• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.51-70
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe anticancer and related immunomodulatory effects of Insamyangyoung-tang extracts (ISYYTe) on non-small cell lung carcinoma (squamous epithelial carcinoma), NCI-H520, xenograft Balb/c nu-nu nude mice. Methods : Three different dosages of ISYYTe, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 42 days from 11 days after tumor cell inoculation. Six groups, which are intact control, tumor bearing control, 5-fluorouracil (FU) 30 mg/kg, ISYYTe 50 mg/kg, ISYYTe 100 mg/kg, ISYYTe 200 mg/kg, each of 8 mice per group were used in the present study. Changes on the body weight, tumor volume and weight, lymphatic organ (spleen and popliteal lymph node), serum interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$ levels, splenocytes NK cell activity and peritoneal macrophage activities, splenic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-10 contents were observed with tumor mass and lymphatic organ histopathology to detect anticancer and immunomodulatory effects. Results : As results of ISYYTe 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg treatment, decreases in the tumor volumes and weights were detected. At histopathological observations, decreases of tumor cell volumes in tumor masses were dose-dependently decreased mediated by increases of apoptosis among tumor cells by treatment of all three different dosages of ISYYTe. As results of tumor cell inoculation, marked decreases of spleen and popliteal lymph node weights, serum IFN-${\gamma}$, splenic TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-10 contents and splenocytes were observed with histopathological atrophic changes of spleen and popliteal lymph nodes. Conclusions : Over 50 mg/kg of ISYYTe showed favorable anticancer effects on the NCI-H520 cell xenograft with immunomodulatory effects. Although relatively lower anticancer effects were observed in ISYYTe 200 mg/kg treated mice as compared with 5-FU 30 mg/kg treated mice, there are no meaningful favorable immunomodulatory effects were observed after 5-FU treatment in the present study.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.145-159
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• 2012

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single oral dose toxicity) of Armeniacae Semen (AS), a medicinal herb used for treating constipation and various respiratory diseases, in rats. Methods : In order to observe the $LD_{50}$ (50% lethal dose), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, AS aqueous extracts were orally administered once to female and male Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight). The mortality, changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single oral treatment of AS extracts, and the organ weights and histopathological findings of principle organs were observed after sacrifice. Results : After single oral treatment of AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, all (5/5; 100%) female and male rats died within 30 minutes after treatment, while no mortalities were observed in the female and male rats treated with 500 mg/kg of AS extract. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ in female and male rats was calculated as 741.95 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, salivation, increases of respiration and heart-beat were observed after AS extract treatment, which were observed in all rats including the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study. In addition, lung congestion was visible in all mortal rats with AS 2,000 and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that AS extract ranges in Class III, because the $LD_{50}$ and ALD in both female and male rats were calculated as 741.95 mg/kg and 500~1,000 mg/kg, respectively. However, AS extract should be carefully treated at clinical applications, because salivation, increase of respiration and heart-beat were also observed in the lowest dosage group, 500 mg/kg in the present study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2007

This study was to investigate single and repeated-dose toxicities of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$, an anti-wrinkle agent, in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or ICR mice. In single-dose oral toxicity study, the test materials were administered once by gavage to male and female SD rats at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg. No dead animals and abnormal necropsy findings were found in control and Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ treated group. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in rats. In the 4-week repeated oral toxicity study, the test material was administered once daily by gavage to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 4-weeks. In the results, no abnormality was observed in mortality, clinical findings, body weight changes, food and water consumptions, opthalmoscopic findings, necropsy findings, histopathological findings. In hematological analysis, there was a trend of increase in reticulocyte at male 25 mg/kg, although such changes were in normal ranges. On the other hand, there was a trend of decrease in hemoglobin at female 50, 100 mg/kg, such changes were in normal ranges. In addition, serum biochemical parameters including sodium, BUN and chloride increased at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Relative organ weights of right testis, brain, lung and left epididymis were increased in 100 mg/kg groups of male rats in contrast to not change in female groups. However, these changes of relative organ weights, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were not accompanied with related signs such as histopathological changes or clinical findings. In conclusion, 4-week repeated oral dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ to ICR mice did not cause apparent toxicological change at the dose of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight. Consequently the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ in ICR mice following gavage for at least 4-week is higher than 100 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2007

