• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.299-302
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• 2002

Selectin은 조직 염증반응의 초기화에 관여하는 결합 단백질이며, 맥관내피에서 백혈구의 rolling과 tethering을 매개한다. 따라서 selectin inhibitor를 이용하여, 이들 selectin의 수용체인 sLex 에 대한 block을 유도함으로서 염증반응의 초기화를 억제할 수 있다는 가정하에, 본 연구에서는 장기이식 후 reperfusion에서 발생하는 손상에 대한 selectin inhibitor의 효과를 알아보았다. Beagle 견을 사용하여 신장이식을 실시하였다 공여 신장은 60분의 warm ischemia를 유도한 후 UW solution으로 관류하고 24시간동안 냉장보관하여 자가이식하였으며, 반대쪽 신장은 적출하였다. 술 후 7일동안 혈청 creatinine치를 측정하였다 2차실험으로, 12마리의 Beagle견을 사용하여 4시간의 reperfusion 후 조직학적 변화와 myeloperoxidase의 활성을 조사하였다. 각 실험의 대조군은 생리 식염수를,비교군은 TBC1269 (selectin inhibitor)를 신장 적출 전과 신장이식 수술 후 reperfusion 직전에 각각 투여하였다. 혈청 creatinine은 신장이식후 급격히 증가 하였으나, 두군 사이에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 신장피질의 백혈구 침윤은, 4시간 reperfusion후 생리식염수를 투여받은 군에서 2배의 유의적인 증가를 보였다. 그러나, TBC 1269로 처리한 군에서는 백혈구의 침윤이 유의적인 억제를 보였으며, 허혈에의한 조직학적 변화도 유의적으로 적었다. 개의 신장이식 수술에서 Selectin의 차단은 warm renal ischemia에서 기인된 손상을 개선하지는 못하나, 백혈구의 침윤을 억제하므로 delayed graft function과 관련된 술 후 염증반응의 초기화를 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의생리학회지
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• 제14권2호통권20호
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• pp.117-126
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to examine the toxic effects caused by Glucose Oxidase(GO) and the effects of herbal extracts such as Acori Rhizoma(AR) on the treatment of the toxic effects. For this purpose, experiments with the cultured cell from the cerebrums of new born mice were done. The results of these experiments were as follows. 1. GO, a oxygen radical, decreased the survival rate of the cultured cells on NR assay and MTT assay. 2. GO, a oxygen radical, decreased the amount of neurofilaments and total protein. 3. AR have efficacy of increasing the amount of neurofilament. 4. AR have efficacy of increasing the amount of total protein. From the above results, It is concluded that AR has marked efficacy as a treatment for the damages caused in the GO-mediated oxidative process. And AR is thought to have certain pharmacological effects on controlling over aging. Further clinical study of this pharmacological effects of AR should be complemented.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2021

Background: Plants are able to optimize defense responses induced by various herbivores, which have different feeding strategies. Local and systemic responses within a plant after herbivory are essential to modulate herbivore-specific plant responses. For instance, leaf-chewing herbivores elicit jasmonic acid signaling, which result in the inductions of toxic chemicals in the attacked leaf (tissue-specific responses) and also in the other unattacked parts of the plant (systemic responses). Root herbivory induces toxic metabolites in the attacked root and alters the levels of transcripts and metabolites in the unattacked shoot. However, we have little knowledge of the local and systemic responses against stem-boring herbivores. In this study, we examined the systemic changes in metabolites in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, when the stem-boring herbivore Trichobaris mucorea attacks. Results: To investigate the systemic responses of T. mucorea attacks, we measured the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), JA-dependent secondary metabolites, soluble sugars, and free amino acids in 7 distinct tissues of N. attenuata: leaf lamina with epidermis (LLE), leaf midrib (LM), stem epidermis (SE), stem pith (SP), stem vascular bundle (SV), root cortex with epidermis (RCE), and root vascular bundle (RV). The levels of JA were increased in all root tissues and in LM by T. mucorea attacks. The levels of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and nicotine were increased in all stem tissues by T. mucorea. However, CGA was systematically induced in LM, and nicotine was systematically induced in LM and RCE. We further tested the resource allocation by measuring soluble sugars and free amino acids in plant tissues. T. mucorea attacks increased the level of free amino acids in all tissues except in LLE. The levels of soluble sugars were significantly decreased in SE and SP, but increased in RV. Conclusions: The results reveal that plants have local- and systemic-specific responses in response to attack from a stem-boring herbivore. Interestingly, the level of induced secondary metabolites was not consistent with the systemic inductions of JA. Spatiotemporal resolution of plant defense responses against stem herbivory will be required to understand how a plant copes with attack from herbivores from different feeding guilds.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

