• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2020

Purpose: Image artifacts caused by patient motion cause problems in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) because they lead to distortion of the 3-dimensional reconstruction. This prospective study was performed to quantify patient movement during CBCT acquisition and its influence on image quality. Materials and Methods: In total, 412 patients receiving CBCT imaging were equipped with a wireless head sensor system that detected inertial, gyroscopic, and magnetometric movements with 6 dimensions of freedom. The type and amplitude of movements during CBCT acquisition were evaluated and image quality was rated in 7 different anatomical regions of interest. For continuous variables, significance was calculated using the Student t-test. A linear regression model was applied to identify associations of the type and extent of motion with image quality scores. Kappa statistics were used to assess intra- and inter-rater agreement. Chi-square testing was used to analyze the impact of age and sex on head movement. Results: All CBCT images were acquired in a 10-month period. In 24% of the investigations, movement was recorded (acceleration: >0.10 [m/s²]; angular velocity: >0.018 [°/s]). In all examined regions of interest, head motion during CBCT acquisition resulted in significant impairment of image quality (P<0.001). Movement in the horizontal and vertical axes was most relevant for image quality (R²>0.7). Conclusion: Relevant head motions during CBCT imaging were frequently detected, leading to image quality loss and potentially impairing diagnosis and therapy planning. The presented data illustrate the need for digital correction algorithms and hardware to minimize motion artefacts in CBCT imaging.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1054-1060
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• 2017

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating effects of cattle breed resources and alternative mixed-feeding practices on meat productivity and emission intensities from household farming systems (HFS) in Daklak Province, Vietnam. Methods: Records from Local $Yellow{\time}Red$ Sindhi (Bos indicus; Lai Sind) and 1/2 Limousin, 1/2 Drought Master, and 1/2 Red Angus cattle during the growth (0 to 21 months) and fattening (22 to 25 months) periods were used to better understand variations on meat productivity and enteric methane emissions. Parameters were determined by the ruminant model. Four scenarios were developed: (HFS1) grazing from birth to slaughter on native grasses for approximately 10 h plus 1.5 kg dry matter/d (0.8% live weight [LW]) of a mixture of guinea grass (19%), cassava (43%) powder, cotton (23%) seed, and rice (15%) straw; (HFS2) growth period fed with elephant grass (1% of LW) plus supplementation (1.5% of LW) of rice bran (36%), maize (33%), and cassava (31%) meals; and HFS3 and HFS4 computed elephant grass, but concentrate supplementation reaching 2% and 1% of LW, respectively. Results: Results show that compared to HFS1, emissions ($72.3{\pm}0.96kg\;CH_4/animal/life$; least squares $means{\pm}standard$ error of the mean) were 15%, 6%, and 23% lower (p<0.01) for the HFS2, HFS3, and HFS4, respectively. The predicted methane efficiencies ($CO_2eq$) per kg of LW at slaughter ($4.3{\pm}0.15$), carcass weight ($8.8{\pm}0.25kg$) and kg of edible protein ($44.1{\pm}1.29$) were also lower (p<0.05) in the HFS4. In particular, irrespective of the HSF, feed supply and ratio changes had a more positive impact on emission intensities when crossbred 1/2 Red Angus cattle were fed than in their crossbred counterparts. Conclusion: Modest improvements on feeding practices and integrated modelling frameworks may offer potential trade-offs to respond to climate change in Vietnam.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.573-579
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• 2011

Highly textured Ag, Al and Al:Si back reflectors for flexible n-i-p silicon thin-film solar cells were prepared on 100-${\mu}m$-thick stainless steel substrates by DC magnetron sputtering and the influence of their surface textures on the light-scattering properties were investigated. The surface texture of the metal back reflectors was influenced by the increased grain size and by the bimodal distribution that arose due to the abnormal grain growth at elevated deposition temperatures. This can be explained by the structure zone model (SZM). With an increase in the deposition temperatures from room temperature to $500^{\circ}C$, the surface roughness of the Al:Si films increased from 11 nm to 95 nm, whereas that of the pure Ag films increased from 6 nm to 47 nm at the same deposition temperature. Although Al:Si back reflectors with larger surface feature dimensions than pure Ag can be fabricated at lower deposition temperatures due to the lower melting point and the Si impurity drag effect, they show poor total and diffuse reflectance, resulting from the low reflectivity and reflection loss on the textured surface. For a further improvement of the light-trapping efficiency in solar cells, a new type of back reflector consisting of Ag/Al:Si bilayer is suggested. The surface morphology and reflectance of this reflector are closely dependent on the Al:Si bottom layer and the Ag top layer. The relationship between the surface topography and the light-scattering properties of the bilayer back reflectors is also reported in this paper.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Information Systems Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.349-365
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• 2004

