• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2022

The commercialization of the fifth generation (5G) mobile systems has quested enabling technologies, such as intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) transmissions, towards the sixth generation (6G) networks. In this paper, we present a bit-error rate (BER) performance analysis on IRS transmissions in 5G non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks. First, we derive a closed-form expression for the BER of IRS-NOMA transmissions under Rician fading channels. Then, by Monte Carlo simulations, we validate the proposed approximate BER expression, and show numerically that the derived BER expression is in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, we also analyze the BER performance of IRS-NOMA networks under Rician fading channels with different numbers of reflecting elements, and demonstrate that the performances improve monotonically as the number of reflecting devices increases.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.192-199
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• 1964

1962年 11月에서 1963年 10月 사이에 洛東江河口 김밭의 2個所, 卽 虹峠洞앞(st.1)과 下新里의 長林區域(st.2)의 每月 大潮日에 있어서의 潮水의 一週期에 걸친 水質의 變動을 測定하였다. 一年間을 通한 st.1 및 st.2에서의 各 成分量의 變動範圍는 각기 다음과 같다. 水溫; $2{\sim}31^{\circ}C,\;3{\sim}28^{\circ}C$: pH; 7.8~8.5, 7.9~8.4: 鹽素度; 0.025~19.7g/l. 4.31~19.6g/l: Mg; 0.0036~1.57g/l, -~1.51g/l: Ca: 0.0056~0.48g/l, -~0.59g/l: $O_2$; 72~123%, 88~114%: Si; 8.0~126${\mu}g-at./l,\;6.7{\sim}101{\mu}g-at./l:P;\;0.12{\sim}1.47{\mu}g-at./l, 0.11{\sim}1.09{\mu}g-at./l:\;NH_3-N;\;4.9{\sim}25.5{\mu}g-at./l,\;4.1{\sim}17.6{\mu}g-at./l:\;NO-_{2}N;\;0.07{\sim}0.75{\mu}g-at./l, 0.08{\sim}0.58{\mu}g-at./l,\;NO-_{3}N;2.1{\sim}6.9{\mu}g-at./l,\;1.9{\sim}7.4{\mu}at./l.$ 各 成分量의 一年間 平均値의 最高 干潮 때를 中心한 時間的 變動은 st.1에서가 st.2에서보다 甚하며, 썰물에서 憩潮에 가까워 질 수록 鹽素度가 減少되어 밀물이 시작되어 1時間까지는 계속 減少되였다가 1時間後부터 갑자기 增加되어 約 4時間後에 st.1과 st.2가 같은 값을 가지는데, 다른 成分도 이에 따라 變化한다. 季節的으로는 水溫은 11月에서 다음해 3月까지는 氣溫보다 낮고 5月에서 10月까지는 氣溫 보다 높다. pH, 鹽素度, Mg, Ca는 夏季가 冬季보다 낮다. 酸素飽和度는 冬李가 약간 높은 傾向이지만 그다지 差가 나타나지 않고 地點에 따라 李節的 變動이 다르다. 燐酸鹽一燐 및 總窒素量은 陸水混入量이 많은 달이 一般的으로 약간 많지만 그다지 큰 差는 없다. 珪酸鹽-珪素는 陸水 混入量이 많을 수록 크게 增加된다. Ca 및 Mg의 鹽素度에 對한 比는 같은 鹽素度에서도 分散이 甚하며 特히 鹽素度가 높을때 그리하다. Si/P 및 N/P 값도 外洋의 그것보다 數倍나 된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.278-285
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• 1996

This experiments was conducted to determine the effect of dietary fiber(DF) levels with diets of isocaloric (3,010 kcal/1kg diet) and isoprotein(21% of diet) on colored brolier chicks(Juk jun hatchery farm). Four groups of 6 chicks 4 replication. were fed corn-soy meal diets containing 0% (DF, 5%), 2%(DF, 6%), 4%(DF, 7%), and 6%(DF, 8%) of dehydrated alfalfa meal(AM) from 21 to 42 days of age. The addition of dietary fiber levels to the broiler chicks diets did noty affect body weight, feed efficiency, energy efficiency and protein efficiency, but affect feed intake of chicks fed 6% of fiber. The level of fiber diets did not affect gizzard weight of female(1.45g/100g BW) and male(1.25g/100g BW), but affect small intestine length of female. When comparing two the dietary fiber levels, 5% and 8%, the contents of the total serum cholesterol was slightly higher in chicks fed 5% of fier than that of 8% without significant. However, total serum cholesterol levels of female(121mg/dl) and male(119mg/dl) were not influenced by increased dietary fiber levels. The liver weight was not influenced by increasing of dietary fiber levels (female 2.03g and male 2.05g/100g BW). The yields of dressed weight(72% of shrunk body weight), skin weight)11% of dressed weight) were not influenced by increased dietary fiber.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.343-351
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• 1998

