• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

We investigated developmental stages of embryo and early life history of the Korean indigenous fish, the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica in 2009 in order to understand fundamental knowledges for conservation of this species. Eggs were obtained after hormones injections (LHRH-a, HCG) and were artificially fertilized by the dry method. The embryo was spherical, separative demersal, faint white, and averaged $1.09{\pm}0.04\;mm$ (n=20) in diameter. The hatching of the embryo took place in about 48 hours after fertilization under water temperature of $21.0{\sim}24.0^{\circ}C$ and the newly hatched larvae averaged $2.87{\pm}0.05\;mm$ (n=20) in total length (TL). Four days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $6.86{\pm}0.10\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and york sac absorption, mouth and anus opening were shown. Fourteen days after hatching, most of fin-rays appeared at $10.71{\pm}0.34\;mm$ (n=10) in TL and color spots on the body surface were attained. Twenty six days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $14.88{\pm}0.45\;mm$ (n=10) in TL, and all their fin-rays were formed. Therefore, according to current study regarding the morphological development of Cobitis pacidica, the conversion from larval to juvenile stages occurred at 26 days after hatching. Eighty days after hatching, the larvae were $33.3{\pm}1.25\;mm$ (n=10), and their body shape and color pattern were similar to adult fish. In this study, embryonic development and early life history of the northern loach, Cobitis pacifica show morphological characteristics of Cobitidae family. We expected that our results can be used as an fundamental knowledges for restoration study of indigenous fish species.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.58 no.11
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• pp.1260-1268
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• 2017

Purpose: Strabismus affects any age and represents various functional or non-functional eye problems. This population-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus in South Korea according to various sociodemographic factors. Methods: We acquired data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nation-wide cross-sectional survey and examinations of the non-institutionalized civilian population in South Korea (n = 30,538), conducted from July 2008 to December 2011. The prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus were verified, and associated sociodemographic factors was evaluated. Results: The overall prevalence of strabismic disorder in participants over 3 years of age was $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.6%; $1.5{\pm}0.1%$ in males, $1.3{\pm}0.1%$ in females). The prevalence of exodeviation (15 or more prism diopters), esodeviation (10 or more prism diopters), vertical deviation, and other complicated strabismus and nystagmus was 1.0%, 0.2%, 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.1% respectively. The prevalence was highest in the 6 to 15-year age group ($1.9{\pm}0.3%$), and lowest in the 40 to 49 years age group ($0.8{\pm}0.1%$) (p = 0.005). There were no statistically significant differences for gender, region, residential area, household income, educational level and occupation. Conclusions: This nation-wide epidemiologic study demonstrated that the prevalence of strabismus and nystagmus according to various sociodemographic factors in South Korea was not statistically significant except for age group. Further investigations are required based on more surveys to better recognize the etiologic or risk factors that may be related to strabismus and nystagmus.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of total sugar and sodium in 129 different kinds of bakery products, breads and cookies, sold at bakeshops in Seoul metropolitan area. The bakery products produced by bakeshops on a small scale were not applied by clauses of mandatory nutrition label for children's taste food. All types of free sugars -fructose, glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltose- were detected in breads, but only fructose and sucrose were detected in cookies. The average amount of sucrose per 100 g of breads was 6.24 g, of cookies was 30.03 g. Breads and cookies amounting to 100 g of sample contained total sugar of 11.19 g and 30.38 g, respectively. The average amounts of sodium in breads and cookies were 120.71 mg/100 g, 70.76 mg/100 g, respectively. When the contents of total sugar in breads and cookies per one serving size were compared to WHO guidelines, the percentages were 15.7% and 18.2% about recommended daily intake of total sugar of 50 g. When it come to sodium, the bakery products had range of 1.1-6.5% to 2000 mg of daily intake of sodium recommended by WHO.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.825-832
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• 2020

