• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.244-249
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• 2003

홍국 첨가식 이로 성장시킨 흰쥐에 있어서 간조직의 유해산소 기구와 혈청지질 성분의 변동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검토할 목적으로 Monascus로 제조된 홍국을 사료에 2%, 4% 첨가시켜 1개월 간 사육한 후, 처치하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 300g 내외의 흰쥐를 홍국 첨가식 이로 1개월 간 성장시키는 동안 2% 홍국 첨가식이군의 체중증가율은 대조군 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군보다 다소 낮게 나타나는 경향을 보였으며, 이러한 조건 하에서 간 기능은 2%, 4% 홍국첨가 식이군 모두 별다른 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 유해산소 생성 에 관여하는 cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase 활성은 2% 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 각각 32%, 37%의 유의한(p<0.05)감소를 보였으며 홍국 첨가식이 농도를 달리한 실험군 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 xanthine oxidase 활성은 2% 및 4% 홍국첨가 식이군이 대조군에 비해서 각각 29%, 36% 증가되었으며 2군간에는 의의있는 차이는 없었다. 유해산소 해독에 관여하는 glutathione-5-transferase와 glutathion peroxidase 활성은 2% 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군 모두 대조군에 비해서 각각 1.1%, 23%의 유사한 증가를 보였으며, 특히 Catalase의 활성은 2%및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 각각 41%, 25%의 유의한 (p<0.05) 증가를 보였다. 그리고 superoxide dismutase의 활성과 간조직 glutathione의 함량은 2% 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였으며, 2% 흥국 첨가식이군이 4% 홍국 첨가식이군보다 약간 높게 나타났다. 한편 혈청 중 HDL-cholesterol은 2% 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 16% 및 8%높게 나타나는 반면, LDL-cholesterol은 대조군에 비해서 다같이 약 26% 정도 감소되는 경향을 보였고, triglyceride의 함량 역 시 2% 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 모두 약 25% 정도 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 이때 동맥경화지수는 2$^{\circ}C$ 및 4% 홍국 첨가식이군이 대조군에 비해서 각각 39%, 29%의 유의한(P<0.05) 감소를 보였으며, 2% 홍국 첨가식이군 4% 홍국 첨가식이군보다 감소의 정도가 크게 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 이상 실험결과를 종합해 볼 때 홍국 성분은 oxygen free radical의 일종인 $H_2O$$_2$를 제거하는 효소인 catalase의 활성을 증가시킴으로서 유해산소에 의한 동맥경화증의 발생을 예방시켜 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료되나 이점에 대해서는 추후 계속적인 연구 검토가 행해져야할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 1983

경기도(京畿道) 강화군(江華郡) 삼산면(三山面) 벼 건답직파(乾畓直播) 재배지역栽培地域)에서 문제시(問題視)되고 있는 적미(赤米)(속명(俗名) : 사fp) 5 종(種)(몽근사레, 쌀사레, 긴까락사레, 갈색쌀사레, 갈색까락사레)을 수집(蒐集)하여 효과적(效果的)인 방제체제(防除體制)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 생육특성(生育特性) 및 벼와 경합요인(競合要因)을 조사(調査)한 바, 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하연 다음과 같다. 1. 초형(草型)은 대체로 일반(一般)벼와 같으며 조숙(早熟), 다벽(多蘗)이고 간(稈)은 세장(細長)하여 특(特)히 도복(倒伏)과 관련된 3, 4 절간(節間)이 약(弱)했다. 출엽속도(出葉速度)가 비교적(比較的) 빠르고 분벽력(分蘗力)이 왕성(旺盛)한 것은 벼와의 경합요인(競合要因)으로 작용(作用)할 것으로 생각된다. 2 엽(葉)은 좁고 짧은 경향(傾向)이며 엽색(葉色)은 대체로 담록색(淡綠色)이다. 3. 