기업의 또는 부문에서 구축된 각 정보시스템들은 시간이 지남에 따라 기업의 경쟁우위를 확보하기 위해 통합의 필요성이 증대하게 되었는데, 이러한 필요에 의해 제기된 것이 ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning: 전사적 자원관리)이다. 급변하는 기업의 내${\cdot}$외부 환경에 대해 신속하게 대응하기 위해 ERP 시스템을 도입하는 기업들의 수가 증가함에도 불구하고 ERP 원가관리시스템에 대한 연구는 아직까지 그 범위가 한정되었다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 ERP 도입 현황 및 원가관리시스템의 도입${\cdot}$설계현황자료를 바탕으로 하여, 중소기업의 ERP 원가관리시스템의 성공적 도입을 위한 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 중소기업에서 ERP 원가관리시스템을 도입할 때는, 원가관리시스템의 특성과 구축 목표, 구조 설계, 원가대상 설정 등과 관련된 다음과 같은 사항들을 고려하여야 성공적인 시스템을 구축할 수 있을 것이다. 첫째, ERP 원가관리시스템 특성 분석단계에서는 원가정보를 구성하는 내용의 충실성뿐만 아니라 정보가 전달${\cdot}$제공되는 범위와 대상의 적합성과 함께 그 표현의 형식 또한 고려되어야 한다. 둘째, ERP 원가관리시스템 구축목표 설정단계에서는 인가관리정보의 산출요건에 대한 명확한 이해와 목표설정을 기반으로 해야 한다. 셋째, ERP 원가 관리시스템 구조 분석 및 선계단계에서는 생산관리시스템 및 원가대상 설정 분석이 이루어져야 한다. 넷째, ERP 원가관리시스템 구현단계에서는 원가관리시스템과 타 계열시스템과의 인터페이스를 고려해야 한다. 따라서 원가관리시스템의 구현 시에는 관련시스템에서 어떠한 정보론 인터페이스 받을 것인가를 명확히 하여 시스템 가동 시에 타 관련시스템과 원활한 연계가 되도록 함으로써 전사적 종합시스템이 되도록 하여야 학 것이다.RS와 제진장치에 대한 전체적인 성능평가를 성공적으로 수행하였으며, 운전결과 및 경험은 향후 상용설비를 위한 기본자료로 활용할 것이다.X>, 그리고 입원기간은 $21.6\pm14.3일(13\~56)$이었다. 수술 후 평균 CK-MB는 $11.3\pm14.1ng/mL$였다. 수술 후 조기 혈관 개존율은 $100\% (24/24)$였다. 모든 환자에서 완전 추적이 가능하였으며 평균 추적기간은 $20.4\pm15.2개월(5\~43)$이었다. 이 기간 중 사망환자나 흉통이 재발한 환자는 없었다. 걸론: 80세 이상 고령의 환자에서 OPCAB은 수술 후 합병증을 줄이고 좋은 결과를 보여 주었다. 그러므로 고령의 환자에서도 관상동맥우회술의 적응증이 되면 적극적으로 수술을 시행할 필요가 있으며, 수술방법은 OPCAB이 좋을 것으로 생각한다서 실용적 개발의 가능성을 보였다.에 따라 현저한 차이가 있었으며 Dimethoate처리$(30^{\circ}C,\; 0.2\%$액에서 24시간)에 의하여 볍씨의 호흡량이 감소되었다. 9) 산소호흡량과 평균발아소요일수와는 $\gamma=-0.945$로 부의 유의한 상관을 보였는데 산소호흡량이 많은 품종은 평균발아소요일수가 짧은 경향을 보였다. 10) 볍씨의 산소호흡량과 Dimethoate 처리에 의한 볍씨의 발아저해도와는 $\gamma=-0,771$의 높은 부의 상관을 보였으며 산색호흡량이 많은 품종이 발아저해도가 낮고 적은 품종에서는 높았다. 현재까지는 그 활동이 11.2년의 주기성을 보여주지만 그 이전에 있어서는 그 활동이 극히 약화되었을 뿐만 아니라 매우 불규칙하다는 것이 Schneider와 Mass(1975)에 의해 밝혀졌다. 결국 1710년대부터 현재까지 우리나라에 있어서 벼멸구와 흰

