• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.891-899
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• 2015

The lily symptomless virus (LSV) is the most common virus in Korean native lilies and causes various types of damage to overall plant growth. This study was carried out to investigate the elimination rate of the LSV by the in vitro scale culture (scaling) method in Korean native lilies and to test reinfection rates of the LSV under several field culture conditions of bulb production. Four Korean native lilies (Lilium dauricum, L. distichum, L. lancifolium, and L. maximowitzii) were used and their scales were cultured in vitro for micro-scale formation. The micro-scales were subcultured repeatedly using MS culture medium supplemented with 30 or $90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose. The culture conditions were $24{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD with 16 hour daylength using fluorescent lamps and maintained at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The virus-free bulblets were grown for one to three years in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field in October or March. Virus infection rates were investigated by direct tissue blotting immunobinding assays and measurement of chlorophyll and protein contents. Virus-free plants could be obtained from the 5th subculture of micro-scales in L. lancifolium and L. maximowitzii or from primary culture in L. dauricum and L. distichum. LSV-free plants were reinfected during bulb production in the field. Reinfection rates were higher at older bulb ages and under higher planting density. The plants planted in October and at inland Gyeongsan had higher infection rates than those planted in March and at coastal area Pohang. The reinfection rate of L. maximowitzii was higher than those of L. dauricum and L. lancifolium. The LSV-infected plants had lower chlorophyll contents and unchanged protein contents compared to virus-free plants.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.68-81
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to analyze the type of ego states and stress coping style on female college students who are in the course of nursing study. This study is performed in the view of Transactional Analysis and designed to scrutinize descriptive correlations between the type of ego states and stress coping style. The subject is consists of 144 freshmen and sophomore, 138 junior and senior students group, who are students of K nursing college located in Seoul. The sampling investigation period is on Sept. 14, 2002 to Oct. 26, 2002. The measuring instrument used for Transactional Analysis ego state is 50 items Ego-gram research paper devised by Dusay(1997). For studying coping style, Folkman & Lazarus's measurement(1984) was adopted, which is translated and modified by Han, and Oh,(1990). Health states is adopted by standardized health inspecting instrumental table (Cornell Medical Index:CMI) which is designed for Korean people by Ko and Park(1980) Statistic average and standard deviation were generated by using SPSS PC+, t=test and Pearson correlation. The results were as follows: 1) In the type of ego states on both groups indicated the arithmetic apex NP(maximum value), then the point A was high and the data made a down slope to point AC. In the comparison to type of ego states between two groups, only at point CP, the data value of upper year students represented higher than that of lower year ones by c(t=2.28, p=.023). 2) Stress coping style of whole students were highly and affirmatively dedicated to research. Especially hopeful aspect(t=.67, p=.05), relaxation of tension(t=-2.16, p=.03) made significant difference each other in the view of arithmetic calculation. 3) In view of nursing students' physical health states, there is significant difference in past history(t=2.50, p=.013) and in case of mental health states, there are considerable discrepancies between lower group(73.52) and upper group(75.11)(p<.05). In view of all field, state of tension(t=2.13, p=.048) has difference. 4) While verifying coping style in terms of ego states level between lower and upper students group, In type CP, high level ego states group indicated significant difference on stress coping style area than low leveled group and made such sequences as the central point of problem, In type NP, sequences such as the central point of problem, In type A, the central point of problem, In type FC, hopeful aspect and In type AC, hopeful aspect and indifference were derived significantly different (p<.05). 5) While verifying health state differences in the level of lower and upper ego states, In type FC, low level group(150.29) marked higher point than upper group(145.19), there is remarkable discrepancy and so did whole health state(p=.014), In type AC both mental state(p=.000) and whole health state (p=.015) showed differences. 6) When analyzing correlations between whole students' ego states, copying style and health state, all type of ego state showed differences(p<.001). In correlations between ego state and health state, in type FC physical state had an apex and there are inverse correlations among the other types. Especially, type FC showed inverse correlations with great discrepancies(p<.05). In mental state, type NP(${\gamma}=.198$, p<.001) and type A(${\gamma}=.166$, p<.05) represented straight correlations with remarkable differences. Especially, In type AC showed inverse correlations(${\gamma}=.282$, p<.001). In case of correlations between copying style and health state, indifference(${\gamma}=-.157$) and relaxation of tension(${\gamma}=-.158$) presented great difference(p<.05). In mental state, central point of problem and search for social support showed straight correlations with great discrepancies(p<.05), hopeful aspect and indifference showed inverse correlations with considerable differences(p<.001).