망(芒)은 유망(有芒), 무망(無芒)은 구분(區分)되며 입(粒)은 출수후(出穗後) 10~15일(日)부터 성숙(成熟)되어 황색(黃色) 또는 흑갈색(黑褐色)으로 변색(變色)되면서 심한 탈립현상(脫粒現象)을 보였다. 4. 현미색(玄米色)은 적색(赤色)이고 입형(粒型)은 세장형(細長型), 단원형(短圓型), 중간형으로 구분(區分)되며 정조천립양(正租千粒量)은 14~20g 인 소립종(小粒種)이다. 5. 잎도숙병(稻熟病)에 나병성(羅病性)인 점(點)을 이용(利用)하여 경종적(耕種的) 방제방법(防除方法)의 검토(檢討)가 기대된다. 6. 사fp가 혼생(混生)될 때 벼 수량감소(收量感少)는 약 20% 내외(內外)이며 건답직파(乾畓直播) 파종량(播種量)을 증량(增量)하면 벼의 경쟁력(競爭力)은 증가(增加)하나 절대수량(絶對收量)에는 영향(影響)하지 못했다. 7. 사레와의 경합(競合)에서 민감(敏感)한 벼의 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)는 $m^2$당수수(當穗數)>수당립수(穗當粒數)>등숙비율(登熟比率) 순(順)이었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

한국 재래식 간장의 대량생산을 위한 기반 연구를 확립하기 위하여 크기별로 제조된 메주의 특성을 비교하고, 재래식 메주의 제조 방법을 개선시킨 메주(IM-meju, Improved Method for kanjang production, $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$의 온도와 80~90%의 상대습도로 발효)와 전통식 메주(CM-meju, Conventional Method, $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C$의 온도와 40~50% 상대습도에서 발효)를 제조하여 특성을 비교하였다. 전통식 메주의 크기를 다양하게 제조하여 특성을 비교해 본 결과 메주의 크기에 따른 총질소와 가용성 질소의 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유리아미노산의 함량은 크기가 작아질수록 감소하였다. 비휘발성 유기산과 유리당 함량은 $23{\times}11{\times}7\;cm$ 크기에서 각각 1360.5 mg%와 3,770.2 mg%로 가장 높은 결과를 보여줌으로서 최적의 크기인 것으로 판단되었다. 크기별로 제조된 메주를 제조방법 즉, 발효조건에 따라 제조한 간장의 특성을 비교해본 결과 총질소 함량은 크기에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 유리당의 함량은 크기가 작아짐에 따라 증가하였으며, $23{\times}11{\times}7\;cm$ 크기의 메주로 제조한 간장에서 545.6 mg%의 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 비휘발성 유기산함량에서도 크기가 작아질수록 감소하였으며, 이 중 $23{\times}11{\times}7\;cm$ 크기의 메주로 제조한 간장에서 303.3 mg%의 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 또한 젖산의 함량도 크기가 작아짐에 따라 감소하였으나, 염도는 높아졌다. 그리고, CM-meju와 IM-meju의 특성을 비교해 본 결과 제조 후 총질소 함량은 CM-meju에서 높았으나, 수가용성 질소, 20% 염수 가용성 질소는 CM-meju보다 IM-meju 에서 높은 결과를 나타내었으며, 유리 아미노산 함량은 CM-meju와 IM-meju 에서 2499.6, 2748.9 mg%의 함량으로서 CM-meju보다 IM-meju에서 높았다. 제조법을 개선시킨 IM-meju는 CM-meju보다 간장의 품질에 영향을 주는 성분들, 즉 총질소 함량, 유리당 그리고 유리 아미노산 등의 함량이 높을 뿐만 아니라 질적인 면에서도 우수하다고 사료된다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.171-179
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• 1977

1975년의 벼멸구 대발생에 의한 극심한 피해에 감하여 그 발생을 예찰할 수 있다면 정부의 이에 대한 방제대책 및 살충제의 약종$\cdot$제제형태를 결정해야 할 농약수급계획 수립에 도움이 될 것이다. 현재 예찰방법은 전국 47개소의 예찰소에서 채집된 벼멸구를 유일한 자료로 삼고 있다. 벼멸구 발생의 신빙할만한 기록은 수원에 권업모범장이 설립된 1905년부터 볼 수 있고 그 이전의 해충기록은 삼국사기, 고려사, 문헌비고 등에 "황", "황충", "비황", "충" 등으로 기록되어 있지만 그 정체를 알 수 없었다. 이들 해충에 대해 일본인 학자를 사이에 상반되는 견해가 발표되었는데 Muramatsu, S.(촌송 무)는 고문헌에 나타난 "황"은 풀무치(비황, Locusta migratoria)라고 주장하였고 Okamoto, H.(강본반차랑)는 멸구류라고 단정하였다. 그러나 그들의 주장은 주로 문헌비고에 근거를 둔 것 같다. 설사 삼국사기, 고려사 등을 참고했다 하더라도 이들 문헌은 문헌비고나 다름없이 해충에 대한 기술이 극히 간략하다. 예를 들면 "7월 황", "추구월황해곡", "오월유항충"등으로 기재되어 있다. 따라서 이것만으로 해당해충의 정확한 이름을 알아내기는 어려운 일이다. 