdex peptide column으로 재정제하여 얻은 peptide의 N-말단으로부터 아미노산 배열은 Tyr-Val-Ala으로 ACE저해활성은 IC-(50)이 $1.4{\mu}M$로 나타났다. Matsumura등 (1993)은 가다랭이 가수분해물로부터 분리한 6개의 peptides 가운데 tripeptide의 ACE저해활성이 높았다고 하였으며, 본 연구 결과에서도 유사한 경향을 나타내었다.