• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.157-169
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• 2008

On the general trends of weight control for slimness, this study surveyed and compared eating attitude influenced by eating disorder, eating habits, and nutrition knowledge by obesity index in middle school girls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating disorders and eating habits, and analyzed these data by degree of obesity. This will provide basic information of nutrition education for adolescents who need to have proper body shape and dieting habits. This survey was conducted to one of girls' middle school in Incheon and all the data was analysed by SAS(Statistical Analysis System) program. The average height, weight and PIBW were 158.7cm, 48.2kg, and 93.9% in students. However, 50.8% of students were underweight or severely underweight. Most of female students perceived that they were normal or overweight even though they had underweight or normal. There was a significant difference in experience and intention of weight control by degree of obesity. In the overweight group, EAT-26 score tendency was high, especially preoccupation with losing weight(factor 1). It shows that obesity index had meaningful correlation with EAT-26 score and factor1. In dietary habit, overweight group showed more irregular meals tendency, and overeat frequently. On the other hand, this group had lower frequency and of smaller amount snacks. The intake frequency of meals and snacks showed in the affirmative way regardless of degree of obesity. The average score for nutrition knowledge about calorie and weight control was low. Correct answer rates were increased in higher overweight group. In conclusion, teenage girls who concerned too much about their slim body image need to be educated about accuracy concept of the body image. Also, practical and systematic nutrition education should be done for the correct nutrition knowledge and its application ability of individuals.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.431-442
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• 2008

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to examine the degree of obesity stress and analyze factors having an effect on obesity stress among college women. Method: The subjects were 347 female students from a university in J City. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire for general characteristics, health-related characteristics, and current and preferred somatotype. Obesity stress was measured using 10 items developed by Cho (1996) based on Body Attitudes questionnaire (BAQ) of Ben-Tovim and Walker (1991). The survey was conducted from September 4 to September 7, 2007. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Spearman's rank correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS 14.0. Results: The average score of obesity stress was $2.78{\pm}0.90$ out of 5.00. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the major factors that affect obesity stress of female college students were perceived body shape, disagreement between current and preferred somatotype, history of weight control, body mass index (BMI), and perceived health status, and these factors explained 38.4% of obesity stress. Conclusion: Subjective judgment in the perception of or preference for body shape was the most important factor affecting obesity stress in female college students. Therefore, a plan is necessary to mitigate obesity stress and evaluate individually subjects who perceive themselves to be fat or want to be thinner than the current somatotype. And consultation and constant management are needed to help the high risk group (experience of weight control, BMI ${\geq}23kg/m^2$, not good health status).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.184-203
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• 2019

This study examines the multilateral characteristics of elderly body shapes by applying body measurement items and obesity indices (BMI, WHR, WHtR, WC, and flatness). The subjects were 397 males, 378 females aged 70-85 from the $6^{th}$ Size Korea and 132 males, 212 females aged 60-69, 596 males, 650 females aged 20-29 from the $7^{th}$ Size Korea. In order to examine the body size differences among age groups, age was divided into 7 groups (20-24, 25-29, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79, and 80-85). Both elderly males and females showed lower values of height and weight than those in their 20s. However, abdominal obesity indices (WHR and WHtR) showed higher values in the elderly than those of their 20s; in addition, they showed larger mean values as age increased. The chest and arm circumference tended to decrease in elderly males as age increased; however, elderly females tended to decrease in thigh and calf circumference size. There were gender differences in body changing due to aging. Obesity frequency was significantly higher in the elderly than in the 20s. The study represents basic data for product design for the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the body image perception by BMI and the dietary behaviors in 803 college students(408 males and 395 females). The degree of obesity was divided into an underweight group with BMI less than $18.5kg/m^2$, a normal group with BMI of $18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$, an overweight group with BMI of $23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$ and an obese group with BMI over $25.0kg/m^2$. The average ages of subjects were 22.9 years in males and 20.2 years in females. The average weight and height of male subjects were 175.3 cm and 69.6 kg, respectively and those of female subjects were 162.5 cm and 52.0 kg, respectively. The average BMIs of male and female subjects were $22.6kg/m^2$ and $19.7kg/m^2$, respectively. The distribution of subjects who perceived their current body image as ideal body image was 25.7% in males and 10.9% in females, showing that the body image satisfaction of male subjects was 1.5 times higher than that of female subjects. Body image perception for their own bodies was mostly shown as the average or standard shape both in males and females with 64.2% and 54.2%, respectively, but males showed a higher perception rate than females and 31.1% of females and 19.5% of males perceived their bodies as lean shape(p<0.01). The body image satisfaction was 4.20 in males and 3.70 in females, showing more satisfaction in the male subjects(p<0.001). The correlation between body image and physical variables in male subjects indicated that CBI and IBI showed statistically significant correlation and also BMI showed statistically significant correlation with IBI(p<0.001) and CBI(p<0.001). The frequency of eating out increased as the frequency of skipping meals increased(p<0.001) and the frequency of having snacks increased as the frequency of eating out increased(p<0.01). The correlation between body image and physical variables in female subjects showed that CBI and IBI(p<0.001) had statistically significant correlation. Body weight showed statistically significant correlation with CBI(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.001) and height(p<0.001). The frequency of eating out increased as height(p<0.01) and the frequency of skipping meals(p<0.001) increased. When both male and female subjects wanted leaner body shapes, they preferred much leaner shapes despite their current body images belonging in the normal range. Additionally subjects preferred the body image in the normal range in cases when their current body images were lean. In particular, more female subjects had strong desires to become leaner in their body images than male subjects, which could be analyzed as a risk factor for physical him. From the above results, it is considered that both male and female subjects need to establish proper recognition and dietary behaviors for their body images and also need nutritional education and counseling for desirable weight control methods.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2001

