• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.122-129
• /
• 2009

We determined the genetic relatedness among 81 commercial varieties of oyster mushrooms by either comparison of fruiting body characteristics or using PCR amplification with URP primers. Also, we assessed their temperature adaptation by using box cultivation. Based on our data, some varieties such as Wonhyung and variety 1, Suhan and variety 20, Wang-hukpyung and variety 4, Chunchu #2 and variety 6, Shinong #11 and variety 1, Samgu #1 and variety 2, showed the close genetic relatedness between each other. It is known that mushroom culture room is affected by outer temperature because mushroom need the adequate aeration for their growth. Therefore, in aspect of saving energy, the cultivation of season favorable mushroom species has been recommended. Eight different commercial varieties including Sa-chul, Yeoreum and Bunhong(Pink) grew well at high temperature ($16^{\circ}C$). Also, about 51 different oyster mushroom strains were good at relatively high temperature. However, other 64 different oyster mushroom varieties were grew well at low temperature ($11^{\circ}C$). Fourty-nine varieties were adapted well in most temperatures. The slow growth rate were observed in some varieties including Kun(P. eryngii ), Awi(P. nebrodensis ), and Cheunbok(P. abalonus ), which are not suitable for box cultivation. We believe that the culture characterization of each mushroom varieties should help many farmers in many aspects such as saving energy, quantity improvement and new variety development etc.

• Sijohaknonchong
• /
• v.42
• /
• pp.7-28
• /
• 2015

This article defines sijo's musicality in two ways and verifies how musicality is shown in modern sijo with some examples. First, the first metre of a song's fourth part, that is, the sijo's jongjang, should include a reverse of its poetic image. A song consists of five parts. Each part is sung as a part of the song, that is, the sijo's dimetre, trimetre, or tetrametre, but its fourth part is sung as the monometre which is the first metre of its jongjang. This is because the first metre of a sijo's jongjang forms the axis of the reverse in its poetic image, and when this works properly, it can maintain musicality as a sijo. Second, a sijo's tetrametre and sijo-chang's gak should correspond as the same value along with the completion of its meaning. If a sijo does not keep the metre, each part's completion of meaning and also the sijo-chang's gak become problematic, so it is impossible to perform sijo-chang. Only when each part's completion of meaning and the gak of the metre correspond to each other as the same value, the sijo can maintain its musicality. Next, the study verifies how musicality is shown in modern sijo. This was examined through the examples of gyeol-metre and yangjang-sijo in dan-sijo that cannot form any tongsa madi, arrangement of syllable units beyond metres, or the examples of loose reverse of meaning in a transitional phrase. The two kinds of musicality presented by this author have already been proved with old sijo. However, modern sijo has been created mainly centering around its image, so such musicality has been ignored and sijo's identity has been damaged seriously. In sijo, musicality gives life. If modern sijo is created mainly around its image, it can never be called as sijo unless it has musicality. Although modern sijo is not performed as music, it should be equipped with the form to be performed as a chang. This is how sijo can maintain its musicality. It is thought that now is the time to recognize modern sijo as the matter of communication between sijo-chang and sijo literature, not just as the combination of sijo-chang and sijo literature.

• Sijohaknonchong
• /
• v.44
• /
• pp.7-28
• /
• 2016

Music was made popular through the modern mass media. Nonetheless, if a period of high standard performances and appreciation by a minority of culture connoisseurs can be qualified with the expression "gentrification of culture", then a period when anyone can access culture through the mass media can be qualified with the terms "popularization of culture" and in this period the reorganization of performance culture can only be driven by the public. In fact, the Jabga, which is a type of traditional song that received strong public adhesion by means of phonograph records and radio broadcasts at the time, stands as a typical example to it. Gagok and Sijo up until the 1920s and even the 1930s are believed to engage actively in the changing media environment and the new modes of music enjoyment and transmission. The Album recording of faster rhythm music and the inclusion of the Sijo, Jabga, and folk songs in one broadcast programme can be seen as reflecting such an effort. However, it can only be hard for the Sijo and Gagok to challenge the predominance of the Jabga which made its lyrics more popular and the new songs written in accordance with the new media environment. Until the 1930s in this changing environment of music enjoyment, Gagok and Sijo performers rather sought to distinguish themselves from the existing popular song style by reproducing traditional forms. The album recording and broadcasting of Lee Wangjik Aakbu, the beginnings of local singers, the participation of male performers not only contributed to the diversification the enjoyment culture of songs and sijo, but also made the 'difference in standard' with the popular songs even more salient.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.461-468
• /
• 2012

