• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.330-338
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is a ginseng saponin that is widely investigated because of its remarkable antitumor activity. However, the molecular mechanism by which (20S) G-Rh2 triggers its functions and how target animals avoid its cytotoxic action remains largely unknown. Methods: Phage display was used to screen the human targets of (20S) G-Rh2. Fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to confirm the interaction of candidate target proteins and (20S) G-Rh2. Molecular docking was utilized to calculate the estimated free energy of binding and to structurally visualize their interactions. MTT assay and immunoblotting were used to assess whether human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine serum can reduce the cytotoxic activity of (20S) G-Rh2 in HepG2 cells. Results: In phage display, (20S) G-Rh2-beads and (20R) G-Rh2-beads were combined with numerous kinds of phages, and a total of 111 different human complementary DNAs (cDNA) were identified, including HSA which had the highest rate. The binding constant and number of binding site in the interaction between (20S)-Rh2 and HSA were $3.5{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1, and those in the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and BSA were $1.4{\times}10^5M^{-1}$ and 1. The quenching mechanism is static quenching. HSA, BSA and bovine serum significantly reduced the proapoptotic effect of (20S) G-Rh2. Conclusion: HSA and BSA interact with (20S) G-Rh2. Serum inhibited the activity of (20S) G-Rh2 mainly due to the interaction between (20S) G-Rh2 and serum albumin (SA). This study proposes that HSA may enhance (20S) G-Rh2 water solubility, and thus might be used as nanoparticles in the (20S) G-Rh2 delivery process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2001

Numerous base-metal bearing hydrothermal quartz vein deposits occur in the Hunan province of southern China. The Tangguanpu lead-zinc-tin-silver mine is the major producer among these deposits. Lead-zinc-tin-silver mineralization occurs in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled fractures in fault zones within Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite are the principal sulphide minerals in the Tangguanpu lead-zinc ores with minor amounts of tin- and antimony-bearing sulphides (stannite, teallite, boulangerite and tetrahedrite). Based on the iron and zinc partitioning between coexisting stannite and sphalerite, the formation temperature for this mineral assemblage range from 300$^{\circ}$ to 330$^{\circ}$C, which relatively agree with the upper part of homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion in quartz (20T-358$^{\circ}$C). Fluid inclusion data show that main lead-zine-tin-silver mineralization occurred from $H_{2}O$-NaCl fluids with relatively low salinities (11.2-7.3 wl.% eg. NaCI) at temperatures between 207$^{\circ}$ and 358$^{\circ}$C. The relationship between homogenization temperature and salinity suggests a history of cooling and dilution followed by initial boiling. Evidence of initial fluid boiling may indicate the fluid trapping pressures of 180 bars. The ${\delta}^{34}S{{\Sigma}S}$ values of -5.0 to 1.1 %, indicate an igneous source of sulfur in the Tangguanpu lead-zinc-tin-silver hydrothermal fluids.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 1989

Chindong granites are classified into granodiorite, tonalite and quartz-diorite, and Yucheon - Eonyang granites into monzo-granite by the Streckeisen diagram. These granitic rocks of Cretaceous age show trend of calc-alkaline magma, and the magmatic evolution from basic to acidic rocks is consistant with the general crystallization path of the Cretaceous granitic rocks in the Gyeongsang basin. On the basis of petrological and petrochemical data, variation of major elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (Rb, Sr, Ba) including ore metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) in the Cretaceous granitic rocks were studied in detail in order to investigate geochemical difference of the granitic rocks in relation to mineralization between Cu province and Pb-Zn province in the Gyeongsang basin. There is clear difference in content of the major elements between Chindong granites and Yucheon-Eonyang granites : Chindong granites have low content of K (1.62%) and Na (2.53%), and high content of Ca (3.75%) and Mg (1.42%) whereas Yucheon-Eonyang granites have high content of K (3.56-3.60%), and low content of Ca (0.96-0.26%) and Mg (0.26-0.21%). There is also clear difference in content of trace lithophile elements between Chindong granites and Yucheon-Eonyang, granites : Chindong granites have low content of Rb (86ppm) and Ba (330ppm), and high content of Sr (405ppm) while Yucheon-Eonyang, granites have high content of Rb (144-161ppm) and Ba (983-1030ppm), and low content of Sr (157-136ppm). The lithophile trace elements of Rb and Sr vary with close relationship to major elements of K and Ca, respectively. Therefore, Chindong granites are much easily distinguished from Yucheon-Eonyang granites by using relationship of K with Rb and Ca with Sr : K<3%, Rb<100ppm, Ca<2% and Sr>200ppm for Chindong granites, and K>3%, Rb>100ppm, Ca<2%, and Sr<200ppm for Yucheon-Eonyang granites. There is not clear difference in content of trace ore metals between Chindong granites and Yucheon-Eonyang granites : Chindong granites of the Cu province have low Cu content (15ppm) which is nearly equal to 13-14ppm of Yucheon-Eonyang granites of the Pb-Zn province, and Yucheon-Eonyang granites have Pb content (29-27ppm) which is rather lower than 37ppm of Chindong granites. But Cu is anomalously high in the mineralized part of Chindong granites in Gunbuk-Haman area, and Zn is apparently higher in Yucheon-Eonyang granites (51-37ppm) than in Chindong granites (29ppm). K/Pb ratio is also c1early distinguishable between Chindong granites (<850) and Yucheon-Eonyang granites (>850). Thus, it may be possible to apply geochemical difference of the granites to distinguish whether a Cretaceous granitic body is Cu related rock or Pb-Zn related rock, and whether it belongs to Cu province or Pb-Zn province in the Gyeongsang basin.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.374-379
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• 1998