A wrinkling is the instability phenomenon influenced by material properties, shape geometry, forming conditions, stress state, etc. The wrinkling is considered as a critical defect in appearance of product. Many wrinkling prediction methods using thickness strain distribution and farming analysis have been proposed. The wrinkling, however, is not easily predicted precisely by these methods. In this study, the region in the biaxial plane stress state is modeled with a rectangular plate introducing the effective dimension, and critical stress values for the wrinkling are calculated. Prediction index for the wrinkling is then evaluated by normalizing the actual stress with respect to the critical stress. In order to show the validity and efficiency of the method proposed, the wrinkling prediction for a squared sheet in the uniaxial tensile stress and auto-body front finder panel is performed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.11 s.158
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• pp.1507-1518
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• 2006

The middle-aged body differs from the youthful body and has its own body type due to the considerable difference in body structure by age. However, most ready-made clothes for middle-aged women are designed according to the youthful body types. They are looking for the better fitness of the ready-made clothes. Thus clothing fitness is strongly required for a middle-aged women. The purpose of this study is to analyze the basic characteristics of middle-aged women's body types and to compare the real somatotype and cognitive somatotype. The subjects are 238 middle-aged women between 35 and 49 years old living in Daegu. Data are collected through anthropometric measurement and questionnaire on somatotype from September to October 2004. The results are as follows: 1. Using factor analysis, cluster analysis is carried out and the subjects of this research are classified into 4 groups. 2. Middle-aged women usually are not satisfied with their body. Particularly, they show the lowest satisfaction measurement about their abdominal girth, weight, and overall body-shape in total 16 categories. 3. As a result of body cathexis for each part, women are usually not satisfied with their body parts for themselves, regardless of real somatotype. 4. As I divide middle-aged women's somatotype by Rohrer index into the groups of three body-types, then examine real somatotype and cognitive somatotype, I get the following result : The slimmer their bodies are, the more satisfied middle-aged women we. Besides, 40.3% of middle-aged women have an incorrect and distorted understanding of their somatotype. 5. As a result of this research for ideal state of body-size, the women shows their Ideal sizes as follow: 160.55cm for ideal height, 88.73cm for ideal bust girth, 71.14cm for ideal waist girth, 90.03cm for ideal hip girth, and 53kg for ideal weight.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.226-235
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• 2018

This study compares body types among the Korean, Northern Chinese and South Chinese women in their thirties. The subjects of this study are 30-39 year old females that consisted of 200 people from Southern China, 200 people from Northern China, and 202 people from Korea. The results are as follows. There are differences among Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese and Korean women. Korean women are taller than both regions of Chinese women, hip height measurement and waist height measurement of Korean women's are higher than Chinese women, it means that Korean women's lower body parts are longer than Chinese women. Northern Chinese women have the highest circumference measurements and depth measurements; however, Southern Chinese women have similar measurements with Korean women. The body type classification according to the GB/T 1335.2-2008 shows that Northern and Southern Chinese women have different body types. Southern Chinese women are mainly in "A body type" and Northern Chinese women are mainly in "B body type". The body type classification according to the KS K 0051 shows that Chinese women are all mainly "H body type", Korean women are mostly in "A body type". This study articulated specific differences in body types among Southern Chinese, Northern Chinese, and Korean women, especially between Northern and Southern Chinese women. This study provides basic data for Chinese female somatotype research and Korean fashion brands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.128-141
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• 1996

