• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 1991

In order to elucidate whether capsaicin applied topically acts as a pain-producing subastance or as a tastant, neuronal activities of the chorda tympani nerve(CN), lingual nerve(LN), solitary tract nucleus(STN), and trigeminal nucleus(TGN) were recorded while thermal and taste stimuli, and capsaicin were being applied topically, and algesics intra-arterially to the tongue of cats anesthetized with ${\alpha}-chloralsoe$. In addition, the STN neurons were examined after wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase(WGA-HRP) was applied to the CN. The CN fibers responded to taste and thermal stimuli, algesics, and capsaicin. Responses to capsaicin were significantly correlated with those to taste and thermal stimuli. The LN fibers mainly responded to mechanical and thermal stimuli, algesics, and capsaicin. Responses to capsaicin were significantly correlated with those to algesics. The STN neurons responded to taste and thermal stiumli, algesics, and capsaicin. Responses to capsaicin were significantly correlated with those to taste and thermal stiumli in somewhat different fashion from those of the CN fibers. The TGN neurons mainly responded to mechanical stimuli, algesics, and capsaicin. Correlations between responses to capsaicin and any others were not significant. After WGA-HRP was applied to the CN, the STN neurons which receive input from the CN were identified largely in the medio-ventral portion to the solitary tract. These results suggest that capsaicin produce taste as well as pain sensation. Sensory information evoked by capsaicin can be conveyed to the STN, especially medio-ventral portion, via the CN as gustatory information on the one hand, and to the STN or TGN via the LN as noxious information on the other. In addiation, the noxious information may be conveyed to the STN via the CN.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the separation of cesium cations by using an electrochemical ion exchanger of nickel hexacyanoferrate($KNiFe(CN)_6$) film electrode. Potential, current, and charge passing through the cyclic voltammograms were measured in singular and binary solutions of 1.0M $NaNO_3$ and 1.0M $CsNO_3$. Before and after each experiment, the structural morphology and atomic composition of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ were analyzed by SEM and EDS, respectively. The ion selectivity of $KNiFe(CN)_6$ was also observed by the voltammograms and atomic compositions measured in the solution alternated between sodium and cesium. As the result of this study, it was found that the electrically switched $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had the significant advantage of 40 times or longer durability than conventional organic or inorganic ion exchanger. It was also shown that the $KNiFe(CN)_6$ ion exchanger had high selectivity for cesium over sodium.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.638-639
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• 2006

Multilayered coatings on tungsten carbide cutting tools are widely used for enhancing cutting performance. In this paper, we review the CVD TiC/TiCN multilayer as a function of the multilayer period. The TiC/TiCN multilayers in initial stage show preferred (220) orientation but shifts to (200) orientation with decreasing multilayer period. The nanohardness of TiC/TiCN multilayers were found to increase with decreasing multilayer period and shows a maximum of 23.8 GPa at a period = 33.5 nm.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was performed to develop the Job Satisfaction Scale for Clinical Nurses (JSS-CN) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: A preliminary 42-item version of the JSS-CN was developed through literature reviews and in-depth interviews. The draft scale was developed using thirty-seven items selected following content validity evaluation. Finally, thirty-three items with response options on a 5-point Likert scale were selected based on internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Subsequently, the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the JSS-CN were verified. Results: Six factors, namely, recognition from the organization and professional achievement, personal maturation through the nursing profession, interpersonal interaction with respect and recognition, accomplishment of accountability as a nurse, display of professional competency, and stability and job worth, were identified, which explained 59.7% of the total variance. The JSS-CN's Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for the total scale was .95, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was .90. The correlation coefficient between the scores of the JSS-CN and Slavitt's scale was .75, and that between the JSS-CN and job performance was .53. Conclusion: Results showed that the JSS-CN has good reliability and validity. Therefore, it is concluded that the JSS-CN could be a useful tool for the measurement of the job satisfaction of clinical nurses in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.87-90
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• 2015

Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been studied in various cancers. However, the clinical value of mtDNA copy number (mtCN) alterations in gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether alterations in mtCNs might be associated with clinicopathological parameters in GC cases. mtCN was measured in 109 patients with GC by quantitative real-time PCR. Then, correlations with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. mtCN was elevated in 64.2% of GC tissues compared with paired, adjacent, non-cancerous tissue. However, the observed alterations in mtCN were not associated with any clinicopathological characteristics, including age, gender, TN stage, Lauren classification, lymph node metastasis, and depth of invasion. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that mtCN was not significantly associated with the survival of GC patients. In this study, we demonstrated that mtCN was not a significant marker for predicting clinical characteristics or prognosis in GC.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1231-1244
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to present a methodology for estimating runoff curve number(CN) using SWAT model which is capable of reflecting watershed heterogeneity such as climate condition, land use, soil type. The proposed CN estimation method is based on the asymptotic CN method and particularly, it uses surface flow data simulated by SWAT. This method has advantages to estimate spatial CN values according to subbasin division and to reflect watershed characteristics because the calibration process has been made by matching the measured and simulated streamflows. Furthermore, the method is not sensitive to rainfall-runoff data since CN estimation is on a daily basis. The SWAT based CN estimation method is applied to Chungju dam watershed. The regression equation of the estimated CN that exponentially decays with the increase of rainfall is presented.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4493-4496
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• 2015

Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been studied in various cancers. However, the clinical value of mtDNA copy number (mtCN) alterations in gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether alterations in mtCNs might be associated with clinicopathological parameters in GC cases. mtCN was measured in 109 patients with GC by real-time PCR. Then, correlations with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. mtCN was elevated in 64.2% of GC tissues compared with paired, adjacent, non-cancerous tissue. However, the observed alterations in mtCN were not associated with any clinicopathological characteristics, including age, gender, TN stage, Lauren classification, lymph node metastasis, and depth of invasion. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that mtCN was not significantly associated with the survival of GC patients. In this study, we demonstrated that mtCN was not a significant marker for predicting clinical characteristics or prognosis in GC.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.17-22
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• 2011

This study is to investigate the effect of the cetane number in ultra low sulfur diesel fuel on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions at 1500 rpm and 2.6bar BMEP in low-temperature diesel combustion with 1.9L common rail direct injection diesel engine. Low-temperature diesel combustion was achieved by adopting external high EGR rate with the strategic injection control without modification of engine components. Test fuels are ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (sulfur less than 12 ppm) with two cetane numbers (CN), i.e., CN30 and CN55. For the CN30 fuel, as a start of injection (SOI) timing is retarded, the duration of an ignition delay was decreased while still longer than $20^{\circ}CA$ for all the SOI timings. In the meanwhile, the CN55 fuel showed that an ignition delay was monotonically extended as an SOI timing is retarded but much shorter than that of the CN30 fuel. The duration of combustion for both fuels was increased as an SOI timing is retarded. For the SOI timing for the minimum BSFC, the CN30 produced nearly zero PM much less than the CN55, while keeping the level of NOx and the fuel consumption similar to the CN55 fuel. However, the CN30 produced more THC and CO than the CN55 fuel, which may come from the longer ignition delay of CN30 to make fuel and air over-mixed.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.43.2-43.2
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• 2017

We report our discovery of a significant population of CN-enhanced red clump stars in the classical bulge component of the Milky Way. Since CN-rich stars trace a population with enhanced Helium, Nitrogen, and Sodium originated in globular clusters (GCs), this is a direct evidence that proto-GCs were the major building blocks in the formation of the classical bulges and early-type galaxies in the hierarchical merging paradigm.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.564-569
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• 2000

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was developed for the detection of milk proteins in processed foods. The ${\alpha}_{s1}-casein({\alpha}_{s1}-CN)$, a heat stable major milk protein, was immunized into rabbits to produce specific antibodies. When competitive indirect ELISA(ciELISA) using $anti-{\alpha}_{s1}-CN$ antibodies was established, its detection limit was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. The reactivities of the specific antibodies toward ${\alpha}_{s1}-CN$, skim milk, ${\beta}-CN$ and whey protein isolate(WPI) were 100, 37, 0.14 and 0.04%, respectively, as determined by ciELISA. However $anti-{\alpha}_{s1}-CN$ antibodies did not have any reactivity to other milk proteins such as ${\beta}-lactoglobulin,\;{\alpha}-lactalbumin$, bovine serum albumin, and isolated soy protein. When sandwich ELISA was established, its detection limit was $0.01\;{\mu}g/mL$ which was 10 times more sensitive than that of ciELISA. In the spike test which was performed by adding 1-10% of whole CN to market milk, mean assay recovery as determined by sandwich ELISA was 94.8%(CV, 8.2%). Food stuffs and dairy products were assayed by sandwich ELISA to show 29, 0.13, 0.25, and 6.9% of whole CN in skim milk powder, WPI, semi-solid yoghurt, and processed cheese, respectively.