• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2009

Purpose : We investigated the relationship between thyroid hormone and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL-6) and N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods : Serum levels of thyroid hormone, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NT-proBNP were measured in 52 KD patients in the acute and subacute phase and 10 patients with acute febrile illness (control group). TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Echocardiography was performed to detect coronary artery lesions (CAL) in KD patients. Results : Low $T_3$ syndrome occurred in 63.5% of KD patients. $T_3$ in the acute phase of KD was lower than that in the control. In KD patients, $T_3$ was lowered in the acute phase and elevated in the subacute phase, whereas TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and NT-proBNP were elevated in the acute phase and decreased in the subacute phase. NT-proBNP, and IL-6 were higher in patients with low $T_3$ than in those with normal $T_3$. In addition, $T_3$ inversely correlated with IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Of the 4 patients with CAL, 3 had very low $T_3$. Compared with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)-responsive patients, IVIG-resistant patients had lower $T_3$ and higher IL-6 and NT-proBNP. Conclusion : $T_3$ decreases in the acute phase of KD and normalizes in the subacute phase without thyroid hormone replacement. Low $T_3$ may be partially induced by IL-6 rather than TNF-${\alpha}$, and is strongly associated with high NT-proBNP. $T_3$ in KD may be used for the differential diagnosis, monitoring the activity of the disease, and predicting the severity of inflammation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1191-1196
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• 2008

Staphylococcus aureus is a common etiologic agent for Gram-positive sepsis, and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) may be important in causing Gram-positive bacterial septic shock. Here, we demonstrate that highly purified LTA (pLTA) isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited S. aureus LTA (aLTA)-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production in THP-1 cells. Whereas pLTA scarcely induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production, aLTA induced excessive TNF-${\alpha}$ production. Interestingly, aLTA-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production was inhibited by pLTA pretreatment. Compared with pLTA, aLTA induced a strong signal transduction through the MyD88, NF-${\kappa}B$, and MAP kinases. This signaling, however, was reduced by a pLTA pretreatment, and resulted in the inhibition of aLTA-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production. Whereas dealanylated LTAs, as well as native LTAs, contributed to TNF-${\alpha}$ induction or TNF-${\alpha}$ reduction, deacylated LTAs did not, indicating that the acyl chain of LTA played an important role in the LTA-mediated immune regulation. These results suggest that pLTA may act as an antagonist for aLTA, and that an antagonistic pLTA may be a useful agent for suppressing the septic shock caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.2 s.23
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• pp.73-79
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• 2007

Objectives : Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}{\cdot}$(TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. This study was designed to investigate the relation between TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$ gene polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis in Korean population. Methods : This study was carried out on 103 rheumatoid arthritis patients who fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria for rheumatoid arthritis and 208 healthy control subjects. Blood samples from all subjects were obtained for DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was amplified by polymerse chain reaction(PCR). PCR products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. We investigated the genotyping of TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$ by using Pyrosequencing. Results : The genotypes of TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$ gene were GG, AG and AA. While the distribution of TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$ polymorphism in control subjects was 92.31%, 7.21%, 0.48% respectively, in rheumatoid arthritis patients was 93.20%, 6.80%, 0.00%(GG, AG. AA). There was no statistical significant allelic frequency difference between control and rheumatoid arthritis groups. Conclusion : We concluded that there was no significant association between TNF-${\alpha}{\cdot}$ gene polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the findings of this study need to be confirmed in more patients and further studies.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2003

Background: The role of macrophages in tumor angiogenesis is known to be the production of angiogenic cytokines and growth factors including TNF-${\alpha}$. Recently, macrophage also can produce the INF-${\gamma}$ that is being studied to be involved in angiogenic inhibition. Thus, the importance of macrophages in tumor angiogenesis is might being an angiogenic switch. Thus, the hypothesis tested here is that TNF-${\alpha}$ can modulate the INF-${\gamma}$ production in the macrophages from tumor environment as a part of tumor angiogenic switch. Methods: Macrophages in tumor environment were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice injected with B16F10 melanoma cell line for 6 or 11 days. $Mac1^+$-macrophages were purified using magnetic bead ($MACs^{TM}$; Milteny Biotech, Germany) and cultured with various concentrations of TNF-${\alpha}$ for various time points at $37^{\circ}C$. The supernatants were analyzed for IFN-${\gamma}$ or VEGF by ELISA kit (Endogen, Woburn, MA). Results: Residential macrophages from the peritoneal cavity did not respond to LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$ to produce INF-${\gamma}$. However, the cells from tumor environment produced IFN-${\gamma}$ as well as VEGF and upregulated by the addition of LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$. RT-PCR analysis revealed the external TNF-${\alpha}$-induced IFN-${\gamma}$ gene expression in the macrophages from tumor environment. Conclusion: The overall data suggest that the macrophages in tumor environment might have an important role not only in angiogenic signal but also in anti-angiogenic signal by producing related cytokines. And TNF-${\alpha}$ might be a key cytokine in tumor angiogenic switch.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2006

Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) is a herb widely used in medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases. In this study, using mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have examined whether CM affects nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6 induced interferon $(IFN)-\gamma$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CM inhibits $IFN-\gamma$ and LPS-induced NO in dose dependent manner. We also found that CM inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine, $TNF-\alpha$ and IL-6. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was reduced by CM. These finding means that CM can be used in controlling macrophages-mediated inflammatory disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2009