About 75 strains which utilize cholesterol as sole carbon and energy source were isolated from 10 samples of Kimchi and 18 samples of fermented fish food (2 Ojingo-jeots, salt-fermented squid ; 5 Changran-jeots, salt-fermented pollack tripe ; 5 Myungran-jeots, salt-fermented Alaska pollack roe ; 3 Gajami-sikhae-jeots, fermented flat fish ; 2 Gul-jeots, salt-fermented oyster ; a Juneo-jeots, salt-fermented shad). Among them tested, the 3T6-5Mj strain isolated from Changran-jeot showed the highest activity on cholesterol degradation. The optimal composition of medium for the producing cholesterol degradation enzyme by 3T6-5Mj strain was 1.0 g/L NH4NO3, 1.0 g/L K2HPO4, 0.1 g/L MgSO4.7H2O, 1.0 g/L FeSO4.7H2O, 1 g/L NaCl, 5 g/L Trypton, 1 g/L Cholesterol, and 5 g/L Maltose at 30$^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5, and the enzyme production reached a maximum level at 140 hours of cultivation.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.69.1-69.12
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• 2021

Background: Bovine group A rotavirus (BoRVA) is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in newborn dairy calves. Only one study has investigated the G and P genotypes among dairy calves in a few regions of China, which were G6 and P[5]. Therefore, data on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BoRVA in dairy calves in China remains limited. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BoRVA in dairy calves in China. Methods: 269 dairy calves diarrheic samples from 23 farms in six provinces in China were collected to detect BoRVA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: 71% of samples were determined to be BoRVA-positive. Two G genotypes (G6, G10) and two P genotypes (P[1], P[5]) were identified, and G6P[1] BoRVA was the predominant strain. Moreover, the VP7 and VP4 gene sequences of these dairy calf BoRVA strains revealed abundant genetic diversity. Interestingly, eight out of 17 complete G6 VP7 sequences were clustered into G6 lineage VI and analysis showed the strains were closely related to Chinese yak BoRVA strains. Conclusions: The results of this study show that BoRVA circulates widely among dairy calves in China, and the dominant genotype in circulation is G6P[1], first report on molecular characteristics of complete P[5] VP4 genes in chinese dairy calves. These results will help us to further understand the prevalence and genetic evolution of BoRVA among dairy calves in China and, thus, prevent the disease more effectively.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2021

Vivax malaria incidence in Korea is now decreased and showing a low plateau. Nowadays, vivax malaria in Korea is expected to be successfully eliminated with anti-malaria chemotherapy, primaquine, and vector control. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is associated with potential hemolytic anemia after primaquine administration. This inborn disorder has a pivotal polymorphism with genetic variants and is the most prevalent X-chromosome-linked disorder. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was previously reported negligible in Korea. As the population of multicultural families pertaining marriage immigrants and their adolescents increases, it is necessary to check G6PD deficiency for them prior to primaquine treatment for vivax malaria. The prevalence of G6PD variants and G6PD deficiency in multicultural families was performed in 7 counties and 2 cities of Jeollanam-do (Province), Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. A total of 733 blood samples of multicultural family participants were subjected to test the phenotypic and genetic G6PD deficiency status using G6PD enzyme activity quantitation kit and PCR-based G6PD genotyping kit. The G6PD phenotypic deficiency was observed in 7.8% of male adolescent participants and 3.2% of materfamilias population. Based on the PCR-based genotyping, we observed total 35 participants carrying the mutated alleles. It is proposed that primaquine prescription should seriously be considered prior to malaria treatment.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