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1102-1139
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• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.227-259
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• 1989

Waterpepper is a weed which grows on damp soil. especially near swamps, and in shallow water of ponds and ditches. It Is widespread throughout the country In abundant colonies. In the present experiments, possible toxic effects of waterpepper were investigated in ruminants. Pour cows were fed waterpepper ad libitum or by force in the from of green forage, hay and/or powder, 8 goats were administered in the form of methanol extract, and 4 goats, crude juice, into the lumen. Clinical signs were examined as well as urinalysis, hematology, serum chemical analysis, pH/blood gas analysis and chclinesterase activities following administration of waterpepper. Six goats which were administered the methanol extract or crude juice were sacrificed for pathological examinations., In addition to the clini copathological examinations, the chemical constituents of waterpepper were qualitively analyzed from the methanol extract and the Effects of the waterpepper crude juice were examined on the motility of rabbit duodenum and uterus. It is revealed that waterpepper contains steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannin and essential oils in the methanol extract and nitrates in the crude juice. The crude juice of waterpepper relaxed the rabbit uterine and duodenal smooth muscles. The constraction of duodenum by acetylcholine or BaCl$_2$ were partially inhibited by pretreatment of the crude juice. However, the relaxation of duodenum by the crude juice was not blocked by the pretreatments of phenoxybenzamlne, propranolol, cocaine, reserpine and tetrodotoxin. The constituents of waterpepper to evoke elaxation of duodenal smooth muscle were stable to heat. The cows administered waterpepper showed common clinical symptoms such as acrid expression, restlessness, dullness, inappetence, anorexia, severe diarrhea, mild bloat and left displacement of abomasum, while bloody feces was shown in a cow. The goats administered the mothanol extract showed common clinical signs such as acrid expression, restlessness, dullness, inappetence and soft feces, while bloody feces was shown in a goat, A goat adminstered the crude juice showde bloody feces and diarrhea. Respiratory rates and heart beats were increased along with diarrhea in the experimental cows. The erythrocyte counts and MCHC were decreased whereas PCV, MCV and neutrophils were increased in the cows administered waterpepper. In goats administered methanol extract, there were decreases in erythrocytes, PCV and hemoglobin content, and an increase in MCHC. The goats ingester with the crude juice showed negligible changes in hematologic values compared with control group which was administered the same amount of water instead of the crude juice. The contents of serum calcium, Inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, Iron, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides and phospholipids were tended to decrease in cows. In goats serum iron, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, BUN and phospholipids content were decreased while the content of sodium and chloride were increased after administration of the methamol extract The goats ingested with the crude juice did not show significant changes in serum chemical analysis. Even though there were some pathological findings such as hyperemia in the small intestines and kidneys and swelling of liver parenchymal cells, the values of serum AST, ALT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and creatinine did not change significantly. While proteins, hemoglobin and blood were detected in the urine of cows, urine pH, ketone bodies, glucose, bilirubin and urobilinogen content were normal or undetected. There were no significant changes in pH/bolld gas analysis data of cows and cholinesterase activities of plasma and erythrocytes of cows and goats ingested with waterpepper or the methanol extract. It is concluded that waterpepper irritates the gatrointestinal system, causes abdominal pain, relaxes the gastrointestinal smooth muscle and dilatates blood vessels supplied to the system. The irritation and relaxation may lead to abnormal fermentation, maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients and result in diarrhea, body feces, mild bloat and left displacement of abomasum.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 1976