From March 1985 to June 1997, 451 patients of spontaneous pneumothorax treated at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Most of the patients were male (male to female ratio, 8.2:1). The mean age of the primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) was 26.8 years, and that of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax(SSP) was 53.1 years. 330 out of 451 patients(73%) were PSP. The causes of the SSP were mostly pulmonary tuberculosis and COPD: 87 patients(72%), and 24 patients(19.2%), respectively. All the patient were treated by one of the following modalities: 1)rest and oxygen therapy in 42 patients, 2) closed thoracostomy in 208 patients, 3) thoracotomy in 156 patients, 4) VATS bullectomy in 45 patients. The mean duration of postoperative chest tube drainage was as following: thoracotomy 8.3 days, VATS bullectomy 4.7 days. For recent 3 consecutive years, VATS bullectomy has become the more frequently applied operative procedure than thoracotomy in the treatment of surgically indicated PSP, from 33% in 1994 to 78% in 1996. With the minimally invasive thoracoscopic surgery being more prevalent, VATS bullectomy will be able to be the 1st choice of treatment not only for the recurrent pneumothoracies but also for the some selected cases of the 1st episode pneumothoracies. To verify this approach as clinically acceptable one in terms of cost-effectiveness, recurrence rate, etc, a large scale of multi-institutional clinical study will be needed in a sooner time.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2016

$BaMoO_4:Tb^{3+}$ phosphor powders were synthesized with different concentrations of $Tb^{3+}$ ions using the solid-state reaction method. XRD patterns showed that all the phosphors, irrespective of the concentration of $Tb^{3+}$ ions, had tetragonal systems with two main (112) and (004) diffraction peaks. The excitation spectra of the $Tb^{3+}$-doped $BaMoO_4$ phosphors consisted of an intense broad band centered at 290 nm in the range of 230-330 nm and two weak bands. The former broad band corresponded to the $4f^8{\rightarrow}4f^75d^1$ transition of $Tb^{3+}$ ions; the latter two weak bands were ascribed to the $^7F_2{\rightarrow}^5D_3$ (471 nm) and $^7F_6{\rightarrow}^5D_4$ (492 nm) transitions of $Tb^{3+}$. The main emission band, when excited at 290 nm, showed a strong green band at 550 nm arising from the $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_5$ transition of $Tb^{3+}$ ions. As the concentration of $Tb^{3+}$ increased from 1 to 10 mol%, the intensities of all the emission lines gradually increased, approached maxima at 10 mol% of $Tb^{3+}$ ions, and then showed a decreasing tendency with further increase in the $Tb^{3+}$ ions due to the concentration quenching effect. The critical distance between neighboring $Tb^{3+}$ ions for concentration quenching was calculated and found to be $12.3{\AA}$, which indicates that dipole-dipole interaction was the main mechanism for the concentration quenching of the $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_5$ transition of $Tb^{3+}$ in the $BaMoO_4:Tb^{3+}$ phosphors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the weight control programme through nutrition education on anthropometry, body composition, dietary behavior, and adipocyte-drived protein in obese elementary school children. The subjects were 17 obese children of OI over 120% from the fourth to sixth grades of elementary school. The subjects were given nutrition education for weight control along with physical and behavioral advices once a week, and the program was 12 weeks long. On the completion of 12 week weight control program, significant decreases in waist and hip circumferences were resulted, however, no changes in body mass index (BMI) and obesity index (OI) were found. Hemoglobin was significantly decreased and HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased. Energy intake was decreased significantly along with intakes of Ca, Fe, folic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, and vitamin C. Meal distribution of energy was changed; % energy from snack significantly from 11.9% to 3.3%. Resistin, leptin, and adiponectin level were not changed; Resistin had a negative correlation with vitamin C intake. Leptin had positive correlations with weight and BMI. Adiponectin was negatively correlated with weight and BMI. In conclusion, nutrition education program for weight control for 12 weeks is effective in changing the dietary behavior, serum profile, and anthropometry in obese elementary children, however, no effect was seen in adipocytokine levels.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.193-205
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate nutrient and food intake status and dietary quality in Korean adults according to nutrition label utilization. Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2010-2011 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 8190 adults aged 19 to 64 years. In this study, according to nutrition label utilization, we classified the subjects according to the "non-utilization of nutrition label (NUNL)" group (male, n = 2716, female, n = 3147), "identification of nutrition label (INL)" group (male, n = 143, female, n = 330), and "Utilization of nutrition label (UNL)" group (male, n = 363, female, n = 1491). Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), and INQ (index of nutritional quality) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: Results of this study showed that subjects in the NUNL group were significantly more likely to drink alcohol compared with the other two groups. The NUNL group showed a significantly higher frequency of consuming instant noodles, Soju (male), and carbonated drink (female) than the UNL group, whereas the NUNL group showed a significantly lower frequency of consuming milk, soymilk, and yogurt than the UNL group. In addition, regarding diet quality (NAR and INQ), significantly lower vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C, and calcium was observed in the NUNL group compared with the UNL group. For both male and female, significantly higher MAR was observed in the UNL group than in the NUNL group. The NUNL group showed significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the UNL group. Conclusion: Good dietary practice such as referring to nutrition labels and its influence can affect the quality of nutritional intake and selection of food, while it can also provide basic data for specific nutrition education regarding use of nutrition labeling.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1118-1123
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• 2011