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2011

The effects of pH and temperature on the removal of two dyes (neutral red; NR and malachite green oxalates; MG) from aqueous effluents using Maghnia montmorillonite clay in a batch adsorption process were investigated. The results showed the stability of the optical properties of MG in aqueous solution and adsorbed onto clay under wide range of pH 3-9. However, the interaction of NR dye with clay is accompanied by a red shift of the main absorption bands of monomer cations under pH range of 3-5, whereas, those of neutral form remains nearly constant over the pH range of 8-12. The optimal pH for favorable adsorption of the dyes, i.e. ${\geq}$90% has been achieved in aqueous solutions at 6 and 7 for NR and VM respectively. The most suitable adsorption temperatures were 298 and 318 K with maximum adsorption capacities of 465.13mg/g for NR and 459.89 mg/g for MG. The adsorption equilibrium results for both dyes follow Langmuir, Freundlich isotherms. The numerical values of the mean free energy $E_a$ of 4.472-5.559 kj/mol and 2.000-2.886 kj/mol for NR and MG respectively indicated physical adsorption. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$, ${\Delta}G^{\circ}$ and Ea have been calculated. The data showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The sticking probability model was further used to assess the potential feasibility of the clay mineral as an alternative adsorbent for organic ion pollutants in aqueous solution.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2015

Background: Ginseng has been used as a tonic for invigoration of the human body. In a previous report, we identified a novel candidate responsible for the tonic role of ginseng, designated gintonin. Gintonin induces $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ transient in animal cells via lysophosphatidic acid receptor activation. Gintonin-mediated $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ transient is linked to anti-Alzheimer's activity in transgenic Alzheimer's disease animal model. The previous method for gintonin preparation included multiple steps. The aim of this study is to develop a simple method of gintonin fraction with a high yield. Methods: We developed a brief method to obtain gintonin using ethanol and water. We extracted ginseng with fermentation ethanol and fractionated the extract with water to obtain water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. The water-insoluble precipitate, rather than the water-soluble supernatant, induced a large $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ transient in primary astrocytes. We designated this fraction as gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF). Results: The yield of GEF was approximately 6-fold higher than that obtained in the previous gintonin preparation method. The apparent molecular weight of GEF, determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was equivalent to that obtained in the previous gintonin preparation method. GEF induced $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ transient in cortical astrocytes. The effective dose (ED50) was $0.3{\pm}0.09{\mu}g/mL$. GEF used the same signal transduction pathway as gintonin during $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ transient induction in mouse cortical astrocytes. Conclusion: Because GEF can be prepared through water precipitation of ginseng ethanol extract and is easily reproducible with high yield, it could be commercially utilized for the development of gintoninderived functional health food and natural medicine.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2009

Wished to examine closely effect that SoPungDoJeokTang-KaMi (SPDJTK) medicines used to atopy dermatitis disease patient get in atopy eruption control experimentally. SPDJTK medicines controlled $CD4^+/IFN-\gamma$, and $CD4^+/CD25^+/foxp3^+$ revelation that an experiment that motive allergy immune reponse because an in vitro experiment stimulates T cells of a NC/Nga mouse same time by anti-CD40/rmIL-4, and interleukin-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and TGF-$\beta$ mRNA outturn that bear in T and B cells decreased remarkably by SPDJTK medicines. Intracellular staining of splenocytes anti-CD40/rmIL-4 plus rmIL-4 stimulated as described in a, assessed after 24 h, SPDJTK exerts a mainly immunosuppressive effect that acts at least partially through suppression of the transcription factor GATA3 expression in $CD4^+$ T cells. Atopic dermatitis (AD) usually develops in patients with an individual or family history of allergic diseases, and is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation seen specially in childhood, association with IgE hyperproduction and precipitation by environmental factors. However, the exact etiology of AD has been unclear. To further explore the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, a suitable animal model is required. We found that skin lesions, which were clinically and histologically very similar to human AD, mite antigen-induced dermatitis on the face, neck, ears and dorsal skin of inbred NC/Nga mice. Result that Th1 cell and Th2 cell observe to be shifted by cytokine expression with $CD4^+/CD25^+/foxp3^+$ Treg cells induction by SPDJTK medicines could know that SPDJTK medicines can use usefully in allergy autoimmnune diease.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.280-289
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to establish a model for recommendable application level of nitrogen fertilizer based on soil testing for summer chinese cabbage in highland. A field experiment was carried out with various nitrogen application levels in sand loamy soil with and without poultry manure compost. The application level of N in poultry manure compost plot was found to be $291kg\;ha^{-1}$ for maximum yield of chinese cabbage, and it was 87% of the required N application level, $335kg\;ha^{-1}$, for maximum yield of chinese cabbage in nonmanure plot. In the treatment of poultry manure, approximately $174kg\;ha^{-1}$ of N was required to obtain the same yield of chinese cabbage as the maximum yield obtained in the treatments without poultry manure application. Therefore, with poultry manure application, N application level can be reduced by 40%. Using these results, a new equation for N recommendation for chinese cabbage in highland soil was proposed. With the average organic matter content of $33g\;kg^{-1}$ in highland field, the application levels of N for chinese cabbage were in the range of $215-129kg\;ha^{-1}$, which means that 32.8-59.7% of current application amount of N fertilizer can be reduced.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1082-1091
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• 2003

