• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2016

Objectives : Polygalae Radix (POL) has an ameliorating effect on learning and memory impairment caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. In regard to POL's action mechanism, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of POL on oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis induced by cerebral hypoperfusion in rats.Methods : The cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (pBCAO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. POL was administered orally once a day (130 mg/kg of water-extract) for 28 days starting at 4 weeks after the pBCAO. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue were measured using ELISA method. Expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were observed using immunohistochemistry. In addition, neuronal apoptosis was evaluated with Cresyl violet staining, TUNEL labeling, and immunohistochemistry against Bax and caspase-3.Results : POL treatment significantly increased SOD activities and significantly reduced MDA levels in the cerebral cortex. The up-regulations of 4HNE and 8-OHdG expression caused by pBCAO in the CA1 of hippocampus were significantly attenuated by POL treatment. POL treatment also restored the reduction of CA1 thickness and CA1 neurons caused by pBCAO and significantly attenuated the apoptotic markers including TUNEL-positive cells, Bax, and caspase-3 expression in the CA1 of hippocampus.Conclusions : The results show that POL attenuated the oxidative damage in brain tissue and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus caused by the cerebral hypoperfusion. It suggests that POL can be a beneficial medicinal herb to treat the brain diseases related to cerebral hypoperfusion.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.231-239
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• 2012

Objectives: This study sought to provide guidelines in order to decrease the incidence of nerve injury during mandibular ramus bone harvesting, and to improve understanding of the anatomical structure of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) to include its distance from the exterior buccal cortex. Materials and Methods: In January and February 2009, 20 patients who visited the Wonkwang University Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery reporting various conditions underwent cone beam computed tomography and were included in this study. Patients with missing left or right mandibular first molars or incisors, or who had jaw fracture or bone pathologies, were excluded. The reference point (R point) was defined as the point where the occlusal plane reached the anterior ramus of the mandible. The position of the IAC in relation to the R point, the buccal bone width (BW), the alveolar crest distance (ACD), the distance from the alveolar crest to the occlusal plane (COD), and the distance from the IAC to the sagittal plane (CS) were determined using proprietary image analysis software which produced cross-sectional coronal and axial images. Results: The distance medially from the R point to the IAC along the axial plane was $6.19{\pm}1.21mm$. The HD from the R point, posteriorly to IAC, in the lateral view was $13.07{\pm}2.45mm$, the VD from the R point was $14.24{\pm}2.41mm$, and the ND from the R point was $10.12{\pm}1.76mm$. The pathway of the IAC was positioned almost in a straight line along a sagittal plane within $0.56{\pm}0.70mm$. The distance from the buccal bone surface to the IAC increased anteriorly from the R point. Conclusion: Marking osteotomy lines in the retromolar area in procedures involving bone harvesting should be discouraged due to the risk of damage to IAC structures. Our measurements indicated that the area from the R point in the ramus of the mandible to 10 mm anterior can be safely harvested for bone grafting purposes.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.151-156
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• 2001

The reported incidence of osteosarcoma of the foot varies between 0.2-2% of all osteosarcoma. Low grade osteosarcoma of the long bone represents only 1.9% of all osteosarcoma. A 38-year-old female had suffered painful mass in the proximal phalanx of the second toe for 1 year. Radiographic finding showed enlarged osteloytic mass which had penetrated thin cortex of the second toe and apparent increased uptake in bone scan was seen. Mass resection with autogenous bone graft using rib was performed. Histologically, the tumor was compatible with "low grade osteosarcoma". Second stage wide resection was performed. Because low grade osteosarcoma located in the proximal phalanx of the second toe is very rare, we report this unusual case with review of literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.647-654
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of raw and blanched $Haetsun$ vegetables. The proximate composition, reducing sugar, free amino acid, organic acid, vitamin C and mineral composition were compared between raw and blanched $Haetsun$ vegetables. After blanching treatment, the moisture content of $Haetsun$ vegetables was increased, but the crude ash, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein content decreased in all samples. $C.$ $sinensis$ contained the highest level of reducing sugar with 1,518.16 mg% among all samples, and the content of the reducing sugar was decreased after blanching in all samples. Raw and blanched $Haetsun$ vegetables contained all essential amino acids except tryptophan. The vitamin C content of blanched samples was reduced 29~88% compared with raw samples. All $Haetsun$ vegetables contained high levels of potassium and calcium regardless of blanching. From these results, even though this study confirmed that $Haetsun$ vegetables were rich in vitamin C and minerals, their high amount of nutrient was reduced by blanching. Therefore, blanching conditions which can keep food value of $Haetsun$ vegetables must be established, because most of the nutrient composition of $Haetsun$ vegetables decreases by blanching.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2013