In this study, photosynthetic parameters such as the net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular $CO_2$ concentration, and transpiration rate were examined in selected ginseng varieties and/or lines that are resistant (Yunpoong, HTIR 1, HTIR 2, and HTIR 3) and susceptible (Chunpoong) to high temperature injury (HTI). The net photosynthesis rate increased with the increase in the light intensity in all the HTI-resistant and -susceptible ginseng lines with a light saturation point of $200\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, except for Yunpoong that had a light saturation point of $400\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. At the light saturation point, the net photosynthesis rate in July was highest in HTIR 3, at $4.2\;{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and was lowest in Yunpoong, HTIR 1, Chunpoong, and HTIR 2, in that order, at 1.9 to $3.7\;{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. The net photosynthesis rate in August was highest in Yunpoong at $5.9\;{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, and lowest in HTIR 1 and HTIR 3 ($4.5\;{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) and in other lines, in that order, at 2.8 to $2.9\;{\mu}mol\;CO_2\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. The stomatal conductance in July was highest in HTIR 3 (0.055 mol $H_2O\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) and Yunpoong, Chunpoong, HTIR 1, and HTIR 2 were 0.038, 0.037, 0.031, and 0.017 in that orders. In August, meanwhile, HTIR 1 showed the highest as 0.075, and followed by HTIR 3, Chungpoong, and HTIR 2 with 0.070, 0.047, and 0.023, respectively. The intercellular $CO_2$ concentration at the light saturation point in July and August was much lower in HTIR 2 at 139 and $185\;{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$ than in the other ginseng lines at 217 to 257 and 274 to $287\;{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$, respectively. The transpiration rate in July and August was higher in the HTI-resistant lines of Yunpoong, HTIR 1, and/or HTIR 3 at 0.83 to 1.03 and 1.67 to 2.10 mol $H_2O\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ than in the other ginseng lines at 0.27 to 0.79 mol $H_2O\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and 0.51-1.65 mol $H_2O\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$, respectively. Conclusively, all the photosynthetic parameters that were examined in this study were generally higher in the HTI-resistant ginseng lines than in the HTI-susceptible lines, except for HTIR 2, and were much higher in August than in July, especially in the resistant ginseng lines. All these results can be used to provide basic information for the selection of HTI-resistant ginseng lines and the application of cultural practices that are efficient for ginseng growth, based on the photosynthetic characteristics of the lines.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.104-110
• /
• 2009