To elucidate the neuroprotective effect of Kamijihwang-hwan(KSH) on nerve cells damaged by hypoxia, the cytotoxic effects of exposure to hypoxia were determined by XTT, NR, MTT and SRB asssay. The activity of catalase and SOD was measured by spectrophometry, and TNF-α and PKC activity was measured after exposure to hypoxia and treatment of Kamijihwang-hwan(KSH) water extract(KJHWE). Also the neuroprotective effect of KJHWE was researched for the elucidation of neuroprotective mechanism. The results were as follows ; Hypoxia decreased cell viability measured by XTT, NR assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 95% N2/5% CO₂ for 2～26 minutes in these cultures and KJHWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. H₂O₂ treatment decreased cell viability measured by MTT, and SRB assay when cultured cerebral neurons were exposed to 1-80 uM for 6 hours, but KJHWE inhibited the decrease of cell viability. Hypoxia decreased catalase and SOD activity, and also TNF-α and PKC activity in these cultured cerebral neurons, but KJHWE inhibited the decrease of the catalase and SOD activity in these cultures. Hypoxia triggered the apoptosis via caspase activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Also hypoxia stimulate the release of cytochrome c form mitochondria. KJHWE inhibited the apoptosis via caspase activation induced by hypoxia. From these results, it can be suggested that brain ischemia model induced hypoxia showed neurotoxity on cultured mouse cerebral neurons, and the KJHWE has the neuroprotective effect in blocking the neurotoxity induced by hypoxia in cultured mouse cerebral neurons.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2011

The radar observation system in Japan is operated by two governmental groups: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) of Japan. The JMA radar observation network is comprised of 20 C-band radars (with a wavelength of 5.6 cm), which cover most of the Japan Islands and observe rainfall intensity and distribution. And the MLIT's radar observation system is composed of 26 C-band radars throughout Japan. The observed radar echo from each radar unit is first modified, and then sent to the National Bureau of Synthesis Process within the MLIT. Through several steps for homogenizing observation accuracy, including distance and elevation correction, synthesized rainfall intensity maps for the entire nation of Japan are generated every 5 minutes. The MLIT has recently launched a new radar observation network system designed for flash flood observation and forecasting in small river basins within urban areas. It is called the X-band multi parameter radar network, and is distinguished by its dual polarimetric wave pulses of short length (3cm). Attenuation problems resulting from the short wave length of radar echo are strengthened by polarimetric wavelengths and very dense radar networks. Currently, the network is established within four areas. Each area is observed using 3-4 X-band radars with very fine resolution in spatial (250 m) and temporal (1 minute intervals). This study provides a series of utilization procedures for the new input data into a real-time forecasting system. First of all, the accuracy of the X-band radar observation was determined by comparing its results with the rainfall intensities as observed by ground gauge stations. It was also compared with conventional C-band radar observation. The rainfall information from the new radar network was then provided to a distributed hydrologic model to simulate river discharges. The simulated river discharges were evaluated again using the observed river discharge to estimate the applicability of the new observation network in the context of operations regarding flood forecasting. It was able to determine that the newly equipped X-band polarimetric radar network shows somewhat improved observation accuracy compared to conventional C-band radar observation. However, it has a tendency to underestimate the rainfall, and the accuracy is not always superior to that of the C-band radar. The accuracy evaluation of the X-band radar observation in this study was conducted using only limited rainfall events, and more cases should be examined for developing a broader understanding of the general behavior of the X-band radar and for improving observation accuracy.