• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.7-26
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is the study on the architectural characteristics revived from the roman architecture, focused on the early renaissance architecture building. The results of study are as follow: 1. The composition system of Domus which is formed of urban house in the Roman period is presented by spatial arrangement of palace architecture centering around atrium in the Renaissance period. Thus plan type of Domus is used by atrium from which is composed of peristyle from the palace and villa in the Renaissance period. 2. The circular temple in the Roman period is composed of element such as podium, stair, peristyle centering around the basic circular plan. Bramante planed to revive above elements for the Tempietto to concept from the circular temple in the Roman period. 3. The triumphal arch in the Roman period is strong monument to the independent building in the city, but thus arch is used of church facade as the important example which is composed with building elevation in the Renaissance period. 4. The composition system and element of Roman temple which is planned to rectangular plan is composed of high podium, stair, portico, prostyle and pediment. The facade plan of church is used by the partial elements and total elements perfectly from the temple in the Roman period. 5. The linearly successive and repetitive composition which is composition system and element of aqueduct arches of same dimension shows to the palace facade, arcade for gallery space and side elevation plan of S.Fracesco church. 6. Such as background of Colloseum, Rucellai palace can be called good example which is created by the new architectural form to the creative starting point from the classical architecture from.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2013

Evaluation of permeability and coefficient of consolidation of clayey sand is critical in analyzing ground stability or environmental problems such as prediction of pollutant transport in groundwater. In this study, permeability tests using a flexible wall permeameter are performed to derive the coefficient of consolidation and permeability of reconstituted soil samples with various mixing ratios of kaolin clays and two different types of sands, which are Jumunjin and Ottawa sands. The test results indicate that the coefficient of consolidation and permeability plots linearly against clay contents in semi-log scale graphs for low clay mixing ratios ranging between 10 to 30%. It is also demonstrated that coefficient of consolidation and permeability of sand and clay mixture are dependent on the soil structure. Contrary to previous findings, the permeability is shown to be independent of the void ratio at low mixing ratios, which can be classified as non-floating fabric. The permeability decreases with the void ratio for floating fabric.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.247-247
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• 1999

The segregation (distribution) of nickel and the composition of its constituents influence the low thermal expansion characteristics (Invar effect) in Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xC Invar alloy. The change of coefficient of the thermal expansion and magnetic properties were studied as an aspect of carbon addition causing the segregation of Ni in primary austenite of as-cast Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co Invar alloy. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xC Invar alloy showed its lowest value at 0.08 wt.% carbon, increased with increasing carbon content in the range of 0.08-1.0 wt.%C, kept constant at 1.0-2.0 wt.%C and decreased at carbon higher than 2.0 wt.%. The effective distribution of the coefficient of nickel in as-cast Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xC Invar alloy increased with increasing carbon content. The volume fraction of they phase of Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xC alloy increased with increasing carbon content. The microstructure of Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xC alloy changed with the carbon content was independent of the coefficient of thermal expansion. The Curie temperature changed linearly with the carbon content and was similar to the change of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Moreover, the coefficient of thermal expansion decreased when the ratio of saturation magnetization to Curie temperature ($\sigma_s/T_c$) increased, decreasing the Curie temperature and showed a specific relationship with the magnetic properties of the Fe-30 wt.% Ni-12.5 wt.% Co-xCInvar alloy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.311-317
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• 2011

The effect of strain rate on the yield stress of an Al-Li alloy has been investigated at temperatures between 77 and 523 K and over the strain rate range from $1.77{\times}10^{-4}s^{-1}$ to $1.77{\times}10^{-2}s^{-1}$. At testing temperatures below 373 K, the yield stress is almost independent of strain rate at any aging stage. At testing temperatures above 373 K, the yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of strain rate, and the strain rate dependence increases with increasing testing temperature. The yield stresses of under-aged alloy at temperatures between 373 and 473 K at high strain rates are greater than the yield stress at 77 K. For the alloy under-aged or aged nearly to its peak strength, the temperature range within which the positive temperature dependence of yield stress appears expands to the higher temperature side with increasing strain rate. The strain rate dependence of the yield stress is slightly negative at this aging stage. The yield stress of the over-aged alloy decreases monotonically with decreasing strain rate and with increasing testing temperature above 373 K. The modulus normalized yield stress is nearly constant at testing temperatures below 373 K at any strain rate investigated. And, strength depends largely both on the aging conditions and on the testing temperature. The peak positions in strength vs. aging time curves shift to the side of shorter aging time with increasing testing temperature. For the specimens aged nearly to the peak strength, the positive temperature dependence of yield stress is observed in the temperature range. The shift of peak positions in the aging curves are explained in terms of the positive temperature dependence of cutting stress and the negative temperature dependence of by-passing stress.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.551-560
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• 2021

Due to the low strength and high compressibility characteristics, the loess deposits tunnels are prone to large deformations and collapse. An accurate stability evaluation for loess deposits is of considerable significance in deformation control and safety work during tunnel construction. 37 groups of representative data based on real loess deposits cases were adopted to establish the stability evaluation model for the tunnel project in Yan'an, China. Physical and mechanical indices, including water content, cohesion, internal friction angle, elastic modulus, and poisson ratio are selected as index system on the stability level of loess. The data set is randomly divided into 80% as the training set and 20% as the test set. Firstly, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to convert the five index system to three linearly independent principal components X1, X2 and X3. Then, the principal components were used as input vectors for probabilistic neural network (PNN) to map the nonlinear relationship between the index system and stability level of loess. Furthermore, Leave-One-Out cross validation was applied for the training set to find the suitable smoothing factor. At last, the established model with the target smoothing factor 0.04 was applied for the test set, and a 100% prediction accuracy rate was obtained. This intelligent classification method for loess deposits can be easily conducted, which has wide potential applications in evaluating loess deposits.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2015