It is well known that the saponin of Korean red ginseng (KRG) has an anti-oxidant effect and could suppress the accumulation of lipid peroxidation. The aim of the present study was to observe the inhibitory effect of KRG on mice with noise-induced hearing loss, and to determine its optimal dose. BALB/c mice with a normal hearing level and normal Preyer's reflexes were used in the study. The mice in the permanent-threshold-shift (PTS) group were exposed to noise (120-dB SPL, white noise band) in a noise booth for 3 h a day, for three consecutive days. The mice in the experimental group were given heat-processed red-ginseng extract (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg), and those in the control group were given normal saline alone during their noise exposure. The mice in the temporary-threshold-shift (TTS) group were exposed to noise (120 dBSPL, white noise band) in a noise booth for 3 h. The mice in the experimental group were given heat-processed red-ginseng extract (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg), and those in the control group were given normal saline alone before their noise exposure. The hearing levels of the mice were measured through auditory brainstem response (ABR) immediately and I, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after their noise exposure. Cochleae were removed from the mice 14 days after their noise exposure. lmmunochemical and immunofluorescent staining were performed to observe the expression of 8-oxoG in cochlea. In the PTS group, the hearing function of the mice in all the groups was not recovered after their noise exposure. In the TTS group, however, the hearing function of the mice in all the groups was recovered within 14 days. Reduced hearing impairment and early recovery were observed in the mice that were given 200 mg/kg KRG, and early recovery was observed in the mice that were given 100 mg/kg KRG The immunopositive staining of 8-oxoG was detected in the stria vascularis in the control group but was diminished in the mice that were given 200 mg/kg KRG The ingestion of more than 100 mg/kg KRG demonstrated a protection and recovery effect on the noiseinduced-TTS group. Since KRG has been reported to be a safe compound even up to hundreds of mg/kg, a higher concentration of it may effectively protect and recover TTS.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.457-465
• /
• 1999

Objective: The presence of Y chromosome in patients with gonadal dysgenesis is related to the risk of gonadoblastoma. Since the patients with abnormal sexual differentiation may have cryptic Y mosaicism, it is important to detect the presence of Y material in these patients. But sometimes it is difficult to detect Y material only with karyotyping. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the SRY gene screening in blood and gonad by using PCR in detecting the presence of Y material and possible tissue mosaicism in patients with gonadal dysgenesis as Turner syndrome and 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD, Swyer syndrome). Method: In 26 patients with gonadal dysgenesis, we screened for Y material by using PCR for SRY gene in peripheral leukocytes and in gonadal tissues of some patients. They were 22 cases of Turner syndrome (7 45,XO, 2 46,Xi(Xq), 3 45,XO/46,XX, 5 45,XO/46,Xi(Xq), 1 45, XO/46,XY, 1 45,XO/46,Xi(Yq), 1 45,XO/47,XYY, 1 46,XX,del(X)(q24) and 1 46,X,+mar) and 4 cases of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. PCR for SRY gene in the gonadal tissue was performed in 5 Turner syndrome and 2 PGD to determine the cryptic Y mosaicism between blood and gonad. Results: By using PCR analysis for SRY, Y chromosome material was detected in the blood of 4 of 22 Turner syndrome patients (45,XO/46,Xi(Xq), 45,XO/46,Xi(Yq), 45,XO/46,XY, and 45, XO/47,XYY), 3 of 4 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. Discrepancy between karyotyping and blood PCR for SRY was noted in 1 Turner syndrome (45,XO/46,Xi(Xq)) and 1 PGD. Laparoscopic gonadectomy was performed in Y containing or SRY positive cases. In addition, PCR analysis for SRY in the gonads of 5 Turner syndrome and 2 PGD showed discrepancy between blood and gonad or between both gonads in 3 Turner syndrome (45,XO/46,Xi(Xq), 45,XO/46,Xi(Y q), 45,XO/46,XY) and 2 PGD patients. Conclusion: In gonadal dysgenesis, PCR analysis for SRY gene is useful to detect the cryptic Y mosaicism that is sometimes undetected by karyotyping. And since there may be tissue mosaicism, it is necessary to evaluate Y mosaicism in various tissues even in the case without Y chromosome on karyotyping.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 1999

