• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.101-119
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• 2000

In order to establish water quality management planning in some watershed, water quality of the future of the watershed should be predicted first. The Yongsan river various pollutant sources ; sewage, industry, livestock, farming and so on. And pollutants from these sources are likely to increase even though a number of publicly owned treatment works(POTWs) are founded. Therefore, it is estimated that water quality if the river would be even worse than now in near future. In this study, water quality of the future(2001, 2006) on the Yongsan river was simulated with QUAL2E model. Concentration of three water quality parameters(BOD, T-N, T-P) was predicted according to dry season, low flow season, average flow season of the river with and without POTWs. The results of this study showed the significant contrast in concentration between with and without POTWs, specially in terms of T-N and T-P. Therefore, POTWs must be founded around the Yongsan river and more advanced treatment should be considered. And because these parameters are mostly affected by polluants from upper watershed, including Kwangiudcheon, water quality management planning on the Yongsan river might be focused on this area.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

This study was objected to identify the effect on water quality and contamination by non-agricultural facilities in 'A' reservoir watershed located in OO city, Kyounggi-do, Korea. Ground- and stream water samples showed (Na+K)-Cl, Ca(Cl, SO$_4$) and Ca-Cl type in an illegally discharging area of sewage and a densely industrial area indicating water contamination. Stream water of an illegally discharging area of sewage had high COD, T-N and T-P. In this area, direct incoming of sewage into stream water was induced ground water system by well pumping, and it made a progress of ground water contaminations with those components. Groundwater of a densely industrial area showed high concentrations of T-N, NO$_3$N. From a nitrogen isotope analysis, stream water of an illegally discharging area of sewage has ${\delta}^{15}N-NO_3$values of 0.7%0 was strongly affected by nitrogen originated from agrochemicals, and a densely industrial area of 19.7%0 from septic system. Ground- and stream water of a livestock fanning area were contaminated with NH$_3$-N and Mn, which was affected by intensive livestock facilities. SAR-conductivity plot indicates the water does not pose either alkalinity or salinity hazard for irrigation. COD, T-N, T-P, NO$3$-N, NH$_3$N and Mn concentrations from contaminated areas were diminished by mixing with 'A' reservoir water. There were no water contaminations in silver towns, vacationlands around reservoir and golf links. Consequently, it should be made a plan of systematic managements for past and- present possible contaminants and sewage systems in preventing water contamination by non-agricultural facilities.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.173-183
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• 2011

Gabensis village is one of the biggest village In the Wampar Local Level Government area within the Huon Gulf District of Morobe Province with a population of around 3,000. The major staple food is banana which is well complemented by minor staples yam, cassava, Singapore/Chinese taro and sweet potato. Apart from gardening for own consumption, the villagers engage in selling of vegetables, garden staples, cocoa beans, coconuts, timber, chicken, fish and pig meat to supplement their livelihood. Livestock like pigs and chickens are also kept for meat and for commercial purpose. Bettlenut which was once one of the main cash crops has now been overtaken by cocoa due to a disease that had attacked almost the entire bettlenut tree population in the area. Even though the Wau-Bulolo highway cuts through the village and all have access to transport infrastructure, the majority of the population still encounter problems in communication due to poor telecommunication coverage. On average most people earn not more than K50 per week due to constrains in production and marketing among others. Gabensis village has the potential to develop a tourism industry given its natural attraction of Lake Wanam. Beside there is also the natural eel farming and the fish pond at the nearby Potsie village. These natural attractions pose huge tourism potential for the community. As part of government services delivery and development, education and health issues is very much important in the community however there is lack of infrastructural development and poor service delivery especially in the area of health. However, the responsibility is on the community to organize themselves to realize that potential. A well developed agro-ecotourism investments would have positive spillover effects to the community thus contributing towards improving the livelihoods of the many farming families.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-142
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• 2012