필자는 1967년에 벼멸구의 대발생이 태양흑점 활동최소기와 상관이 있다고 발표한 바 있다. 그러나 양자간의 상관관계를 논하기에는 자료의 량이 충분치 못한 감도 있어 이를 보충하기 위해 벼멸구의 발생기록을 조선왕조실록에서 찾기로 하고 아울러 삼국사기, 고려사, 문헌비고 등에 나타난 해충기록들을 분석해 보았다. 고기록의 해충명을 정확하게 파악하는 일이 선결문제가 되기 때문이다. 분석의 결과 밝혀진 해충은 1. 솔나방(Dendrolimus spectabils) 2. 멸강나방(Mythimna separata) 3. 벼멸구(Nilapavata lugens) 4. 흰등멸구(Sogatella furcifera) 5. 풀무치(Locusta migratoria) 6. 이화명나방(Chilo suppressalis) 7. 땅강아지(Cryllotalpa africana) 8. 벼뿌리바구미(Echinocnemus squameus) 9. 거세미나방(뗘탬 segetum) 10. 뽕나무명나방(Margaronia pyloalis)의 10종이었고, 종명 미군종이 19건이었다. 그런데 문제의 벼멸구가 조선와조실록중에 기록된건수는 놀랍게도 겨우 5건에 불과하며 그 발생년도 또한 서기 1458년, 1468년, 1489년, 1536년, 1587년로서 태양흑점의 관측이 근대적 방법으로 이루어지기 시작한 1719년대 이전의 사실이었다. 따라서 양자간의 상관관계를 밝히는데 도움이 되지는 못하였다. 그러나 본 연구기간 중 필자의 주장을 뒷받침 해 주는 중요한 새로운 정보를 입수할 수 있었다. 즉 1946년에 흰둥멸구의 대발생으로 충남, 전남지방에 피해가 심했으며 그중 피해액이 밝혀진 곳은 라주군에서 16만석, 서산군에서 19만석이었다. (당시 농사시험장 곤충담당관 이봉우씨 담, 현재선 교수 전) 1910년 이후의 우리나라에서의 벼멸구 생기록을 보면 항상 흰등멸구와 함께 발생하고 있으며 최근의 예찰등성적을 보아도 함께 나타나 있고, 해에 따라 1975년도와 같이 벼멸구가 대발생하는 수도 있고 1977년도와 같이 흰등멸구가 대발생하는 경우가 있다. 벼멸구와 흰등멸구는 모두 우리나라 재래의 해충이 아니며 해마다 중국본사에서 비래하는 곤충이다. 한편 태양흑점이 실측되기 시작한 1710년대부터 현재까지는 그 활동이 11.2년의 주기성을 보여주지만 그 이전에 있어서는 그 활동이 극히 약화되었을 뿐만 아니라 매우 불규칙하다는 것이 Schneider와 Mass(1975)에 의해 밝혀졌다. 결국 1710년대부터 현재까지 우리나라에 있어서 벼멸구와 흰등멸구의 대발생 연도는 1910년, 1921-23년, 1946, 1967-8년, 1975-7년의 5회가 되며 이들 대발생 연도는 모두 태양흑점 활동최소기와 일치되어 필자의 주장의 신빙성이 더해졌다. 따라서 앞으로 태양흑점의 활동이 현재와 같은 주기로 계속되는 동안은 그 활동최소기에 임해서는 벼멸구와 흰등멸구에 대해 특별한 경계가 필요하며 만전의 방제체제를 갖추어야 할 것이다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1992

도전(稻田)의 서지(鋤地)(중경제초(中耕除草))법(法)은 서구(西歐)나 또는 중국(中國)과도 달리 우리 현실에 맞도록 일찍부터 체계화되고 있었으며, 가장 대표적인 서지법(鋤地法)은 배수(排水)한 후에 손제초(除草)와 서지법(鋤地法)을 순서대로 조화 있게 집행해 가는 3-4회 반복(反復)의 고도집약적(高度集約的) 농법(濃法)에 따랐다. 또한 묘종법(苗種法)으로의 전환과정(轉換過程)이나 직조파(直條播)하는 요령 자체부터 제초관리(除草管理)를 효율적으로 하려는 데 목적이 있었던 것으로 재배양식(栽培樣式)의 발전은 곧 서지(鋤地)와 직결된 관련을 가졌다. 또한 17세기(世紀)부터 고대(古代) 중국(中國)의 심경법(深耕法)(심경역누(深耕易耨)의 원리(原理) 때문), 화누법(황지(荒地)의 기숙잡초관리(旣熟雜草管理)를 효율적(效率的)으로 하기 위한 화경수누법에서 유래(由來))을 새롭게 인용하여 보급을 강조한 것은 당시의 실정(實情)에 기인하겠지만, 이로 인한 광작농(廣作農)의 실현은 곧 이들 방법과 기술적용(技術適用)의 결과라 하겠다. 18-19세기(世紀)에도 서지법(鋤地法)에 큰 차이는 없었으나 경작법(耕作法)의 변화에 맞추어 제초회수(除草回數)가 감소될 수 있었고, 특히 수도건파재배기술(水稻乾播栽培技術)은 북부조지(北部早地)에서 도작(稻作)을 하는 데 제한인자(制限因子) 역할을 하였던 물의 이용성(利用性)을 향상시킴과 동시에 잡초문제(雜草問題)를 쉽게 관리할 수 있도록 이상적인 서지방법( 鋤地方法)을 창안(創案)하여 완성시킨 경작법(耕作法)이었다. 이와 함께 조방적(粗放的) 광작농(廣作農)의 제초관리요령(除草管理要領)을 현실적으로 비평하여 반종(反種)이나 화누법의 기술(技術)들을 취사선택(取捨選擇)케 유도했던 ‘천일록(千一錄)’의 우하영(禹夏永)은 당시의 광작농기술(廣作農技術) 위에 집약농기술(集約農技術)을 접목시켜 선말(鮮末)의 '집약적광작농(集約的廣作農)'을 실현케 하고 이를 통하여 국가(國家) 농업생산력(農業生産力)을 5배(倍) 증가시키는데 크게 기여한 것으로 평가된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1968

