• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.9_10 s.157
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• pp.1378-1388
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• 2006

We conducted a questionnaire survey of 481 Korean female college students and measured anthropometrically 2 girth of their bodies(bust, under bust girth) in order to understand the psychological needs about brassiere and the physical characteristics of consumers aged between 19 and 25(the 1924 generation). There were two major problems to be solved to improve the fit of brassiere in aspect of size. First, most brands for this age group aimed at product differentiation mainly on visual design not on brassiere size. According to the body measurements, the distribution of brassiere size had 6 sections '70AA, 70A, 70B, 75AA, 75A and 75B cups' showing a rate of 63.8% but most brands for this age group were producing '75A, 80A, 85A, 75B, 80B and 85B cups' showing a rate of 24.7%. Second, most subjects of this survey didn't know their own breast size and the sizing system of brassiere which are necessary in order to select the proper brassiere size. And most subjects were wearing a bigger size brassiere than their own body size even though one was in the range of '75A, 80A, 85A, 75B, 80B and 85B'. It might be possible that the dimensions of brassiere products in the market and the sizes indicated on the labels do not correspond. For increasing the consumer satisfaction it is necessary to adjust the production rate of brassiere sizes and to develop ergonomic brassiere products with proper dimensions and shapes for each brassiere size.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.320-330
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• 2017

People have recently became interested in eco-friendly cycling that attracted further attention as a sport activity. The number of high school cyclists has increased due to the popularity of cycling; however, high school cyclists have trouble choosing cycling suits because there is no professional cycling suit for high school cyclists in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a professional cycling suit for high school cyclists because sportswear for athletes is an important means to improve performance. This study suggests a standard sizing system for high school student athletes' cycle tights. The subjects were 111 high school cyclists. The 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, and the sizing system was classified according to three lower body types. The size intervals of waist girth, hip girth and height were 5cm, respectively. The most frequent sizes were 75-100-175 in figure type 1, 70-90-170 and 75-95-170 in figure type 2, 70-90-175 and 70-90-180 in figure type 3. The sizing system, which had frequencies more than 3.6%, was classified into 9 cases, 8 cases, and 5 cases, respectively by lower body types. The results will contribute to the development of athletic performance cycle wear for high school cyclists.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.330-341
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• 2016

This study suggested criterion for Petite-size and analyzed the body size and characteristics that were proper to manufacture clothing for Korean Petite-size women aged 18 to 34. It also analyzed size information about pattern making for Petite-size women through a comparison of the size and proportion of Petite-size with Regular-size. The criterion of Petite-size was decided in consideration of the distribution and perception of stature; subsequently, the stature range for Petite-size was defined as under 157.5cm. Body size and proportion of Petite-size were analyzed through calculating the mean from 25 to 75 percentiles of a Petite-size stature range. The Petite-size of this study was compared to KS Petite and total subjects through One way ANOVA. It was confirmed that the Petite-size of this study had body characteristics like KS Petite; however, Petite-size was larger in height and vertical length than KS Petite. The significant differences between Petite-size and Regular-size were identified in the same bust girth range, that required a revised calculation formula for pattern making that would be proper for Petite-size. It is expected that the Body size and proportion could be utilized as a reference for manufacturing or purchasing Petite-size clothing. The result of this study will contribute to enhance the fit satisfaction for Petite-size women aged 18 to 34.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

The experimental study was carried out to evaluate the performance of underplanted Pinus koraiensis 2-2 seedlings in the closed canopy natural deciduous forest. Overstory density effects on seedling survival and growth were assessed 7 years after underplanting. Seedling survival rate was 80%, average height was 0.9m with minimum of 0.3m and maximum of 2.1m, and average diameter at butt end was 1.7cm with minimum of 1.4cm and maximum of 3.5cm. Compared with the growth rate of the pine plantation after clearcutting, the growth performance of underplanted pine seedlings was so poor that the height growth was less than 30% and diameter growth was less than 20%. Even though the Pinus koraiensis seedlings would be shade tolerant, the establishment and performance of underplanted Pinus koraiensis seedlings could be promoted by more than 50% of canopy regulation that provide adequate light at the forest floor and should exhibit a strong positive response following overstory removal by tending operation.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.99-112
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• 2008

The increasing rate of obesity in school aged children has become a conspicuous social phenomenon in Korea. This has been linked to greater economic growth, increasingly westernized dietary habits, and a consumer driven society. Given that obesity can lead to social exclusion or unfavorable attention by other students in a school setting, the design of plus-size garments have become important for effective appearance management skills. This research aimed to establish a somatotype database for obese school boys, aged 10 to 12, in order to develop a sizing system for plus-size upper garments. In order to measure somatotype of average and obese school boys, five categories were recorded; height, obesity, length of trunk, thickness of neck and chest. For obese boys, subcutaneous fat thickness and position of B.P/shoulder point factors were recorded. Obesity factor was subdivided into overall and specific ones, and while the deviation of obese body types was severe compared to the average type. Obese body type showed significantly higher measurements in width, girth, thickness. This is linked to the fact that the frequency ratio of obesity increases with age. Stature and chest were chosen as control dimensions for boys' wear. As crosstabulation of stature(5cm interval) and chest girth(2, 3 and 4cm), and stature(5cm interval)/chest girth(3cm interval) sizing system showed, the most effective cover ratio and adaptability to the data distribution $25{\sim}75$ quartile. Based on the findings, 10 sizes were formulated for average body type, while 18 sizes were formulated for obese type, whose size cover ratios were 48% and 62.9%, respectively. The primary ranges of stature were $145cm{\sim}150cm$, while those of chest girth were $79{\sim}82cm$. Each size was declared as "chest-somatotype{A(average)/O(obesity)-stature". This study proposed a plus-size upper garment sizing systems for obese boys, accompanied with reference measurements for suit, casual wear and underwear. The finding showed that the two systems were totally separate and not overlapping, meaning that plus-size sizing system is essential for obese school boys. The obesity type system had more size and wider range specs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2010