The detection of estrus is very important for the successful reproductive efficiency of cattle. This has prompted the development of electronic estrus detection techniques by using the characterization of estrus behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in physical activity, mounting behavior and vocalization during estrus in Hanwoo (Korean native cattle). Bio-telemetry devices were attached to 4 multiparous Hanwoo and physical activity was compared, namely mounting behavior and vocalization for 6 days (from 2 days before the day of estrus to 3 days after the day of estrus). Physical activity rapidly increased on the day of estrus (p<0.001) and was frequently observed at night time. Mounting behavior gradually increased, starting from 2 days before the day of estrus and reached its highest level on the day of estrus (p<0.01). The circadian rhythm showed irregularities during this entire period (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in vocalization during the experiment period (p>0.05). In conclusion, we assumed that mounting behavior is an early indicator to detect estrus in Hanwoo and if both mounting behavior and physical activity are considered together it would be possible to detect estrus with a higher probability. Further studies with more information from different sources regarding the measuring of estrus in Hanwoo are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg) in 52 commercial herbal pills used as general processed food, to identify weekly heavy metal intakes from herbal pills and to evaluate their potential health risks. The samples were digested with a microwave and determinations of heavy metal residues were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer. The mean values of heavy metal contents for herbal pills used as general processed food were Pb 0.421 (0.032~1.630), Cd 0.157 (0.011~0.515), Cr 1.033 (0.112~9.933), Cu 6.923 (1.333~16.755), Hg 0.010 (0.001~0.088) mg/kg. Lead contents of herba and cadmium of algae, herba were high (ANOVA-test, p<0.05). Levels of cadmium concentrations exceeding WHO reference values (0.3 mg/kg) were observed in 10 samples (4 species). The significant correlation was observed between Pb and Cd (r=0.633, p<0.01). The weekly intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg from herbal pills were 1.112 (0.072~5.088), 1.614 (0.029~9.257), 3.000 (0.252~23.690), 0.182 (0.008~1.235), 0.220 (0.000~0.420)%, respectively, as compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for food safety evaluation. Our data suggest regulations limiting heavy metals in herbal pills used as general processed food.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.335-349
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• 2011

100 residual pesticides in 1,565 medicinal herbs being on sale in Seoul was analyzed by a simultaneous multiresidue method. The recovery ratio was 71.0~119.7%. The detection rate of pesticide residues was 5.3% and the rate of excess to Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) was 0.9% of the total samples. The medicinal herbs which had the high detection rate of residual pesticides were Alismatis Rhizoma, Citri Unshii Pericarpium, Lycii Fructus and Zyzyphi Fructus. The medicinal herbs detected pesticide over Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) were Alismatis Rhizoma (4), Cnidii Rhizomain (4), Chrysanthemi Zawadski Herba (1), Citri Unshii Pericarpium (1), Lycii Radix Cortex (1), Menthae Herba (1), Schisandrae Fructus (1) and Taraxaci Herba (1). The residual pesticides which had the high detection frequency were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, phenthoate, endosulfan, isoprothiolane, chlorothalonil and chlorfenapyr. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of detected pesticides was compared to Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in order to assess risk. Ethoprophos detected in Cnidii Rhizomain showed the highest %ADI, 26.85. And pyraclofos and endosulfan in Cnidii Rhizomain, endosulfan and isoprothiolane in Alismatis Rhizoma and cyprodinil in Taraxaci Herba showed more than 1 %ADI, but others showed below 1 %ADI.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2001

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the usefulness of intestinal ultrasonography (US) and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the early diagnosis of Henoch-Sch$\"{o}$nlein purpura (HSP) with the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms preceding the emergence of the skin lesion. Methods: The clinical, intestinal US and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic records of 85 patients (88 cases) with GI symptoms relating to HSP presenting between January 1999 and April 2001 were reviewed. Results: 1) GI symptoms were observed in 52 cases (59%) and skin, joint, renal and scrotal manifestations were observed in 88 (100%), 64 (73%), 15 (17%), 3 cases (3%) respectively. 2) Out of 52 cases with GI symptoms, abdominal pain was observed in all cases (100%). Positive stool occult blood, nausea and vomiting, abdominal tenderness, melena or tarry stool, diarrhea, hematemesis, rebound tenderness and rigidity were observed in 28 (50%), 17 (33%), 17 (33%), 12 (23%), 6 (12%), 4 (8%), 1 (2%) and 1 case (2%) respectively in order of frequency. 3) Intestinal US examination was performed in 27 cases with HSP and GI symptoms (52 cases). Out of 27 sonographic examinations 22 showed abnormal findings. Thickening of the duodeno-jejunal wall was observed in 16 cases (73%). Free peritoneal fluid, enlarged mesenteric lymph node, ileus and abnormal gall bladder were seen in 8 (36%), 8 (36%), 4 (18%) and 1 case (5%) respectively. In three cases of HSP without GI symptoms, those changes were absent. 4) In all of five cases with HSP and GI symptoms, endoscopic study showed mucosal edema and multiple hemorrhagic erosions especially at the second portion of the duodenum. Biopsy specimens from the duodenum of 2 cases out of 5 endoscopic examinations showed acute inflammatory infiltrates in the mucosa with hemorrhage. 5) Both intestinal US and endoscopic studies were performed in 4 cases with HSP and GI symptoms simultaneously. Out of 4 those cases, 3 cases showed the thickened duodeno-jejunal wall on the intestinal US, which suggested erosive hemorrhagic duodenitis by endoscopic findings. Conclusion: The typical but nonpathognomonic intestinal US findings including the thickening of the duodeno-jejunal wall and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings including hemorrhagicerosive duodenitis, in children with GI symptoms, should be considered a manifestation of HSP, even in the absence of skin lesion.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2009