Number of aspects, not only nutritional but social as well as political involved in human starvation pose nowadays global problems. In order to help establish the minimum nutritional requirements in the daily life of a man and to free people as well from either undernourishment, malnutrition or even starvation many workers have devoted themselves so far on the research programs to know what and how number of metabolic events take place in animals in vivo. It is the purpose of the present paper to examine in effect to what extent both of the protein and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) together with an enzyme, guanine deaminase, which converts guanine into xanthine and in turn ends up to uric acid as an end product, undergo changes, quantitatively during acute starvation, using the mouse as an experimental animal. The mouse was strictly inhibited from taking foods except drinking water ad libitum and was sacriflced 24, 48, and 72 hours following starvation thus acutely induced. The animals consisted of two experimental groups, one control and another starvation groups, each being consisted of 6-24 mice of whose body weights ranged in the vicinity of 10 g. The animals were sacriflced by a blow on the head, followed by immediate excision of their livers into ice-cold distilled water, washing adherent blood and other contaminant tissues. The liver was minced foramin, by an all-glass homogenizer immersing it in an ice-bath, followed by subsequent fractionatin of the homogenate (10% W/V in 0.25M sucrose solution made up with 0.05M phosphate buffer of pH 7.4). For the liver protein and guanine deaminase assay, the 10% homogenate was centrifuged at 600 x g for 10 minutes to eliminate the nuclear fraction; and for the estimation of DNA and RNA, the homogenate was prepared by the addition of 10% trichloroacetic acid in order to free the homogenate from the acid-soluble fraction, the remaining residue being delipidate by the addition of alcohol and dried in vacuo for later KOH (IN) hydrolysis. The changes in body and liver wegihts during acute starvation were checked gravimetrically. Protein contents in the liver were monitored by the method of Lowry et al; and guanine deaminase activities were followed by the assay of liberated ammonia from the substrate utilizing the Caraway's colorimetry. The extraction of both DNA and RNA was performed by the Schmidt-Thannhauser's method, which was followed by Marmur's method of purification for DNA and by Chargaff's method of purification for RNA. The determinations of both DNA and RNA were carried out by the diphenylamine reaction for the former and by the orcinol reaction for the latter. The following resume was the results of the present work. 1. It was observed that the body as well as liver weights fall abruptly during starvation, and that the loss of body weight showed no statistical correlation with the decreases in the content of liver protein. 