• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.78-83
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• 2009

Since modern times, lack of housing had become more serious in the cities when going through urbanization process. As a countermeasure against the situation, multi-family houses raised its head at the end of 1980s. Regarding multi-family houses, which is mainly targeting low-income group, however, only quantitative supply has been focused with no enough research about space planning. For now that the supply of housing in the cities reached certain level, there is a need of planning multi-family house considering the demands of residents. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the demands of owners and tenants of multi-family house in an improvement district of housing environment for housing improvement, and to extract house planning components. As a research methodology, small-group workshop panel using drawings and mock-up has been practiced to reach residents' concertized opinion. After dividing the residents group into 2 groups which include owners group(3 participants) and tenants group(3 participants), 3 times of workshops covering 2 days are conducted for each group. Actual-condition investigation of the participants' houses was ran side by side with workshop. As a result, difference in their point of view about the reasons and the direction of housing improvement was identified, on the other hand that there is similarity in their demands such as guaranteeing independency and privacy among households.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.95-100
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the noise environment of one-room type multi-family housing around the campus. The field measurements on equivalent noise level of indoor and outdoor were carried out in 6 subject house units during the 26th${\sim}$28th of November 2002. The results are as follows. 1) Outdoor noise levels of 6 subject buildings were distributed 52.8${\sim}$65.3dB(A) and were inappropriate to the standard for environmental noise, 55dB(A). 2) Indoor noise level of 6 subject house units were measured 27.5${\sim}$63.5dB(A). These values were higher than the indoor noise standard (40dB(A)) except subject house D(average 37.6dB(A)). 3) It was found that the differences of indoor noise levels between subject house units were caused by resident's living factor, characteristics of window, and existence of balcony.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2000

Design load calculations which depend on the thermal characteristics of the building structure such as the wall, roof, and fenestration provide the basic data for selecting an HVAC system and its equipment. Most of domestic multi-family houses include a high thermal storage layer like massive concrete structure and a floor heating structure. This study is to compare the results of the design heating load between steady state and unsteady state calculation in order to comprehend the thermal storage effect in multi-family houses. The design heating load under the steady state calculation is estimated from 5.4% to 7.8% larger than that under the unsteady state in the typical floor of a multi-family house model. The design heating load considered the safety factors like a orientation and location factor also is 21.4% to 26.5% larger than that by the unsteady state calculation. So, the safety factors for use of the practicing engineer are analyzed as the main factor of a heating plant oversizing.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.3 s.50
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• pp.191-198
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• 2005

The present study is a preliminary research improving the dwelling quality of one-room type multi-family housings around the university campus. The purpose of the study is to investigate the present condition of Indoor noise level using · residents' responses and field measurements. The respondents are 104 residents living in one-room type multi-family housings. The field measurements on equivalent noise level of indoor and outdoor were carried out in 6 subject house units during the $26th\~28th$ of November 2002. The results are as follows. 1) The residents show relatively non-positive responses at evening and night on the present condition of indoor noise. 2) They answer 'living equipment foise' and 'water hammer' as major types of indoor noise of house unit. 3) Outdoor noise levels, basic factor of noise environment in 6 subject buildings were distributed $52.8\~65.3dB(A)Leq_{5min}$ and were inappropriate to the standard for environmental noise, $55 dB(A)Leq_{5min}$. 4) Indoor noise levels of subject house units were measured as $27.5\~63.5dB(A)Leq_{5min}$, the average of each house unit except one house unit was higher than the level feeling as noise, 40dB(A). 5) It was found that the differences of indoor noise levels between subject house units were caused by 'residents' living noise', 'living equipment noise', 'water hammer', and 'walking and talking noise in stairs and corridors'. 6) Therefore, it is required to plan for improving the quality of noise environment in one-room type multi-family housing around the campus. For example, soundproof construction (including double window with pair glass and balcony), outdoor garden with trees and water for increasing natural sound, interior materials with sound absorbing power to absorb living noise, soundproof pipe or double surface pipe for decreasing 'water hammer', and noiseproof floors, etc. are required.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2006

Formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) from building materials have been known as main causes of IAQ problem in Newly-Constructed Multi-Family Houses. Because Multi-Family Houses are built in large quantities in a similar manner, inappropriate selection of building materials and method will detrimental affect IAQ. This research aims to identify major causes of Indoor Air Pollutants in Multi-Family Houses, by constructing Mock-Up & One-Room House. As a result, self leveling concrete, door, and furniture construction is a major cause of indoor formaldehyde increase, and tile bond is TVOC, and urethane water proof is Etylbenzene, and Xylene.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.468-476
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate actual air quality in newly-constructed multi-family houses and to improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). The field measurement was conducted in four different newly-constructed multi-family house complexes in Seoul and one existing multi-family house complex in Kyong-gi province. The result of the measurement shows that indoor concentrations of Formaldehyde and TVOC in newly-constructed multi-family houses are much higher than the foreign standards. To establish a proper process for reducing indoor air pollutants, various experiments have been conducted; application of natural materials, bake-out practice, closure of all openings without ventilation, and use of mechanical ventilation system. The result indicates that three practices (natural materials, bakeout, mechanical ventilation) can reduce the level of indoor air pollutants almost in half during the experiments. However, each practice has its limitation and is insufficient to satisfy IAQ standards. Therefore, the study proposes a proper reduction process of indoor air pollutants which combines four different practices in time sequence.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2004

This study attempts to clarify inter-relationship between design expression in the surface of contemporary multi-family housing and physical trends in this digital age. The study examines characteristics of housing design influenced from new digital technology in the forms of metaphor such as dematerialization, fluidity and mobility. Currently constructed multi-family housing in Europe after 1990 has been analyzed to find digital reflections in the surfaces. As a conclusion, findings are as follows; In this digital age, a house is considered as a base in the forms of boxes and containers to network to outer worlds. In a complex of multi-family housing, public spaces move to the inside and become parts of private domain. Therefore, a house directly faces a street/outer world without transitional areas and devices. The facades of housing become delicate skins to control private domain in the inside and the world in the outside. In this digital age, the surfaces of housing are designed by ways of wrapping and screening. Printing and mapping methods are used to surface design because they are manipulative and flexible methods in design like graphic design. Screening devices using louvers and shutters are powerful tools to make random and unpredictable images. If units of a louver and a shutter were pixels, a whole surface would be a digital screen. In such assumption, the facade of buildings reflects digital screen to interface while the louvers in operation reflect clicking to network. As a conclusion, design expression in surfaces in-between of multi-family housing is a metaphor of digital mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.745-760
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to investigate the state of indoor thermal and air environment during winter in the one-room type multi-family houses occupied by university students and to analyze factors which influenced this environment. Field survey was conducted in 10 houses between 30th January, 2009 and 13th February, 2009 which measured indoor thermal and air elements as well kept records of interviews with residents and other related factors. Measured elements were air temperature, relative humidity, as well as concentrations of $CO_2$, CO, TVOC, and PM-10. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) The mean air temperature in each house ranged from 19.3 to $25.3^{\circ}C$, so most houses were not suitable for evaluation criteria($20-22^{\circ}C$). The average $CO_2$ concentration in each house was 965~3259ppm, so most houses exceeded evaluation criteria(1000ppm). The average TVOC concentration in each house were 0.00~1.17ppm, 5 houses exceeded evaluation criteria(0.12ppm). 2) Relative humidity, CO concentration, and PM-10 concentration were suitable for evaluation criteria. Therefore, indoor thermal and air environment during winter in one-room type multi-family housing occupied by university students was found to be generally uncomfortable. Important factor which were found to influence air temperature and the concentration of $CO_2$ were smaller space capacity than general house. Other factors which were found to influence the environment of these houses were the existence of a balcony as well as factors relating to the behavior of occupants such whether or not heating were operated, whether windows were opened, whether fans used, whether occupants smoked or used cosmetics, and whether the space was dusted.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.689-690
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• 2015

The remodeling of multi-family houses (MFH) has emerged as a significant issue in the construction industry. Many decision makers struggle with the decision to remodel because of insufficient information including standards or methods for projecting the price of their structure after remodeling. In this context, this research analyzed the change in price of MFHs after remodeling. To achieve this research goal, (i) the price data from 14 groups (i.e., MFH renovation cases and equivalent MFH cases without remodeling) were collected, and (ii) the trend of price variation among each group was analyzed. Finally, this research suggests price variations of each group in terms of three different time points (i.e., before remodeling, after remodeling, and the present), which shows the effects of remodeling on the price of MFHs. This research offers a framework for the development of a model that will predict the price of an MFH after remodeling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.133-136
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• 1999

This study intends to develop an evaluation model which could be used as an effective tool for criticizing the model house of multi-family housing. The evaluation model has been developed based on the theoretical framework suggested by previous results of research related on hosing design, which comprises the following four components: 1) the paradigm of future home and life-style, 2) marketing effects of housing developer, 3) goals and principles of housing design, and 4) results of user-preference study. In this study, an evaluation model was suggested as a preliminary form which would be modified in detail after series of tests in the field. The evaluation model will be used provide standardized criteria for the quality of model houses, and eventually help to improve the quality of multi-family housing design by balanced information from theorist, user and developer.