This study conducted tensile tests on SA508 Gr.1a low alloy steel and SA312 TP316 stainless steel piping materials under various strain rates at room temperature (RT) and $316^{\circ}C$ to investigate the effects of loading rate on the deformation behavior of nuclear piping materials. At RT, the deformation behavior for both pipe materials showed a typical loading rate dependence, i.e., the strength increased and the ductility decreased as the loading rate increased. At $316^{\circ}C$, however, the strength and elongation of SA508 Gr.1a low alloy steel decreased as the loading rate increased, and its reduction of area non-linearly varied with the loading rate. For SA312 TP316 stainless steel, the strength, elongation, and reduction of area at $316^{\circ}C$ were almost the same regardless of the loading rate. At both temperatures, the strain hardening capacity was nearly independent of the loading rate for SA508 Gr.1a low alloy steel, while it decreased with increasing loading rate for SA312 TP316 stainless steel.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2A
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• pp.121-127
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient scheduling algorithm that can arbitrarily control the throughput-fairness tradeoff in a multiuser wireless communication environment. As a new scheduling criterion, we combine linearly two well-known scheduling criteria such as one of achieving the maximum sum throughput and the other of achieving the maximum fairness, so as to control the relative proportion of the throughput and the fairness according to a control factor. For linear combining two different criteria, their optimization directivenesses and the units should be unified first. To meet these requirements, we choose an instantaneous channel capacity as a scheduling criterion for maximizing the sum throughput and the average serving throughput for maximizing the fairness. Through a unified linear combining of two optimization objectives with the control factor, it can provide various throughput-fairness tradeoffs according to the control factors. For further simplification, we exploit a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximation of the instantaneous channel capacity. Through computer simulations, we evaluate the throughput and fairness performances of the proposed algorithm according to the control factors, assuming an independent Rayleigh fading multiuser channel. We also evaluate the proposed algorithm employing the high SNR approximation. From simulation results, we could see that the proposed algorithm can control arbitrarily the throughput-fairness performance between the performance of the scheduler aiming to the maximum sum throughput and that of the scheduler aiming to the maximum fairness, finally, we see that the high SNR approximation can give a satisfactory performance in this situation.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2016

This study was a basic research to obtain the knowledge of physical properties of the upper sedimented sandy soil in the Nakdong river delta area. The characteristics of shear strength and permeability with fine content and relative density were also investigated. The upper sedimented sandy soil near paddy and lower soft clay layers showed high percentage of fine content, and the rest parts had about 5% of fine content. The specific gravity regardless of depth and location was almost constant. The upper sedimented sandy soil mostly had particle size about 0.1 ~ 0.4mm regardless of sedimentation environment and has illite, a clay mineral, in the entire soil samples. The results of direct shear tests on remolded specimens of the upper sedimented sandy soil revealed that the friction angle and cohesion increased with relative density, but its effect was not significant. The fine content was significant, that as increasing it, the friction angle decreased and cohesion increased linearly. The permeability decreased with relative density and fine content, and the permeability of soil containing more than 15% of fine content was independent on the relative density.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2009

In this study, solubilization experiments of n-decane, n-undecane and n-dodecane oil were performed by micellar solutions of polymeric nonionic surfactant Pluronic L64($EO_{13}PO_{30}EO_{13}$) at room temperature. A single spherical drop of hydrocarbon oil was injected into aqueous surfactant solution using an oil drop contacting technique and solubilization rate of hydrocarbon oil was measured by observing the size of oil drop with time. It was shown that solubilization rate decreased with the alkane carbon number(ACN) of the hydrocarbon oil. The solubilization rate was also found to be independent of initial oil dorp size and almost linearly proportional to the initial surfactant concentration. These results revealed that solubilization of n-decane, n-undecane and n-dodecane oils by L64 micellar solution is controlled by interface-controlled mechanism but not by diffusion-controlled mechanism. The equilibrium solubilization capacity(ESC) was measured by a turbidimeter and the result showed that EAC decreased with an increase in ACN but increased with both increases in surfactant concentration and solubilization rate. Dynamic interfacial tension measurements showed that interfacial tension and equilibrium time increased with an increase in ACN of hydrocarbon oil but decreased with an increase in surfactant concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1051-1056
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• 2006

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the quality of clarified mixed apple and carrot juices using ultrafitration. Apple and carrot juices were blended at the ratio of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1. A three-variable, three-level central composite design was employed where the independent variables were the blend ratio, temperature and average transmembrane pressure (ATP). With increasing temperature and pressure, flux linearly increased regardless of blending ratio. Blend juice with 75% apple showed the highest soluble sugar and total sugar content in apple and carrot blend juices. Soluble solid contents were more affected by blending ratio than temperature and ATP. Total sugar contents were greatly affected by temperature; increasing temperature led to higher total sugar content up to $25^{\circ}C$. Higher carrot ratio led to higher vitamin C content. In general, higher acidity was achieved by higher apple content and acidity was increased with increasing temperature. Turbidity increased for all samples as APT increased, with the blending ratio of 1:1 (apple:carrot) showing the highest turbidity. Viscosity was greatly changed in the blending ratio of 3:1 (apple:carrot) juice. The polynomial models developed by RSM were satisfactory to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Analytical optimization gave $flux=0.216\;L/m^2.h$, soluble $solids=10.39^{\circ}Brix$, total sugar=71.32 mg/mL, vitamin C=315.18 mg%, acidity=7.78 mL, turbidity=0.017, and viscosity=1.44 cp, when using a $temperature=44.97^{\circ}C$, ATP=113.57 kPa, and blend ratio=28.50%.