Some of the information concerning sexual function in the male diabetes has been focused upon the problems of endocrine or semen parameters. However, the characteristics of acrosome reaction and spermatozoa concentration at the epididymis and vas deferens have scarcely been studied, and the causes of the infertility has not been critically identified. So, we designed to inspect the spermatozoa concentration and the characteristics of acrosome reaction at epididymis and vas deferens of diabetic Wistar rat induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 70 mg/kg, ip). Experimental animal was sacrificed at 3 days and 14 days after the STZ injection. In the diabetes-induced rat, the levels of insulin and glucose had a pattern of inverse proportion. The spermatozoa concentrations in caput and corpus epididymis were significantly decreased in all diabetic condition. In cauda epididymis, however, there was significant decrease in sperm concentration at 14 days onward. In diabetic rat, the spontaneous reaction rate of spermatozoa of cauda and vas deferens were significantly higher than the control group. The ARIC (acrosome reaction to ionophore challenge) value of caudal sperm was 28.7 at control, 22.1 at 3 days, and 8.3 at 14 days. In the present study the spermatozoa concentration was decreased and the spontaneous reaction rate was increased by diabetes. In ARIC-test, it is revealed that the fertility of spermatozoa of 14 days group was lower than control or 3 days group. Diabetes mellitus may be provoke the decreased fertilization rate and subsequent infertility and subsequent infertility.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.407-417
• /
• 1999

Objective: Mammalian follicle cells are the most important somatic cells which help oocytes grow, mature and ovulate and thus are believed to provide oocytes with various functional and structural components. In the present study we have examined whether cumulus or granulosa cells might playa role in establishing the plasma membrane structure of mouse oocytes during meiotic maturation. Design: In particular the differential resistances of mouse oocytes against chymotrypsin treatment were examined following culture with or without cumulus or granulosa cells, or in these cell-conditioned media. Results: When mouse denuded oocytes, freed from their surrounding cumulus cells, were cultured in vitro for $17{\sim}18hr$ and then treated with 1% chymotrypsin, half of the oocytes underwent degeneration within 37.5 min ($t_{50}=37.5{\pm}7.5min$) after the treatment. In contrast cumulus-enclosed oocytes showed $t_{50}=207.0$. Similarly, when oocytes were co-cultured with cumulus cells which were not associated with the oocytes but present in the same medium, the $t_{50}$ of co-cultured oocytes was $177.5{\pm}13.1min$. Furthermore, when oocytes were cultured in the cumulus cell-conditioned medium, $t_{50}$ of these oocytes was $190.0{\pm}10.8min$ whereas $t_{50}$ of the oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $25.5{\pm}2.9min$. Granulosa cell-conditioned medium also increased the resistance of oocytes against chymotrypsin treatment such that $t_{50}$ of oocytes cultured in granulosa cell-conditioned medium was $152.5{\pm}19.0min$ while that of oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $70.0{\pm}8.2min$. To see what molecular components of follicle cell-conditioned medium are involved in the above effects, the granulosa cell-conditioned medium was separated into two fractions by using Microcon-10 membrane filter having a 10 kDa cut-off range. When denuded oocytes were cultured in medium containing the retentate, $t_{50}$ of the oocytes was $70.0{\pm}10.5min$. In contrast, $t_{50}$ of the denuded oocytes cultured in medium containing the filtrate was $142.0{\pm}26.5min$. $T_{50}$ of denuded oocytes cultured in medium containing both retentate and filtrate was $188.0{\pm}13.6min$. However, $t_{50}$ of denuded oocytes cultured in M16 alone was $70.0{\pm}11.0min$ and that of oocytes cultured in whole granulosa cell-conditioned medium was $156.0{\pm}27.9min$. When surface membrane proteins of oocytes were electrophoretically analyzed, no difference was found between the protein profiles of oocytes cultured in M16 alone and of those cultured in the filtrate. Conclusions: Based upon these results, it is concluded that mouse follicle cells secrete a factor(s) which enhance the resistance of mouse oocytes against a proteolytic enzyme treatment. The factor appears to be a small molecules having a molecular weight less than 10 kDa.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
• /
• v.7
• /
• pp.91-101
• /
• 1995