2. The content of liver protein and activity of liver guanine deaminase activity as well decline dramatically, and the specific activities of the enzyme (activity/protein), however, decreased gradually as starvation proceeded. 3. Both of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, showed decrements in the liver of mouse during acute starvation; the latter, however, being more striking in the decline as compared to the former. 4. The decreases in the liver protein content as resulted from the acute starvation had no statistically significant correlation with the decrements of DNA in the same tissue, but had regressed with a significant statistical correlation with the fall of RNA in the tissue. 5. The decrease in the activity of guanine deaminase in the liver of mouse during acute starvation was functionally more proportional to the decrease in RNA than DNA, and moreover correlated with the changes in the content of the liver protein. 6. The possible mechanisms involved during in this acute starvation as bring the decreases in the contents of DNA, protein, and guanine deaminase were discussed briefly.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.12-23
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• 1979

가장 효율적이고 경제적인 Broiler 사료의 영양소균형을 구명하기 위하여 1978년 6월 16일부터 1978년 8월 11일까지 대한양계협회 능력검정사업소에서 실시된 시험의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생존율에서 품종간에는 모두 비슷한 성적이었고, 영양수준별로는 고영양수준에서 95.7%로서 제일 낮았으나 총계적으로 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 2. 8주시 체중에서 가장 무거웠던 B품종은 D품종과 유의적인 차이로 우수하였고 영양수준별로는 중영양처리가 전체적으로 제일 우수하였으며 A, B품종은 중영양 수준에서 다른 품종과 유의적이고 우수하였으며 A품종은 저저영양수준에서 체중감소가 가장 심하였다. 3. 사료효율은 체중이 무거웠던 B품종이 제일 우수하였으나 품종간에는 유의차가 없었다. 사료의 영양수준간 사료효율은 고도의 유의성이 인정되어 고ㆍ중영양 수준은 저ㆍ저영양수준과는 유의차를 보였으며 산육능력에 미치는 효과가 컸다. 4. 계종과 영양수준간의 상호작용 효과에 있어서는 영양수준이 높은 조건하에서는 품종의 특성이 발휘되어 계종간 및 능력의 차가 인정되나 저영양수준하에서는 계종간의 증체와 사료효율에 있어서 능력차를 인정하기 곤란하였다. 5. 산육지수에 있어서는 품종간의 유의차가 인정되며 8주시 체중과 사료효율이 우수하였던 B품종이 가장 높았고, C, D 계종과는 유의차가 있었다. 사료의 영양수준간 지수간에도 크게 유의차가 있었으며 중ㆍ고영양수준구는 저영양수준에 비하여 산육능력을 크게 향상시킴으로서 브로이라 사양에 있어서는 적어도 중열량(M.E. 3,000kcal/kg) 이상의 사료급여가 바람직하다. 6. 도체율에서는 품종간에 유의성이 인정되었는데 8주령시 체중과 같은 분표로 B 품종이 D 품종과 유의적인 차이를 보였으며 영양수준간에는 거의 동일한 성적을 보였다. 7. 경제성 분석 결과는 중영양수준의 처리가 모든 품종에서 가장 효율적이고 경제적인 처리구로 나타났다.m$0.22 percent였으며, W.L.H.는 33.25$\pm$0.36 0.36이었다. (중략)로 질병감염을 막는데 항생제의 사용효과가 점차 감소하고 있기 때문에 이러한 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 방안으로 계란항체를 이용할 수 있다.