Purpose: Preshaped Locking compression plate(LCP) has holes with fixed angle between screw and plate and have advantage firm fixation because it has stability of angular and axial deformity. We evaluated usefulness of LCP after open reduction and internal fixation in distal fibular fracture. Materials and Methods: Between December 2011 and May 2012, 23 patients with fracture of distal fibula were followed up at least 12 months underwent open reduction and internal fixation with LCP. There were 15 males and 8 females with a mean age 39.8(20~69) years. According to Danis-Weber classification, there were 20 cases of type B and 3 cases of type C. There were 13 cases of isolated lateral malleolus fractures, 1 case of bimalleolar fracture, 6 cases of trimalleolar fractures and 3 cases of distal tibia fractures with proximal fibula fracture. Intraoperatively, we assessed whether preshaped LCP fit lateral margin of distal fibula or not and evaluated quality of reduction and postoperative complications. The cases were analyzed by radiological bone union time and clinical results according to the criteria of Meyer Results: Of all cases, complete bone union was achieved and average radiological bone union time was 7.3(6~12) weeks. The clinical results were excellent in 18 cases(78%), good in 5 cases(22%). There were 5 cases of plate with 3 holes, 13 cases of plate with 4 holes, 2 cases of plate with 5 holes, 1 case of plate with 6 holes and 2 cases of plate with 7 holes. The average number of screws at proximal fragement was 2.5 and at distal fragment was 3.5. In 14 cases (60.8 %), we needed re-bending of plate because the distance between plate and lateral cortical margin of distal fibula was more than 5 mm at anteroposterior X-ray after reduction. All cases have anatomical reduction and there were no complications of wound infections. There were no complaint about hardware irritation. Conclusion: At fractures of distal fibula,preshaped LCP had a excellent stability although far cortex was not fixed with screw and bending of plate. And there are less complications of hardware irritation and wound problems. But, Some complement would be needed because there were no complete fitting between precontour of LCP and lateral cortical margin of distal fibula.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to compare the cultural characteristics of mycorrizal fungi associated with Pinus species, and to form mycorrhizal association with Pinus thunbergii by artificial inoculation of these fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi tested showed great variations in cultural characteristics. Most fungal isolates was best grown on MP medium, except PDA for Lepista sp.(Ln73/92). Hagem for Rhizopogon rubescens(FRI91017), and FDA for Paxillus sp.(Pa60/92). Optimum temperature for these fungi was $25^{\circ}C$, except $30^{\circ}C$ for Pisolithus tinctorius(FRI91004 and Pt1). The range of pH conditions favorable for these fungal isolates were also variable from weak acidic(pH5) to weak alkalic(pH8). Utilization of the carbon sources for these mycorrhizal fungi was different. Fructose, glucose, and maltose were all utilized well, while xylose was not utilized generally. Mycelial growth on the media supplemented with potassium nitrate was better than those on other media with urea, asparagine, or peptone as a nitrogen source, and the poor growth was observed on the media with urea. Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt1) among 7 mycorrhizal fungi artificially inoculated for the mycorrhizal synthesis on pinus thunbergii seedlings in the test tube containing a mixture of peat moss-vermiculite(2:1, v/v) formed mycorrhizae successfully after 3 months. P. tinctorius formed branched and unbranched roots covered with thick fungal mantle and radiating extemal hyphae. Mycorrhizal root cross-sectioned by hand, stained, and observed by Nomarski interference microscope showed typical characteristics of ectomycorrhizae: fungal mantle on epidermal cells and thick Hartig net hyphae around cortex cells.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2020