국내 대형 조선소 주변해역의 중금속오염 현황을 밝히기 위하여 2010년 여름에 4개의 대형 조선소 주변 11개의 채수정점과 4개의 대조정점에서 해수 시료를 채취하여 6종의 금속(Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Hg)을 분석하였다. 조선소별 주변해역 수중의 금속을 분석한 결과, (1) 구리(Cu)의 평균 농도는 $0.817{\sim}1.638{\mu}g/L$로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $20{\mu}g/L$, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $3{\mu}g/L$)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.64~2.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (2) 아연(Zn)의 평균 농도는 $ 0.228{\sim}0.567{\mu}g/L$로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $100{\mu}g/L$, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $34{\mu}g/L$)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비하여 1.62~5.91배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (3) 철(Fe)의 평균 농도는 $3.332{\sim}7.410{\mu}g/L$로 대조정점에 비하여 1.30~6.75배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (4) 카드뮴(Cd)의 평균 농도는 $0.013{\sim}0.028{\mu}g/L$로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $10{\mu}g/L$, 해양생태계 보호단기기준 $19{\mu}g/L$)보다 낮았지만, 대조정점에 비해 1.18~2.33배의 높은 값을 나타냈다. (5) 납(Pb)의 평균 농도는 $0.007{\sim}0.126{\mu}g/L$로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $50{\mu}g/L$, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $7.6{\mu}g/L$)보다 낮았다. (6) 수은(Hg)의 평균 농도는 $0.002{\sim}0.004{\mu}g/L$로 해역환경기준(사람의 건강보호기준 $0.5{\mu}g/L$, 해양생태계 보호 단기기준 $1.8{\mu}g/L$)보다 낮았다. 비록 모든 중금속의 수중 농도가 해역환경기준보다 낮다고 할지라도, 선박 건조작업에 사용되는 구리, 아연, 철과 같은 중금속의 농도가 대조해역에 비해 조선소 주변해역에서 높다는 것은 조선소의 영향에 기인하는 것을 암시한다. 따라서 조선소로부터 각종 오염물질이 해양에 유입되지 않도록 통제하고 해양오염을 방지하는 국가적 차원의 해양환경관리가 필요하다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.213-217
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• 2001

목적: 당원병 Ia형(von Gierke disease)은 glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase)의 결함으로 인하여 출생 시부터 복부팽만과 간종대가 나타나고 저혈당, 락트 산혈증(lactic acidemia), 고지방혈증(hyperlipidemia), 고뇨산혈증(hyperuricemia) 등을 초래하며 점차 성장발육부전이 진행되는 상염색체 열성 유전성 질환이다. 본 연구에서는 한국인 GSD Ia 환자 9명을 대상으로 G6Pase 유전자의 돌연변이형에 관한 분석을 처음으로 시행하고자 하였다. 방법: 임상적인 증상과 G6Pase 효소 측정결과를 통하여 GSD Ia로 진단된 9명 환자의 혈액에서 genomic DNA를 분리하여 G6Pase 유전자의 5개 exon 부분이 포함되도록 polymerase chain reaction(PCR) 한 후 PCR 산물을 direct sequencing 하였다. 결과: 9명의 GSD Ia 환자 중 7명 환자에서 g727t homozygote 돌연변이를 발견하였고, 한 환자는 heterozygote로서 g727t 돌연변이와 c611g 돌연변이가 발견되었다. 나머지 한 명에서는 g727t 돌연변이 하나만 발견할 수 있었다. 한 개의 allele에서 발견된 c611g 돌연변이는 exon 4의 178번 아미노산 proline이 alanine으로 변경되는 것으로 지금까지 보고된 바 없는 새로운 돌연변이이다. 결론: 현재까지는 GSD Ia병의 정확한 진단을 위해서 환자의 간 생검 조직에서 G6Pase 효소의 활성도를 측정하는 것이 필요하였으나 한국인 GSD Ia 환자의 경우 g727t 돌연변이가 대부분을 차지하고 있기 때문에 앞으로는 상당수의 환자에서 혈액 채취만으로도 G6Pase 유전자 분석을 통한 GSD 진단이 손쉽게 이루어질 수 있으리라고 생각된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.260-264
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• 1983

고성${\cdot}$자란만 패류 양성장 저질의 부영양화정도와 부영양화속도를 구명하고 양성장의 적절한 관리, 보존을 위한 기초자료를 얻고저 1981년 하계중앙성장 저니중에 함유된 유기물량 및 유화물량을 측정하였다. 1. 표충저니 중 COD양은 $12.5{\sim}19.5mg/g$으로 평 군 15.3 mg/g이었고 강열감량은 $6.7{\sim}12.4\%$로 평균 $9.1\%$, 페오파이친색소량은 $6.8{\sim}11.0{\mu}g/g$으로 평균 $9.1{\mu}g/g$이었다. 유화물량은 $0.18{\sim}0.64{\mu}g/g$으로 평균 0.36 mg/g이었다. 2. 상기 양들은 유화물의 경우, 부영양화의 상한치인 0.3mg/g을 약간 상회하고 있지만, 그 밖의 값들은 대체로 낮은 값이고, 1976년의 조사치와 비교해도 6년간 약간만이 증가한것으르 보아, 부영양화의 속도는 매우 완만하였다. 3. 저이오염도로 보아, 득량만과 가막양만에 비하면 약간 나쁜 편이었지만 인근에 위치한 진해만이나 한산${\cdot}$거제만에 비하aus 매우 양호한 편이었다. 또, 페오파이친색소량이 적은 것으로 보아 양성패에 의한 배설물의 다량 축적으로 인한 문제는 없는 것 같다.