To establish the simple and practical test method of estimating resistance of rice varieties against rice leafblight, trials were made to correlate among the four test methods such as true resistance test,secondaryinfection test, secondary epidemic test and field test. The results obtained through the experiment on 25 ricevarieties and 3 pathogenic isolates designated to HB9O11, HB9022 and HB9033 can be summarized asfollows. 1 .Based on the results of true resistance test, 25 rice varieties can be classified into four groups:1 )Samgang variety group ;resistant to HB9011, 13 varieties, 2)Pungsan variety group ; resistant to HB9011 and HB9022, 5 varieties, 3)Samgang variety group ; resistant to all three isolates, 2 varieties, 4)Unbongvariety group: sensitive to all three isolates, 12 varieties. 2. The responses of rice varieties to isolates showed some discrepancies among on the test methods. These examples were found in 3 varieties including Yeongdeog varieties to HB9011, 3 varieties including Taebaeg variety to HB9022 and Taebaek vaieties to HB9033. 3. Correlation coefficiences between the secondary infection test and the secondary epidemic test for HB9011, HB9022 and HB9033 were 0.972, 0.894 and 0.919, respectively. It suggests that the two methods are not significantly different so that one of the two methods are not significantly different so that one of the two methods can be omitted from resistant test without affecting the result. 4. Between the true resistance test and the field test at the disease common area, there were no significant correlations. Unbong, Chucheong and Yeongdeog varieties are appeared as resistant varieties in the true resistant test, but their responses in the field test were different and appeared as sensitive varieties. 5. The disease index was used to express theresults from four test methods. The disease index was calculated as the sum of each numerical values of theresults from the four test methods by giving the same weights(0 to 25)to each test method. If the disease index for certain variety is less than 15, then the variety is considered to be resistant. 4 varieties such as Seohae, Hwajin, Yeongdeog and Pungsan varieties-disease indices were less than 15 were selected as field resistance varieties.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.12
• /
• pp.1098-1125
• /
• 2000

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 1998 and 1999 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. 1) A review of the recent studies on fluid flow, turbomachinery and pipe-network shows that many experimental investigations are conducted in applications of impingement jets. Researches on turbulent flows, pipe flows, pipe-networks are focused on analyses of practical systems and prediction of system performance. The results of noise reduction in the turbomachinery are also reported. 2) A review of the recent studies on heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows that there were many papers on the channel flow with the application to the design of heat exchanger in the heat transfer analysis. Various experimental and numerical papers on heat exchanger were also published, however, there were few papers available for the analysis of whole system including heat exchanger. 3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system have focused on the multi-type system and the heat pump cycle to utilize treated sewage as the heat source. The defrosting and the frosting behaviors in the fin-tube heat exchanger is experimentally examined by several authors. Several papers on the ice storage cooling system are presented to show the dynamic simulation program and optimal operation conditions. The study on the micro heat pipes for the cooling of high power electronic components is carried out to examine the characteristics of heat and mass transfer processed. In addition to these, new type of separate thermosyphon is studied experimentally. 4) The recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. New systems operating with natural refrigerants are drawing lots of attention. In addition to these, evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics of traditional and new refrigerants are investigated for plain tubes and also for microfin tubes. Capillary tubes and orifice are main topics of research as expansion devices and studies on thermophysical properties of new refrigerants and refrigerant/oil mixtures are widely carried out. 5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system shows that numerous experimental and analytical studies on the improvement of absorber performance have been presented. Dynamic analysis of compressor have been performed to understand its vibration characteristics. However research works on tow-phase flow and heat transfer, which could be encountered in the refrigeration system and various phase-change heat exchanger, were seemed to be insufficient. 6) A review of recent studies on duct system shows that the methods for circuit analysis, and flow balancing have been presented. Researches on ventilation are focused on the measurement of ventilation efficiency, and variation of ventilation efficiency with ventilation methods by numerous experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, many studies have been conducted in real building in order to estimate indoor thermal environments. Many research works to get some information for cooling tower design have been performed but are insufficient. 7) A review on the recent studies on architectural thermal environment and building mechanical systems design shows that thermal comfort analysis is sitting environment, thermal performance analysis of Korean traditional building structures., and evaluation of building environmental load have been performed. However research works to improve the performance of mechanical system design and construction technology were seemed to be insufficient.