The importance of rainfed areas and animal agriculture on productivity enhancement and food security for economic rural growth in Asia is discussed in the context of opportunities for increasing potential contribution from them. The extent of the rainfed area of about 223 million hectares and the biophysical attributes are described. They have been variously referred to inter alia as fragile, marginal, dry, waste, problem, threatened, range, less favoured, low potential lands, forests and woodlands, including lowlands and uplands. Of these, the terms less favoured areas (LFAs), and low or high potential are quite widely used. The LFAs are characterised by four key features: i) very variable biophysical elements, notably poor soil quality, rainfall, length of growing season and dry periods, ii) extreme poverty and very poor people who continuously face hunger and vulnerability, iii) presence of large populations of ruminant animals (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and iv) have had minimum development attention and an unfinished wanting agenda. The rainfed humid/sub-humid areas found mainly in South East Asia (99 million ha), and arid/semi-arid tropical systems found in South Asia (116 million ha) are priority agro-ecological zones (AEZs). In India for example, the ecosystem occupies 68% of the total cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock populations. The area also produces 4% of food requirements. The biophysical and typical household characteristics, agricultural diversification, patterns of mixed farming and cropping systems are also described. Concerning animals, their role and economic importance, relevance of ownership, nomadic movements, and more importantly their potential value as the entry point for the development of LFAs is discussed. Two examples of demonstrated success concern increasing buffalo production for milk and their expanded use in semi-arid AEZs in India, and the integration of cattle and goats with oil palm in Malaysia. Revitalised development of the LFAs is justified by the demand for agricultural land to meet human needs e.g. housing, recreation and industrialisation; use of arable land to expand crop production to ceiling levels; increasing and very high animal densities; increased urbanisation and pressure on the use of available land; growing environmental concerns of very intensive crop production e.g. acidification and salinisation with rice cultivation; and human health risks due to expanding peri-urban poultry and pig production. The strategies for promoting productivity growth will require concerted R and D on improved use of LFAs, application of systems perspectives for technology delivery, increased investments, a policy framework and improved farmer-researcher-extension linkages. These challenges and their resolution in rainfed areas can forcefully impact on increased productivity, improved livelihoods and human welfare, and environmental sustainability in the future.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2010

A major problem within the agricultural/farming community concerns the enormous amount of manure produced by livestock; one possible solution to this problem is to use the animal slurry as a liquid fertilizer. While there are several areas where this fertilizer could be used, one promising area of application is within chestnut tree fields. However, since most of these fields are located on slopes of varying grades and not on flat land, a different spread system is required. Generally, chemical fertilizer is spread in the chestnut field manually by hand; not only does this require a great deal of manpower it is also very difficult and hard work. In our lab experiment, we investigated the relationship between the amount of fertilizer spread and the length of pipe used at varying pressure levels. The hose in our system utilized PVC piping with evenly spaced holes for the fertilizer to dissipate. We initially found that the amount of spread was greatly reduced by reducing pipe pressure. While the difference of the amount of spread during fertilizing was not great, we did find that the reduction of the spread could be correlated to the frictional resistance of the inner lining of the pipe. Based on this, we hypothesized that an increase in pipe pressure would yield a consistent spread. Additionally, a similar outcome could be obtained by regulating the distance of the holes in the pipe and their diameter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.279-294
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• 2024

Agriculture has played a significant role in the national economy, contributing to food security, driving economic growth, and safeguarding the dietary habits of the population. Korean agriculture has been compelled to focus on intensive farming due to its limited cultivation area, excessive input costs, and the limitations of agricultural mechanization. In the Republic of Korea (R.O.K), the concept of environmentally friendly animal agriculture began to be introduced in the early 2000s. This concept ultimately aims to cultivate sustainable animal agriculture (SAA) through environmentally friendly production practices, ensuring the healthy rearing of animals to supply safe animal products. Despite the government's efforts, there are still significant challenges in implementing environmentally friendly agriculture and SAA in the R.O.K. Therefore, the objective of this review is to establish the direction that the animal agriculture sector should take in the era of climate crisis, and to develop effective strategies for SAA tailored to the current situation in the R.O.K by examining the trends in SAA in the U.S. The animal agriculture sector in the U.S. has been working towards creating a SAA system where humans, animals, and the environment can coexist through government initiatives, industry research, technological support, and individual efforts. Efforts have been made to reduce emissions like carbon, and improve factors affecting the environment such as the carbon footprint, odor, and greenhouse gases associated with animal agriculture processes for animals such as cattle and pigs. The transition of the U.S. towards SAA appears to be driven by both external goals related to addressing climate change and the primary objectives of responding to the demand for safe animal products, expanding consumption, and securing competitiveness in overseas export markets. The demand for animal welfare, organic animal products, and processed goods has been increasing in the U.S. consumer market. A major factor in the transformation of the U.S. animal agriculture sector in terms of livestock specifications is attributed to environmentally friendly practices such as high-quality feed, heat stress reduction, improvements in reproductive ability and growth period reduction, and efforts in animal genetic enhancement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1062-1062
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• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