Objectives : Cyclooxygenase (COX) plays a central role in the inflammatory cascade by converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin. COX-2 is typically induced by inflammatory stimuli in the majority of tissues, it is responsible for propagating the inflammatory response and thus, considered as the best target for anti-inflammatory drugs. The present study investigated the modulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg3, a principle active ingredient in Panax ginseng, on COX-2 expression in the brain tissue induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Methods : Because systemic LPS treatment induces COX-2 expression immediately in the brain, ginsenoside Rg3 was treated orally with doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg at 1 hour before the LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. At 4 hours after the LPS injection, COX-2 mRNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method, COX-2 protein levels were measured by Western blotting. In addition, COX-2 expressions in brain tissue were observed with immunohistochemistry and double immunofluoresence labeling. Results : Ginsenoside Rg3 (20 and 30 mg/kg) significantly attenuates up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissue at 4 hours after the LPS injection. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg3 (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of COX-2 positive neurons in the cerebral cortex and amygdala. Conclusion : These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 plays a modulatory role in neuroinflammation through the inhibition of COX-2 expression in the brain and suggest that ginsenoside Rg3 and ginseng may be effective on neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation.

• Clinical Pain
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

Objective: To investigate the cortical disinhibition in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain and without pain. In addition, we assessed the cortical disinhibition and pain relief after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Method: We recruited diabetic patients with neuropathic pain (n = 15) and without pain (n = 15). We compared the TMS parameters such as motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical inhibition (ICI %) and intracortical facilitation (ICF %) between two groups. Moreover, we evaluated the changes of pain and TMS parameters after five consecutive high frequency (10 Hz) rTMS sessions in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. The neuropathic pain intensity (visual analog scale) and TMS parameters were assessed on pre-rTMS, post-rTMS 1day, and post-rTMS 5 day. Results: The comparison of the CSP, ICI % revealed significant differences between two groups (p<0.01). After rTMS sessions, the decrease in pain intensity across the three time points revealed a pattern of significant differences (p<0.01). The change of CSP and ICI % across the three test points revealed a pattern of significant differences (p<0.01). The ICI % revealed immediate increase after first rTMS application and significant increase after five rTMS application (p<0.01) in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain. The MEP amplitude and ICF % did not reveal any significant changes. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that cortical inhibition was decreased in diabetic patients with neuropathic pain compared with patients without pain. Furthermore, we also identified that five daily rTMS sessions restored the defective intracortical inhibition which related to improvement of neuropathic pain in diabetic patients.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1996-2005
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• 2021