Objective : Moutan Cortex (the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for inflammation. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how MC(Moutan Cortex) affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of Essence extracted MC on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : We observed the effect of MC on compound 48/80-induced histamine release of rat peritoneal mast cells and the effect of administering MC on PCA in rat. We measured the amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of MC. The TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels were analysised by Western blot. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. NF-$\kappa$B, phospho-I$\kappa$B and MAPKs were exmined by Western blot analysis. The NF-$\kappa$B promoter activity was examined by luciferase assay. Result : 1. Enzyme immunoassay indicated that MC suppressed histamine secretion of rat peritoneal mast cells. 2. In PCA dependent on IgE, MC had anti-allergic effect of the internal surface of rat skin. 3. Western blot indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$ protein levels. 4. ELISA indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 but MC had no significant effect on IL-8 in HMC-1 cells. 5. RT-PCR indicated that MC decreased TNF-$\alpha$, IL-8 but MC had no significant effect on IL-6 in HMC-l cells. 6. Western blot indicated that MC suppressed the induction of MAPKs, NF-$\kappa$B & phospho-I$\kappa$B activity in HMC-1 cells. 7. Luciferase assay indicated that MC suppressed the PMA plus A23187-induced NF-$\kappa$B promoting activityin HMC-1 cells. Conclusion : In this study, we have found that MC is an inhibitor of NF-$\kappa$B, MAPKs & cytokines on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.218-226
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the possibility of Kaempferia Galanga(KG) hot water extract on the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory efficacy as a cosmetic ingredient. Antioxidant effects were evaluated based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, and total polyphenol contents. The MTT assay was used to confirm the cell toxicity in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effects were also investigated in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by measuring secretion of NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA expression level. As a result, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) was the highest at 5 mg/mL as 24.5 uM. The measurements of total polyphenol content was $1.28{\pm}0.064mg\;GAE/g$. The cytotoxicity of the KG extract results showed no cytotoxicity at concentration of 0.625 to 2.5 mg/mL. In addition, the extract of KG significantly suppressed the LPS-induced nitrite, $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion and the mRNA expression of iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the KG hot water extracts can be used as a safe and functional cosmetic raw material.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.60-73
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• 2009

Objective : Houttuyniae Herba is widely used in oriental medicine as a remedy for inflammation. However, as yet there is no clear explanation of how Houttuyniae Herba affects the production of inflammatory cytokine. This study was to determine the effects of Essence extracted from Houttuynia cordata Thunb(HCT) on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Method : We measured the amount of inflammatory cytokine production induced by the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore(A23187) in the human mast cell line (HMC-1) incubated with various concentrations of HCT. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted protein levels were measured by the ELISA assay. The TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were measured by the RT-PCR analysis. Nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were exmined by Western blot analysis. The NF-$\kappa$B promoter activity was examined by a luciferase assay. Result : HCT inhibited the PMA + A23187-induced TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 expression and reduced mRNA of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-8. we observed that HCT suppressed the induction of NF-B activity. In addition, HCT suppressed PMA plus A23187-induced NF-$\kappa$B promoting activity. Conclusion : In this study, we have found that HCT is an inhibitor of NF-$\kappa$B and cytokines on the mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.661-666
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• 2016

In this study, a linear accelerator (LINAC) through 3 Gy of radiation per body irradiated mice of the small intestine and the liver to produce in order to protect the cells after radiation exposure that caspase (caspase 3 &caspase 9) and NO (nitric oxide), and looked like to know cytokine of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$, the result is as follows. First, caspase 3 & caspase 9 showed a noticeable increase in the radiation group than in the control group both small intestine and liver tissues (P <0.001). Second, NO are both intestine and liver tissue showed a marked increase in the radiation group than in the control group (P <0.001). Third, one of Cytokine IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ showed a significant increase in the irradiated group than the control group both small intestine and liver tissues (P <0.001).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.111-128
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• 2007

목적 : 이 연구는 천식, 기관지염, 폐렴, 결핵, 산후감모 등의 호흡기 질환에 사용되는 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과에 대해 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 방법 : 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과를 평가하기 위해 세포독성에 미치는 영향, NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 생성량에 미치는 영향, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향, iNOS, COX-2 유전자 및 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향, $PGE_2$ 합성에 미치는 영향 및 COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험평가를 하였다. 결과 : 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 MTT 분석을 통한 RAW 264.7 세포주의 생존력 평가에서 세포독성이 없었고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 NO, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 생성량을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 400 g/ml 농도에서 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에 대해 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6 유전자 발현을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 iNOS와 COX-2 유전자 및 단백질 발현은 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 또한 그 농도에 따라 $PGE_2$ 생성량이 현저하게 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 COX-2 및 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사활성을 농도 의존적으로 억제함으로써 iNOS와 COX-2 유전자 발현을 억제하였다. 결론 : 이상의 실험을 통해 가미지황탕(加味地黃場)은 iNOS나 COX-2와 같은 Cytokine이 있는 효소에 의해 합성되고 천식에서 증가하는, 혈관과 기관지 긴장도와 관련 있는 NO와 $PGE_2$ 생성량을 억제하고, 염증과 관련된 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성량을 억제하였다. 또한 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성을 억제함으로써 iNOS 및 COx-2 유전자 발현을 억제하였으므로 부인과 영역에 있어서도 산후감모, 만성해수 및 천식 등의 기관지의 염증질환에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.