The pourpose of this study is to determine the exact size which can be the basic elements of the fashion design with the measurement of middle-aged women's body, and to grasp the peculiar tomato type of the middle-aged women by compacting each measurement and examing the change of body shape. Making 215 house wives about 40 to 55 years old the subject of this research, we measured the body size from June to August, 1994. After analyzing the data through the 43 item.; of the body measurement, grasping the characteristics of the tomato type, we classified three types of physical standard and looked into the element of body structure. The results were as follows; 1. The average Rohrer index of middle-aged women in Tas-gu is about 1.5 and they usually seem to be fat compared with other groups. 2. Age has much influence on the body change of middle-aged women. Especially around 45 years old, the body change showed remarkable. 3. When analyzing the elements of the body measurement, the biggest elements of middle -aged women's body structure are in the items of width, thickness and girth related to the expansion of body line. Therefore in the middle age, the thickness and the girth have more influence on the human body than the height and the length, so the items of thickness and girth is the most important factor in the somato type. 4. In the slim body and standard body, the thirst factor is the items of height and length related to vertical size and the second is the items of width and thickness and girth. In ice fat body the first factor is the items of width, thickness, girth and the second is those of height, length. Unlike other body shapes, the fat body has many factors, which shows that the fat body has much variation in each part in proportion to fatness.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2010

This study investigated the body image, body stress, eating attitude, and dietary quality in middle school girls. Questionnaires were administered to one hundred fifty seven middle school girls in Seoul area. The subjects were categorized into the five groups according to their body mass index (BMI); 1) severely under-weight (BMI < 16.5 $kg/m^2$), 2) under-weight (16.5 $\leq$ BMI < 18.5 $kg/m^2$), 3) normal weight (18.5 $\leq$ BM I < 23.0 $kg/m^2$), 4) overweight (23.0 $\leq$ BMI < 25.0 $kg/m^2$), and 5) obese (BMI $\geq$ 25 $kg/m^2$). 7.0%, 14.6%, 58.9%, 10.2%, and 10.2% of the subjects were classified as severely under-weight, under-weight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups, respectively. Regardless of the BMI, the subjects had disturbed body image, body stress, and poor eating attitude. The actual BMIs of the normal weight, overweight and obese subjects were significantly different from their desired BMI and perceived BMI, representing these subjects dissatisfied their body shape. Almost all subjects tried to lose their body weight even in the severely under-weight and under-weight groups. There were significant correlations of BMI with body image disturbance (p < 0.05), body stress (p < 0.01) and eating attitude (p < 0.05). These results indicated that middle school girls who have higher BMI seemed to have more body image distortion, body stress and risk of eating disorder. However, any significant difference in dietary quality among the five groups was not observed even though their dietary patterns were not balanced. As a conclusion, it is required that middle school girls should correct their distorted body image and body stress. Also, efforts to improve eating attitude, dietary pattern and nutritional status in the middle school girls are needed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.789-799
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• 2019

This study classified and analyzed the upper body types of 7-13 years old elementary school boys, using 3D data from the 6th Size Korea. The results of this study are as follows. Seven factors were extracted from the factorial analysis as an independent factor for a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis generated four body types. Type 1 has large ratio of front and back depth as well as circumference, with a front protrusion. In Type 2, the vertical value of upper torso is longer than average; in addition, its flatness is the largest and produces a thin body type. Type 3 has a smaller flatness in the bust, waist, abdomen and hip than other types, while also having the largest BMI. Type 4 is characterized by a greater shoulder angle than other types and its other factors are close to average. As a result of the logistic regression analysis, the prediction model used eight variables to generate and its accuracy is 88.679%. The classification of upper body types from this study can be used as basic data to improve patternmaking for each body type. The generated prediction model is also expected to be used as a method to help classify upper body types using the eight variables.