Objective: To investigate the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) features of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient RCC) with germline or somatic mutations, and compare them with those of papillary type II RCC (pRCC type II). Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients (mean ± standard deviation, 40.4 ± 14.7 years) with pathologically confirmed FH-deficient RCC (15 with germline and 9 with somatic mutations) and 54 patients (58.6 ± 12.6 years) with pRCC type II were enrolled. The MDCT features were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the two entities and mutation subgroups, and were correlated with the clinicopathological findings. Results: All the lesions were unilateral and single. Compared with pRCC type II, FH-deficient RCC was more prevalent among younger patients (40.4 ± 14.7 vs. 58.6 ± 12.6, p < 0.001) and tended to be larger (8.1 ± 4.1 vs. 5.4 ± 3.2, p = 0.002). Cystic solid patterns were more common in FH-deficient RCC (20/24 vs. 16/54, p < 0.001), with 16 of the 20 (80.0%) cystic solid tumors having showed typical polycystic and thin smooth walls and/or septa, with an eccentric solid component. Lymph node (16/24 vs. 16/54, p = 0.003) and distant (11/24 vs. 3/54, p < 0.001) metastases were more frequent in FH-deficient RCC. FH-deficient RCC and pRCC type II showed similar attenuation in the unenhanced phase. The attenuation in the corticomedullary phase (CMP) (76.3% ± 25.0% vs. 60.2 ± 23.6, p = 0.008) and nephrographic phase (NP) (87.7 ± 20.5, vs. 71.2 ± 23.9, p = 0.004), absolute enhancement in CMP (39.0 ± 24.8 vs. 27.1 ± 22.7, p = 0.001) and NP (50.5 ± 20.5 vs. 38.2 ± 21.9, p = 0.001), and relative enhancement ratio to the renal cortex in CMP (0.35 ± 0.26 vs. 0.24 ± 0.19, p = 0.001) and NP (0.43 ± 0.24 vs. 0.29 ± 0.19, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in FH-deficient RCC. No significant difference was found between the FH germline and somatic mutation subgroups in any of the parameters. Conclusion: The MDCT features of FH-deficient RCC were different from those of pRCC type II, whereas there was no statistical difference between the germline and somatic mutation subgroups. A kidney mass with a cystic solid pattern and metastatic tendency, especially in young patients, should be considered for FH-deficient RCC.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.53-81
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• 1997

본 연구는 학생들의 창의성 함양을 위하여 정보교과목과 타 교과목들을 통합적으로 교수학습 하는 것이 필요한 이유를 심리학과 신경과학의 이론을 연구함으로써 밝히고 있다. 창의성이란 마음이나 두뇌의 내부에 이미 존재하는 정보와 외부에서 입수하는 정보를 통합하는 과정에서 생긴다. 이것이 곧 사람이 생각하는 것 또는 인간정보처리라고 말하는 것이다. 창의성이 정보통합의 과정에서 생기는 것이라면 학교수업에서 이 원리를 활용하여 학생들의 창의성 함을 도모해야 할 것이다. 다양한 정보자료의 활용을 기본 바탕으로 하는 정보교과목을 정규 교과목으로 가르치되. 타 교과목들과 병행하여 교수/학습함으로써 학생들의 마음 또는 두뇌가 두 가지 이상의 교과목의 정보를 통합하는 경험을 하도록 할 수 있는 것이다. 정보교과목과 타 교과목의 통합적 교수/학습을 실시하는 것은 최종적으로는 각각의 교과목 담당자들이 주도적 역할을 해야 하는 것이므로 사서교사와 일반교과목 담당교사들을 대상으로 통합적 교수/학습의 실시에 대한 의견과 이러한 교육의 실시를 위하여 필요한 환경을 설문조사 하였다. 이들은 학생들의 창의성 함양을 위한 통합적 교수/학습에 기본적으로 긍정적 견해를 가지고 있으며 교수/학습의 대상자인 학생들도 통합적 교수학습의 실시에 필요한 조건을 갖추고 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 일반교과목 담당교사는 물론 사서교사들까지도 정보교과목과 타 교과목의 통합적 교수/학습에 대하여 그 내용이나 방법 효과 등의 지식이 매우 부족하며 또 학교도서관은 통합적 교수/학습의 실시에 필요한 준비가 되어 있지 않은 것으로 판명되었다. 조사결과에 따라 필자는 사서교사 양성기관인 대학의 문헌정보학 교육과정에 정보교과목과 타 교과목의 통합적 교수/학습에 대한 내용을 포함시키는 것이 선결 과제이며. 학교도서관은 이러한 교수/학습을 실시하는데 필요한 자료를 충실히 갖추어서 창의성 함양에 도움이 되는 교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 한다는 제안을 하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2010