배경: 소아 진정 치료 시 서로 다른 용량의 chloral hydrate와 hydroxyzine을 복용 후 midazolam을 구강 점막 하 주사했을 때 행동 반응을 비교하였다. 방법: 총 32회 진정법을 통해 치과치료를 받은 30명의 나이 24-72개월, 체중 20 kg 미만의 미국 마취과학회 신체등급 I의 건강하지만 겁이 많고 협조가 안 되는 소아 환자를 대상으로 2개 치아이상의 보존 치료 및 발치를 필요로 하는 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 호흡기 질환이 있는 아이들은 이 연구에서 제외되었다. 연구 계획은 이대 목동 병원의 임상 실험 심사 위원회에 제출되었다. 1군은 chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg와 hydroxyzine 1 mg/kg 복용 후 점막 하 midazolam 0.2 mg/kg을 추가 투여했고 2군은 chloral hydrate 60 mg/kg와 hydroxyzine 1 mg/kg 복용 후 점막 하 midazolam 0.1 mg/kg을 주사 받았다. 50% nitrous oxide는 치료 중 두 군 모두 유지되었다. 전날 수면 시간과 약물 복용 태도를 기록하였으며 모든 치료 과정은 비디오로 촬영되었다. 맥박 산소 계측기를 이용하여 경피적 산소 포화도와 맥박수를 기록하였고 행동 반응은 Houpt scale을 이용하여 매 2분마다 40분 동안 기록되었다. 전반적인 행동 반응은 Houpt scale를 이용하여 평가되었다. 모든 자료는 SPSS 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 two sample independent t-test를 사용하였다. P 값은 0.05 미만인 경우를 통계학적으로 유의하다고 보았다. 결과: 두 군 간의 경피적 산소 포화도와 맥박수는 모두 정상 범위이며 유의한 차이가 없었다. 행동 반응 비교에서는 치료 처음 10분 동안 2군이 1군에 비해 점수가 높게 나왔으며(P < 0.05), 그 외에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 전날 총 수면 시간과 약물을 복용하는 태도는 수면 치료 중의 행동 반응에 영향을 주지 않았다. 결론: Chloral hydrate 50 mg/kg 복용과 점막 하 midazolam 0.2 mg/kg은 chloral hydrate 60 mg/kg 복용과 점막 하 midazolam 0.1 mg/kg과 비교할 때 두 약물의 조합은 모두 소아 환자 수면 치료시 안전하고 효과적인 용량이다. Overall behavior와 Q (quiet)의 분포를 비교해 볼 때 두 군 모두 성공적인 진정효과를 기대할 수 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1991

Ginseng components were examined for their ability to modify immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide. Ginseng polysaccharide fraction (FO, 300 mg/kg) inhibited decreases in the ratio of spleen to body weight, white blood cells (WBC) count and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) induced by cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and increased these variables in normal mice. Ginseng saponin fraction (50 mg/kg) showed to increase hemoglobin content as well as the number of PFC/spleen in normal mice. on the other hand, Panaxytriol (20 mg/kg) Prevented decrease in mc count by cyclophos phamide. Neither saponin fraction nor panaxytriol had any significant effect on the number of PFC and antibody titers in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. These results suggest that ginseng polysaccharine fraction may reduce the immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide and may be effective in stimulating immune function in normal mice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.572-576
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• 2002

Banhasasim-tang(半夏瀉心湯), oriental medicine, has been used for the treatment of the gastric diseases and cimetidine, H2-receptor blocker, has been also used as the gastric ulcer remedy but has some side action. Therefore the concurrent administration of these two drugs may increase antiulcer activities and also decrease cimetidine's side action more than administrating one by one. In order to investigate antiulcer activities, some experiments were conducted. The concurrent administration of Banhasasim-tang extract(BS) and cimetidine(CM) given intraperitoneally (CM 50mg/kg + BS 300mg/kg and CM 50mg/kg + BS 500 mg/kg), significantly inhibited Shay, aspirin and indomethacin ulcers in rats.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2004