The changes of available silicate (Avail. $SiO_2$) contents in paddy soils (sandy loam) were assessed from data of the 41 years fertilization plots in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954 at the National Academy of Agricultural Science. The treatments were no fertilization (O), inorganic fertilization (NPK), inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost (NPK+C), inorganic fertilizer plus silicate fertilizer as a soil amendment (NPK+S), inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost and silicate fertilizer (NPK+CS) and inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost, silicate fertilizer and lime (NPK+CSL). Available silicate contents in NPK+S, NPK+CS and NPK in surface soil reached at the highest content ($255{\sim}330mg\;kg^{-1}$) after 41 years and then levelled off. Available silicate contents in subsurface soil (25~30 cm) were higher in NPK+C and NPK+S treatments than those in other treatments. Continuous application of silicate fertilizer affected significantly on the levels of available silicate in surface and subsurface soils. Silicate uptake of top rice was more increased by 98% in NPK+CS and NPK+CSL over NPK. Grain yield also increased by 37~47% in NPK+CS and NPK+CSL as compared to NPK. The combined applications of inorganic fertilizers with silicate as a soil amendment are recommended as the best fertilization practice for fertilizer use efficiency, enhancement of soil fertility status in the continuous rice cropping system in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.323-330
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• 2021

In this study, we intended to examine the difference in brain activation due to dominant and non-dominant hands using functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS) in 10 healthy adults. Box & Block Test(BBT) was conducted under two conditions: dominant hand and non-dominant hand. During the experiment, brain activity was measured using fNIRS and signals were analyzed using nirsLAB v2019.04 software after the experiment was completed. As a result, 6 out of 10 people showed activation of the cerebral hemisphere related to the dominant hand, and only 3 out of 10 people showed activation of the cerebral hemisphere related to the non-dominant hand. In other words, both dominant and non-dominant hand cconfirmed that the cerebral hemispheres related to dominant hands were more active. Therefore, it is believed that fNIRS can be used as a fundamental data applicable to children with sensory processing disorders that are difficult to identify dominant hand.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

By using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid, an attempt was made to extract surface-active substances from defatted rice bran. Extraction was carried out according to D-optimal design and results were analyzed by response surface methodology to establish optimum condition. It was found that pressure, temperature and co-solvent (ethanol) influenced in a different extent on the extraction efficiency (i.e., yield and interfacial tension) of surface-active substances. Among them, co-solvent was found to be a major influencing factor, where maximum yield (2.62%) was observed at the highest content (250 g). In addition, it also affected most on the interfacial tension at the oil-water interface but in this case the lowest interfacial tension value (9.51 mN/m) was found when added lowest (50 g). In conclusion, it was estimated that the optimum extraction condition was to be pressure 350bar, temperature $62^{\circ}C$ and co-solvent content 50 g in this study, where extraction yield was 0.69% and interfacial tension to be 10.1 mN/m.