This paper analyzes how to measure breast volume and the change in breast volume after wearing a brassiere. Measurement using a breast replica is used to measure the breast volume of 41 women in their twenties. The rate of persons having flat and hemispherical breast are high. The majority of subjects are size 75A, 80A, and 75B, and their under-bust size is 70. The current size specification should be refined for fitting according as the girth under bust decreases. The correlation between breast volume and the circumference of the breasts was high. It was more reliable to set up the cup size of a brassiere using the breast circumference. The mean breast volume is 263.68cc (nude) and the total volume wearing brassiere is 342.05cc. The volume difference according to wearing a brassiere is 78.37cc, which is less than the brassiere volume itself. The results show, the less breast volume of a subject, then the greater volume in wearing a brassiere.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.23-35
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• 2023

In this study, we developed a method to determine the flood-limited water levels of agricultural reservoirs, considering both their irrigation and flood control functions. Irrigation safety and flood safety indices were defined to be applied to various reservoirs, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of the irrigation and flood control properties. Seasonal flood-limited water level scenarios were established to represent the temporal characteristics of rainfall and agricultural water supply and the safety indices were analyzed according to these scenarios. The optimal scenarios were derived using a schematic solution based on Pareto front analysis. The method was applied to Obong, Yedang, and Myogok reservoirs, and the results showed that the characteristics of each reservoir were well represented in the safety indices. The irrigation safety of Obong reservoir was found to be significantly influenced by the late-stage flood-limited water level, while those of Yedang and Myogok reservoir were primarily affected by the early and mid-stage flood-limited water levels. The values of irrigation safety and flood safety indices for each scenario were plotted as points on the coordinate plane, and the optimal flood-limited water levels were selected from the Pareto front. The storage ratio of the optimal flood-limited water levels for the early, mid, and late stages were 65-70%, 70%, and 75% for Obong reservoir, 75%, 70-75%, and 65-70% for Yedang reservoir, and 75-80%, 70%, and 50% for Myogok reservoir. We expect that the method developed in this study will facilitate efficient reservoir operations.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-103
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to widen the subject of research to the whole social activity, which is divided into the following four categories in the previous study on "Reality of social activity of senior citizen": 1. work 2. social participation and volunteer activity 3. learning activity 4. individual activity, and to clarify which category is most related to the masticatory ability. There were 57korean subjects in the survey: aged 65 through 85 (73.8$\pm$5.5), 81 women: aged 65 through 85 (74.3$\pm$5.3), a total of 138: aged 65 through 85 (74.1$\pm$5.4), in College for senior citizen of A city, Buddhist College for senior citizen of A city and senior citizen's welfare facility of A city who gave consent to the research The Japanese subject were 38 men: aged 65 through 85(75.3$\pm$5.4), 54 women: aged 65 through 85(75.5$\pm$5.2), a total of 92: aged 65 through 85(75.4$\pm$5.2) in women's division of F city Federation of Senior Citizens' Club, Otsuka division of B ward Federation of Senior Citizens' Club and S ward Federation of Senior Citizens' Club who gave consent to the research. The major findings were as follows: A social activity, individual activity were active in a social activity domain on a day so that people of Japanese advanced age had you, and writing ability was high, and, as for freezing, learning activity was active for people of Korean advanced age in a social activity domain so that writing ability was high.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.43 no.1 s.145
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• pp.75-86
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• 2006

The scantling and structural design work is done during the initial stage in yacht design. This paper studies a procedure of the structural design for yacht with an illustrative design. Scantling of structural members and loads are defined based on the rules suggested by ISO(International Standard Organization) and ABS(American Bureau of Shipping). Also, FEA(Finite Element Analysis) model is presented for a practical guide for structural analysis. An equivalent structural element is used to simplify the composite material for the analysis.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.32-40
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• 2018

Big breasted women often experience dissatisfaction with ready-made brassieres, that do not account for individual breast types nor provide adequate cup sizes. This study was conducted to provide basic information on common breast shape and measurements of Korean big-breasted women, and to facilitate development of big-breasted women's bras with excellent fit and comfort. The study analyzed direct upper body measurements of 178 women in their 20's whith cup size C or bigger in the 5th, 6th and 7th Size Korea. In addition, 3D body scan data of women with bra size 75 and cup size C were re-collected and their breast types were examined. Average under-bust circumference of big-breasted women was 75 size in brassiere size. The average stature was 159.78 cm and the body weight was 60.33kg, indicating "overweight". Also, it was revealed that common breast types of big-breasted women, were hemispheric and cone types. The study can facilitate better understanding of breast shapes and sizes of standard big-breasted women, and will be useful as reference in selection of subjects in future studies.