Stem blight symptom of soybean was severely developed in 2016 in Hwaseong and Yeoncheon. During the seedling period, the damping-off of seedlings and the brown or black spots of cotyledons were observed. After August, the leaves began to be yellowed, and partially browned areas on leaves began to develop. After September, microsclerotia began to form even on the surface of the stems that had exhibited water-soaking symptom. After mid-October of the harvest season, the epidermis of the stem was peeled off, resulting in the formation of a large number of microsclerotia in the cortex. The pathogens isolated from these symptoms were the best in mycelial growth at 32-35℃, and the formation of microsclerotia was the most at 20-28℃. The pathogen was identified as Macrophomina phaseolina through the morphological characteristics of the pathogen and the sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region gene. In addition, when inoculated with a soybean stem using toothpicks cultured with the pathogen, the same symptoms as seen on the soybean field occurred. When the pathogen was re-isolated at the lesion site, the same pathogen was isolated and identified as Macrophomina phaseolina. Based on the results, the disease is reported as soybean charcoal rot.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.971-977
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• 2015

Malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and despite recent advances in diagnostics and treatment prognosis remains poor. In this retrospective study, we assessed the clinical and radiological parameters, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of 1p19q deletion, in a series of cases. A total of 816 patients with GBM who received surgery and radiation between January 2010 and May 2014 were included in this study. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to find the factors independently influencing patient progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Age at diagnosis, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, KPS score change at 2 weeks after operation, neurological deficit symptoms, tumor resection extent, maximal tumor diameter, involvement of eloquent cortex or deep structure, involvement of brain lobe, Ki-67 and MMP9 expression level and adjuvant chemotherapy were statistically significant factors (p<0.05) for both PFS and OS in the univariate analysis. Cox proportional hazards modeling revealed that age ${\leq}50$ years, preoperative KPS score ${\geq}80$, KPS score change after operation ${\geq}0$, involvement of single frontal lobe, deep structure involvement, low Ki-67 and MMP9 expression and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent favorable factors (p<0.05) for patient clinical outcomes.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to confirm the anatomic conformity of the new periarticular locking plates designed by Zimmer on Korean adult bones and to identify the structures at risk during the application of these implants. Methods: The study was performed on the humerus, radius, and tibia of 10 adult cadavers(6 males and 4 females) procured from the cadaveric lab of our hospital. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral X-rays were taken to confirm that the cadavers were free of any unusual lesions or anatomic variations. We used the 3.5-mm proximal humerus plate, 2.7-mm distal radius plate, 3.5- and 5.0-mm proximal tibia plates, and 3.5-mm distal tibia plate developed by Zimmer, Inc. (Zimmer periarticular locking plate). The longest plate from each group was used to confirm anatomical conformity. Standard approaches were used for each area, and soft tissue was retracted in order to pass the plate beneath the muscle. The position of the plate was confirmed using standard AP and lateral view X-rays. After this procedure had been completed, the region was dissected along the length of the implant to determine the conformity of the implant to bone and the penetrations of screws into the articular surface or violations of any vital structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, or tendons. Results: Excellent anatomical conformity was observed with Zimmer periarticular locking plates for Korean adults. The tibial nerve and the posterior tibial artery were found to be structures at risk when applying a distal tibial plate. Conclusion: Additional posterolateral fixation is recommended when dealing with cases of tibial plateau fracture when the fracture line extends to the posterolateral cortex. We recommend taking proper views using 10~15 degrees of internal rotation to ensure correct screw length and, thus, avoid penetration of vital structures and tendons.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.312-316
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to establish an analytical method to detect zearalenone (ZEA) in herbal medicines and their decoctions and investigate the ZEA transfer rate from raw materials of herbal medicines to their decoctions. Herbal medicines (Trichosanthis Semenm, Eucommiae Cortex, Rubi Fructus) spiked with a known concentration of ZEA were presoaked or unsoaked (as a pretreatment) and boiled for 3 h at $100^{\circ}C$ or autoclaved for 1 h at $121^{\circ}C$. The decoction and the remnants were separated, cleaned up with an immunoaffinity column, and analyzed using HPLC. Recoveries for decoctions and remnants were 68.39-83.68% and 72.91-80.25%, respectively. ZEA was not detected in the decoction, whereas it was found in the remnants. Although ZEA in the raw material of herbal medicines was not transferred into the decoction during heating and autoclaving, the continuous monitoring for ZEA in raw herbal medicines should be carried out for the safe ingestion and utilization of herbal medicines.