The workers involved in breeding the growth of forest trees as well as in the efficiency of breeding work wish to find out the evidence that juvenile-mature correlations are high and that therefore early tests can be profitably employed in relation work. Juvenile-mature correlation denotes in general sense the interdependence between qualitative or quantitative data collected at different intervals during the life cycle. The correlation can also be obtained through the stem analysis if there is the possibility of cutting sample trees needed amount. In the present study, the juvenile-mature correlation coefficients are calculated from the stem analysis data. The every possible values of correlation coefficient between the 5-year age groups as to diameter, height, and volume growth of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z. and Larix leptolepis Gord. grown in the middle district of Korea were calculated. All the sample trees were cut from the man made plantation. The correlation coefficients are presented in tables and figures. In Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., the values of correlation coefficient between the successive age groups of heights growth are lower in general than those values pertaining to diameter growth. This tendencies are indifferent to site quality. In Larix leptolepis Gord., the values were lower thant these of Pinus koraiensis S.etZ. In any species and characteristics studied, the implications that at least 15 years growth character are related to 35 or 40 years size with reliability could be deduced. Through the relative ranking studies of diameter, height and volume growth of Larix leptolepis Gord., the large varieties among individual trees are appeared during 5-year to 35 year old.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.59-76
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• 2019

Most technology-based entrepreneurship(TBE) go through an process of decline or disappear without overcoming the valley of death(VoD). The purpose of this study is to identify the growth dimension of TBE and to test the influence of firms activities on firms growth over time. This study identified the two-dimensional growth dimension divided by size and profit through exploratory factor analysis(EFA) of a number of growth indicators. Then, we defined the discrete state of growth firm in four states, divided by size and profit, and five states, including the closure of business. Multi-nomial logit model is used to predict the effect of TBE activities on a discrete state of growth firm(size×profit, closure of business) based on multiple independent variables. The independent variables are based on five representative firms activities: employment, marketing, R&D, financial activities, and general management activities. The growth stage of TBE over time has been categorized into three stages: early stage, middle stage, and late stage of business, taking into account the main periods during which the survival rate of startups sharply decreases. The analytical data of this study was based on the secondary data of the start-up supporting companies of government and public institutions. The subjects of analysis were TBE within 10 years. As a result of the empirical analysis, the employment and marketing activities of TBE show that early and mid-term activities had an effect on the state of firms growth. However, if there is a difference, employment activities have both positive and negative effects, while marketing activities have only a positive effect on size and profit growth. And besides, R&D activities, financial activities, and general management activities throughout the entire process of firms growth were found to be firms activities that have both positive and negative effects on firms growth. In addition, the age of the founder, the firms' industry, and the geographic location of the firms, which are general characteristics of the company, were found to have a distinctive effect on the growth status of the firms according to the growth stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.18
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• pp.28-53
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• 1975

Experiments on the physiological root activity and its related characteristics of rice varieties were carried out in order to obtain some basic informations for the application of the results obtained to a rice breeding program. A significant positive correlation was found not only among the various characteristics related to conducting and ventilating systems which connects top and root of rice plant, but also between these characteristics and root activity. On the other hand, a significant difference in physiological root activity was recognized among different varieties and also between different groups of recognized 7 rice varieties differing in the their origin. It was also found that varieties with higher root activity (root activity indices) after ear formation stage tended to have more number of lower green leaves and consequently resulted in higher grain yield. Therefore, it may be possible to diagnose indirectly the root activity by examining the number of green leaves of the rice plant at later growth stage when breeders make selections of parent material for crossing or of hybrid lines in pedigree nurseries.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.186-189
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• 2007

More than 6,000 rare disorders including genetic diseases have been reported. Of them, 1,500 diseases (1,211 for clinical diagnosis and 289 for research only) are technically possible for genetic testing. In Korea, since 2005, only 63 genetic diseases is permitted for prenatal genetic testing by the "Bioethics and Biosafety Law". The article 25 in the law prescribes 63 genetic diseases without clear indication for its selection and inclusion criteria. In EU, USA, and other foreign countries, however, there is no provision in the statute on prenatal genetic testing; it is not restricted by a law. Recently, a woman (Mrs. L, 38y) who is a carrier for Menkes disease made an appeal to a government for an amendment of the "Bioethics and Biosafety Law" prohibiting the prenatal diagnosis of her pregnancy at risk for Menkes disease. Menkes disease (MNK) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by neurodegeneration, connective tissue defects and hair abnormalities, and no effective treatment is available yet. The prevalence rate of MNK is one in about 250,000 live births. Menkes syndrome patients fail to absorb copper from the gastrointestinal tract in quantities adequate for meeting nutritional needs. These needs seem particularly acute during the initial 12 month of life, when the velocity of brain growth and motor neurodevelopment. Most of pts. die around 3yrs. of age. Mrs. L had a boy with Menkes disease who died at 2y.o. in 2001. Subsequent pregnancy in 2003, she was able to have prenatal genetic testing for mutation of the Menkes (ATP7A) gene and delivered a healthy baby boy. Now, She is pregnant again and wants to have prenatal diagnosis. however, this time, she was not allowed to have any more because Menkes disease is not included in 63 genetic diseases permitted by the law for prenatal genetic testing, in spite of the fact that she is a Menkes disease carrier and her pregnancy is at risk to have an affected baby. This case shows the practical problem of the legal restriction for prenatal genetic testing in Korea. In this study, we report a arguable case and discuss the controversial issues in the legal restriction for prenatal genetic testing in Korea.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.185-196
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• 2003