산성 식염수 쥐모델은 사람의 섬유근통에 근접한 모델로 제시되고 있다. 포도씨에서 얻은 oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPC)는 항산화제로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 산성 식염수 모델에서 통증 역치에 대한 OPC의 효과를 연구했다. 좌측 장딴지 근육에 pH 4.0의 산성 식염수 $100\;{\mu}l$를 0일과 5일에 주사했다. 대조군은 pH 7.2의 생리 식염수를 같은 스케줄로 주사했다. 산성 식염수 그룹 10마리를 다시 두 그룹으로 나누어 한 그룹은 멸균 식염수, 다른 한 그룹은 OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강 내 주사했다. 복강 내 주사 한시간 후 다시 통각에 대한 역치를 조사했다. 0일에 비해 7일에서 산성 식염수 모델은 기계적 과통각을 나타냈다(p<0.05). OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강내 주사한 그룹에서 강력한 항통각 효과를 나타냈다(주사측 발바닥, p=0.001; 반대측 발바닥, p=0.002). 면역조직화학 염색상 복강내 식염수를 처치한 대조군에 비해 OPC 처치군에서 대뇌의 M1 및 M2 영역에서 산-감지 이온 통로3의 발현이 감소되었다(p<0.05). 사람의 섬유근통에서 OPC 치료의 효과를 보기 위한 연구가 향후 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 2017

Previous reports have suggested that physical and psychological stresses may trigger fibromyalgia (FM). Stress is an important risk factor in the development of depression and memory impairments. Antidepressants have been used to prevent stress-induced abnormal pain sensation. Among various antidepressants, tianeptine has been reported to be able to prevent neurodegeneration due to chronic stress and reverse decreases in hippocampal volume. To assess the possible effect of tianeptine on FM symptoms, we constructed a FM animal model induced by restraint stress with intermittent cold stress. All mice underwent nociceptive assays using electronic von Frey anesthesiometer and Hargreaves equipment. To assess the relationship between tianeptine and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed. In behavioral analysis, nociception tests showed that pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group compared to that in the control group. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus showed downregulation of BDNF and p-CREB proteins in the FM group compared to the control group. However, tianeptine recovered these changes in behavioral tests and protein level. Therefore, this FM animal model might be useful for investigating mechanisms linking BDNF-CREB pathway and pain. Our results suggest that tianeptine might potentially have therapeutic efficacy for FM.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-102
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• 2018

Objectives : I analysed daehwangmokdan-tang's compatibility principle by the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy and investigated pharmacological activities by categorizing with chemical components, molecular level, cellular level, animal level and human level based on Korean and Chinese studies for this formula. Methods : Daehwangmokdan-tang's compatibiltity principle was examined by the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy. I looked into studies that presented in Korea from 1956 to 2016 about daehwangmokdan-tang through KOREA INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE, Korean medicine information system (OASIS) and in Chinese for 20 years about daehwangmokdan-tang through China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI. Then classify into chemical components, molecular level, cellular level, animal level and human level to analyse. Results : According to the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy, chief herb is Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Moutan Cortex, deputy herb is Natrii Sulfas and Persicae Semen, assistant and envoy herbs are Trichosanthis Semen. The amount of extraction of paeonol, total anthraquinone, and conjugated anthraquinone from daehwangmokdan-tang with the formulation of the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy was the highest, and in the formulation of chief herb and deputy herb, the extraction amount of paeonol and conjugated anthraquinone was the lowest. With other formulations, the amount of extraction of total anthraquinone and conjugated anthraquinone was improved, although the degree was different. In particular, when it is blended with Persicae Semen as a deputy herb, the extraction amount of total anthraquinone and conjugated anthraquinone of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma as a chief herb is greatly increased, and the extraction amount of paeonol is rather different, but it is lowered. It was found that the amount of Mg Ca K Na in daehwangmokdan-tang was the highest. Pharmacological activities can be detected in inflammatory mediators and enzymes for molecular level. For cellular level, it can be determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. In mouse and rats for animal level and human level, in inflammatory diseases (acute appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, acute abdominal disease, ect.), pharmacological activities was caught. Conclusions : From the above results, daehwangmokdan-tang is composed in line with the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy, suggesting that there is certain rationality and scientific. Pharmacological activities of daehwangmokdan-tang are effective to anti-inflammation, improvement of sepsis, analgesic, muscle relaxation, and improvement of intestinal flora and its metabolites. Daehwangmokdan-tang is consistent with the action of diuresis and anti-inflammation in terms of the content of elements, suggesting that there is action of purging fire and removing blood stasis, defecation detoxification, cooling blood and clearing heat and activating blood and dispersing stasis.