The effects of part of plum, alcohol content and addition of t-resveratrol on the formation of ethyl carbamate during the fermentation for wine were investigated at a time interval (45 days) for 6 months. The concentration of the ethyl carbamate in plum wine was determined according to KFDA guideline for ethyl carbamate analysis. In the plum wine with 16% or 30% alcohol content, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate were increased with time of fermentation periods. The maximum concentrations of ethyl carbamate in 16% and 30% plum wines after the fermentation for 6 months were $0.071{\mu}g$/g and $0.188{\mu}g$/g, respectively. When t-resveratrol was added at the level of $10{\mu}g$/g in both 16% and 30% plum wine, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate at 6 months were 0.078 and $0.216{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The addition of t-resveratrol at the level of $300{\mu}g$/g in both 16% or 30% plum wine, the concentrations of ethyl carbamate at 6 months were 0.078 and $0.169{\mu}g$/g, respectively. The ethyl carbamate in the plum wine was not formed during fermentation for 6 month as using the flesh of plum, but $0.588{\mu}g$/g of ethyl carbamate was formed as using plum with plum seed. The addition of $300{\mu}g$/g of t-resveratrol actually increased the concentration of the ethyl carbamate by $0.088{\mu}g$/g as fermented for 6 months using plum with seed. These results suggest that the flesh of plum should be used to reduce the formation of ethylcarbamate for production of plum wine and that the addition of t-resveratrol during fermentation of plum wine can not reduce the concentration of the ethyl carbamate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

This study was to investigate the heavy metal content of 55 commercial salts in the Seoul area. There were 22 types of solar sea salt, 17 types of processed salt and 16 types of reworked salt. Looked at another way, there were 22 types of domestic salt and 33 types of salt imported from France, the U.S., Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The samples were measured using both a mercury analyzer and an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The average heavy metal contents for commercial salts were Pb $0.281{\pm}0.344$, Cd $0.035{\pm}0.221$, Cr $0.364{\pm}0.635$, Cu $0.182{\pm}0.313$, As $0.046{\pm}0.062$, Ni $0.155{\pm}0.247$, Al $5.753{\pm}10.746$, Co $0.028{\pm}0.211$ and Hg $0.001{\pm}0.001$ mg/kg. The leads were detected highly in solar sea salt rather than in processed salt or reworked salt. Also chrome, arsenic and nickel were found more in processed salt. There were large differences in aluminum content between imported solar sea salt and processed salt. Aluminum was highly detected in French products, showing that salt can be affected by regional differences. The weekly average intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg from commercial salt were 1.652% (0.000~6.754), 0.372% (0.000~7.214), 3.177% (0.000~26.279), 0.008% (0.001~0.049), and 0.031% (0.000~0.094) respectively compared with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for the evaluation of food safety. The content of heavy metals from commercial salts was determined to be at safe levels.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2013

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental data about oxidized hair color products. For this reason, we collected 125 oxidized hair color products, which were distributed in domestic market from January to October, 2012, and measured the heavy metal concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper in the samples. Results were compared by domestic, foreign, henna, type and color. The average metal concentrations were as follows; 0.211 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.008 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 0.051 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.954 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 6.250 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 0.591 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 0.544 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. In case of lead and arsenic, the concentrations were much less than the regulated amount (20 ${\mu}g/g$ and 10 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively) suggested by MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). In henna (p < 0.05), the concentrations were significantly higher than those of other domestic and foreign oxidized hair color products as follows; 1.264 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.267 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.025 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 4.055 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 72.044 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 3.076 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 4.640 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. Statistically, it showed that the heavy metal concentrations were quite different for the different types of hair color products. The cream and liquid type products had the highest average concentration in chromium (0.708 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.478 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively). On the other hand, powder type products showed the highest concentration in manganese (60.041 ${\mu}g/g$). In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals and the color of products are not quite correlated. It was shown that average concentrations of lead and chromium were higher for yellow, chromium for red and pink, manganese for brown and black, and nickel for green.