In order to analysis of the water pollution of the Anyang stream(one of the biggest branch streams of the Han River) and its main tributaries, the geological and topographical and rainfall features in its basin were investigated. To do this, the water samples were collected 23 points of the upper, mid and down of Anyang stream and its tributaries and were analyzed based on the chemical methods, Korean Biotic Index(KBI) and Saprobien systems. The Anyang stream basin has a characteristic of topographical torrential heavy rainfall like a typical rainfall feature in Korea. The concentration and the outflow rate of rainfall is very different in seasonal, and water pollution in dry season is especially severe. After 1997, although the water quality status of stream has been improved gradually, the concentration of T-N and SS at the upstream is increased due to the deficiency of facility used for collecting wastewater released from industrial factories, livestock farms and residential areas. The mainstream of the Anyang stream is classified into the 5th grade water as polysaprobic water area according to Saprobien system and the biotic index is over 2.5 in overall. Most of tributaries have 1~3 grade water limit with ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-mesosaprobic except the upper and mid streams of Samsung tributary, in which pollution status is the lowest part. Though Sambong tributary is ${\alpha}$-mesosaproboic, biotic index is low because of the appearance of abundant benthos animals in farming and fishing villages.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2002

A survey on four tributaries along with Mankyeong River was carried out to get the information far the water quality improvement and control. Typical paddy farming were major agricultural practices in Kosancheon and Soyangcheon. Iksancheon was livestock raising watershed. Chucheon was urban watershed. Water quality in six sites of main stream and four sites of tributaries in Mankyeong River were investigated from May to August in 2001. The concentration of nutrient in main stream of Mankyeong River were in the range of 3.78$\sim$12.68 mg/L for total nitrogen, 0.043$\sim$0.864 mg/L for total phosphorus, 2.59$\sim$13.29 mg/L for BOD and 12.9$\sim$119.5 mg/L for COD, respectively. Water quality of Mankyeong River mostly exceeded the standard water quality criteria of Korea. Major causes of water pollution were evaluated as sewage of swine and urban area. Among the four tributaries, water quality in agricultural practices, Kosancheon and Soyangcheon was relatively less polluted. While, the highest level of water pollution measured in Iksancheon was due to livestock. The water quality of Iksancheon and Chucheon was generally more polluted in the dry period than in rainy period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.558-569
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• 2020

This study examined the frequency of a broiler's stay in each area as stock density using an ICT-based image analysis technique from the perspective of precision livestock farming (PLF) according to the increase in the domestic broiler farms to understand the normal behavior patterns of broilers by age. The broiler was used in the experimental box (3.3×2.7 m) in a poultry house in Gyeonggi province. The stock densities were 9.5 birds/㎡ (n=85) and 19 birds/㎡ (n=170), respectively, and the frequency of stay by feeding, water, and rest area was monitored using a top-view camera. The image data of three-colored-specific broilers identified as the stock density were acquired by age (12, 16, 22, 27, and 29 days) for six hours. In the collected image data, the object tracking technique was used to record the cumulative movement path by connecting approximately 640,000 frames at 30 fps to quantify the frequency of stay in each area. In each stock density, it was significant in the order of the rest area, feeding, and water area (p<0.001). In 9.5 birds/㎡, it was at 57.9, 24.2, and 17.9 %, and 73.2, 16.8, and 10 % in 19 birds/㎡. The frequency of a broiler's stay could be evaluated in each area as the stock density using an ICT-based image analysis technique that minimizes stress. This method is expected to be used to provide basic material for developing an ICT-based management system through real-time monitoring.