한 중공 플랜지 형상의 단조 방법 중 보다 적절한 단조방법인 압조 단조에 있어서 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 SM10C에 대한 유한요소 해석을 수행하였으며, 제품의 형상비에 따라 폴딩 결함의 발생 유무를 검토하고, 폴딩 결함 없이 단조하기 위한 중공 플랜지의 형상한계 비를 제시하였다.도 경미하게 나타났으나, 경련이 나타난 쥐에서는 KA만을 투여한 흰쥐와 구별되지 않았다. 이상의 APT의 항산화 효과는 KA로 인한 뇌세포 변성 개선에 중요한 인자로 작용할 것으로 사료되나, 보다 명확한 APT의 기전을 검색하고 직접 임상에 응응하기 위하여는 보다 다양한 실험 조건이 보완되어야 찰 것으로 생각된다. 항우울약들의 항혈소판작용은 PKC-기질인 41-43 kD와 20 kD의 인산화를 억제함에 기인되는 것으로 사료된다.다. 것으로 사료된다.다.바와 같이 MCl에서 작은 Dv 값을 갖는데, 이것은 CdCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ 착이온을 형성하거나 ZnCl$_{4}$$^{2-}$ , ZnCl$_{3}$$^{-}$같은 이온과 MgCl$^{+}$, MgCl$_{2}$같은 이온종을 형성하기 때문인것 같다. 한편 어떠한 용리액에서던지 NH$_{4}$$^{+}$의 경우 Dv값이 제일 작았다. 바. 본 연구의 목적중의 하나인 인체유해 중금속이온인 Hg(II), Cd(II)등이 NaCl같은 염화물이 함유된 시료용액에 공해이온으로 존재할 경우 흡착에

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.264-281
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• 1996

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 벼논에서 최근(最近) 우점화(優古化) 경향(傾向)이 뚜렷한 다년생(多年生) 잡초(雜草) 올방개의 효과적(效果的) 방제체계(防除體系)를 확립(確立)코자 괴경(塊莖)의 맹아특성(萌芽特性)과 본답(本畓)에서의 특성(特性)에 관한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 실험(實驗)을 수행(遂行) 하였는바 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 올방개의 출현기(出現期)에 조사된 맹아율(萌芽率)은 68~73%로 이때까지 상당량의 휴면(休眠) 괴경(塊莖)이 존재하였는데, 맹아(萌芽)되지 않은 휴면괴경(休眠塊莖)의 비율(比率)은 대괴경(大塊莖)에 비하여 소괴경(小塊莖)에서 높았다. 2. 올방개의 잠아들 중 1개(個)의 정아(頂芽)만 맹아(萌芽)된 것이 84.3%로 정아우세성(頂芽優勢性)이 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 2개(個)혹은 그 이상(以上)의 맹아(萌芽)를 보이는 것은 대괴경(大塊莖)에서 많았다. 3. 측아들의 맹아(萌芽) 및 초기생장성(初期生長性)을 비교(比較)하여 본 결과(結果) 정아(頂芽), 제(第)1 2 3 측아간에는 유의(有意)한 차이(差異)가 없었으나, 제(第)4측아 이하(以下)의 것들은 다소 불량(不良)하였다. 4. 저장방법(貯藏方法)에 따른 올방개의 맹아(萌芽) 및 초기생육(初期生育)은 땅속저장(貯藏)(25cm)이 냉장고(冷藏庫)($3{\pm}2^{\circ}C$)저장(貯藏)에 비하여 우수(優秀)하였다. 5. 올방개 괴경(塊莖)의 점토(粘土)에서 출아(出芽) 가능(可能) 심토(深土)는 21cm 내외(內外)로 나타났는데, 모래의 경우 15cm 내외(內外)로 점토(粘土)에 비하여 오히려 얕았다. 그런데 심토(深土)에서의 출아(出芽力)은 초기(初期) 맹아(萌芽) 괴경(塊莖)들이 후기(後期) 출아(出芽) 괴경(塊莖)들에 비하여 양호(良好)하였다. 6. 올방개는 물염농도(鹽濃度) 1.5% 이상(以上) 침종시(浸種時) 맹아율(萌芽率)이 낮아 새섬매자기에 비하여 맹아율(萌芽前) 염수(鹽水) 침종시(浸種時) 맹아(萌芽)에 있어서의 장해(障害)가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 7. 전년도(前年度)에 발생(發生)된 휴면괴경(休眠民塊莖)의 수(數)는 10월까지 점차(漸次) 감소(減少)하여 12.7%가 잔존(殘存)하였으나, 이들 괴경(塊莖)은 상당한 휴면성(休眠性)을 갖고 있었으며, 휴면성(休眠性)은 8월 이후(以後) 시기(時期)가 늦을수록 증대(增大)하는 것으로 나타났다. 8. 본답(本畓)에서 올방개 최초(最初)의 출아(出芽)는 이앙후(移秧後) 10일경이었는데, 최대발생기(最大發生期)까지의 기간(期間)은 60~90일로 이앙시기(移秧時期)가 지연(遲延)됨에 따라 짧아지는 경향(傾向)이었다. 조기이앙(早期移秧)은 만기이앙(晩期移秧)에 비(比)하여 올방개의 발생(發生)도 많고 주당(株當) 엽수(葉數) 및 괴경형성(塊莖形成)도 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 9. 올방개의 분주(分株)는 조기(早期) 이식(移植)에서 제(第)6차(次) 분주(分株)까지 출현(出現)하였는데, 이식시기(移植時期)가 늦어짐에 따라 분주세대(分株世代) 및 주당(株當) 형성괴경수(形成塊莖數)가 감소(減少)하고 괴경경장(塊莖莖長), 지하경장(地下莖長)도 짧아지는 경향(傾向)이었다.