The demand for an environment-friendly transportation system, equipped with low energy consumption, and low-or zero-pollution has been on the increase since the beginning of the World Trade Organization era. Simultaneously, the consistent growth of high-speed tram technology, combined with market share, has sparked a fierce competition among technologically-advanced countries like France, Germany, and Japan in an effort to keep the lead in high-speed train technology via extensive Research and development(R＆D) expenses. These countries are leaders in the race to implement the next-generation transportation system, build intercontinental rail way networks and export the high-speed train as a major industry commodity. The need to develop our own(Korean) 'high-speed train' technology and its core system technology layouts including original technology serves a few objectives: They boost the national competitive edge; they develop an environmental friendly rail road system that can cope with globalization and minimize the social and economic losses created by the growing traffic-congested delivery costs, environment pollution, and public discomforts. In turn, the 'G7 Project-Development of High Speed Railway Technology' held between 1996 and 2002 for a six-year period was focused on designing a domestic train capable of traveling at a speed of 350km/h combined and led to the actual implementation of engineering and producing the '2000 high-speed train:' This paper summarizes and introduces one of the G7 Projects-specifically, the design segment achievement within the development of train system engineering technology. It is true that the design aspect of the Korean domestic railway system program as a whole was lacking when compared with the advanced railroad countries whose early phase of train design emphasized the design aspect. However, having allowed the active participation of expert designers in the early phase of train design in the current project has led to a new era of domestic train development and the implementation of a way to meet demand flexibly with newly designed trains. The idea of a high-speed train in Korea and its design concept is well-conceived: a faster, more pleasant, and silent based Korean high-speed train that facilitates a new travel culture. A Korean-type of high-speed train is acknowledged by passengers who travel in such trains. The Korean high-speed prototype train has been born, combining aerodynamic air-cushioned design, which is the embodiment of Korean original design of forehead of power car minimized aerodynamic resistance using a curved car body profile, and the improvement of the interior design with ergonomics and the accommodation of the vestibule area through the study of passenger behavior and social culture that is based on the general passenger car.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 1998

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to provide useful information for me-asurement methods of childhood obesity and to provide clinical significance of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: We measured height, weight, waist to hip ratio, skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance from 206 elementary students in Kwangju from May to July 1997. Results: In males; 1) There were statistically high correlations between tri-ceps skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (%BF), weight, Rohler index (RI), total fat weight (TFW), waist to hip (W/H) ratio, height, lean body mass (LBM) (all, p<0.001). 2) There were statistically high correlations between subscapular skinfold thickness and BMI, RI, weig-ht, %BF, TBW (all, p<0.001). 3) There were statistically high correlations between %BF and BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, RI, TFW, subscapular skinfold thickness, weight (all, p<0.001). In females; 4) There were statistically high correlations between triceps skinfold thickness and BMI, weight, LBM, height, %BF (all, p<0.001). 5) There were statistically significant correlations between subscapular skinfold thickness and BMI, weight, LBM, RI, height. 6) There were statistically high correlations between percentage of body fat and BMI, RI, triceps skinfold thickness. The percentage of body fat according to the bioelectrical impedance analysis highly correlated with that calculated by skinfold thickness in males (r＝0.57, p<0.01) and in females (r＝0.30, p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of our study suggests that bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful method of estimating body fat in the childhood obesity.