This work was carried out to measure volatile fatty acids emissions from different manure (poultry, swine, cattle) incubated at $10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 days under anaerobic condition. Following are summary of these tests results. 1. Amounts of Acetic acid generated were 1,128.05mg/kg, 628.21mg/kg and 592.50mg/kg for swine, poultry, and cattle manure, respectively, during the period of incubation. In the case of swine and cattle manure, 83.87%(946.10mg/kg) and 57.49%(340.63mg/kg) from all the temperature treatments were produced in the $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. 83.57% in swine and 78.79% in cattle manure were intensively emerged from 3 day, 4 day and 5 day of the $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. In the case of poultry manure, 45.36%(284.93mg/kg) and 45.36%(284.93mg/kg) in the $25^{\circ}C$ and in the $37^{\circ}C$, respectively, were produced. Accordingly, acetic acid generated from poultry manure was characteristic of being mainly produced in more than $25^{\circ}C$. 2. Amounts of propionic acid generated were 238.56mg/kg, 162.14mg/kg and 155.49mg/kg for swine, poultry, and cattle manure, respectively, during the period of incubation. In the case of swine manure, 78.52%(187.32mg/kg) of propionate emitted from all the temperature treatments was produced in the $25^{\circ}C$ and 79.1% of them was intensively emerged from 3day, 4day and 5day of the $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. In the case of poultry manure, 35.12%(56.95mg/kg) and 45.89%(74.40mg/kg) of the propionate amounts were produced in the $25^{\circ}C$ and in the $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. In the case of cattle manure, 28.21% (43.86mg/kg) and 49.30% (76.66mg/kg) of the propionate amounts were produced in the $10^{\circ}C$ and in the $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. Accordingly, propionate evolved from poultry manure was characteristic of being mainly produced in more than $25^{\circ}C$ and from cattle manure, in less than $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3. Amount of butyric acid generated were 1,463.87mg/kg, 96.72mg/kg and 129.18mg/kg for swine, poultry, and cattle manure, respectively, during the period of incubation. The time intensively emerged from the period of incubation was differently generated from the incubation temperature and animal feces. 4. Amounts of iso-valeric acid generated were 6,885.99mg/kg, 399.28mg/kg and 307.47mg/kg for swine, cattle and poultry manure, respectively, during the period of incubation. In the case of swine and cattle manure, 28.22%(1,943.52mg/kg) and 48.56%(193.90mg/kg) in the $25^{\circ}C$, 68.76%(4,734.90mg/kg) and 46.93%(187.40mg/kg) in the $37^{\circ}C$, respectively, were occupied. Accordingly, iso-valeric acid evolved from swine and cattle manure was characteristic of being mainly produced in more than $25^{\circ}C$. In the case of poultry manure, 59.89%(184.13mg/kg) of iso-valeric acid generated from all the temperature treatments was produced in the $37^{\circ}C$ and 100% of them was intensively emerged from 2 day and 3 day of the $37^{\circ}C$ treatment.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.4 s.99
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• pp.368-381
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• 1994

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of Gardeniae Fructus on GOT, GPT, Al.p, LDH activities and level of total cholesterol in serum of $CCl_{4}$ and $_{D}-galactosamine$ intoxicated rats, and bile excretion. The geniposide and extract caused a remarkabel decrease of GPT activities, level of total cholesterol in serum of $CCl_{4}$ intoxicated rats at EtOH Ex. 300, 500 mg/kg p.o., MeOH Ex. and geniposide 100 mg/kg p.o., and GOT, Al.p, LDH activities were significantly decreased compared with control group. It caused a remarkable decrese of GPT, Al.p, LDH activities in serum of $_{D}-galactosamine$ intoxicated rats, and GOT activities was significantly decreased compared with control group. The geniposide and extract caused a remarkable increase of bile excretion, when administration of EtOH extract 500 mg/kg p.o., MeOH extract 100 mg/kg i.d., MeOH extract 50 mg and geniposide 50 mg/kg i. v. compared with normal-control group.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.233-238
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• 2006

In order to study the effect of feeding rare earth(RE) on growth of broiler chicks, feed conversion ratio, and probable harmfulness of feeding high levels of RE, two feeding trials with broiler chicks were conducted; one using a commercial broiler compound feed and the other using a self mixed feed excluding any growth stimulating feed additives. The the first trial used three hundred sixty of one day old Cobb broiler chicks for six levels of dietary supplementation of RE : 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 mg/kg. There were significant effect of RE stimulating broiler chick growth and improving feed conversion ratio, The dietary supplementation of RE at a level of 100 mg/kg was the best of all and increased body weight gain by 8.9% (p<0.05). Chicks fed RE at a level of 1,600 mg/kg grew as good as chicks fed feeds without RE and did not show my abnormalities. The second feeding trial was conducted in the same manner as the first trial using Ross broiler chicks and self-mixed experimental diets supplemented with RE at levels of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg. Differently from Results of the first trial, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of were the best at the level of 50 mg/kg RE supplementation(p<0.05). In this trial all the birds fed RE showed significantly lower ratio of abdominal fat against live weight than those of the control group birds. Overall, it can be said that dietary supplementation of RE will improve broiler growth and feed conversion ratio and the proper dietary level would be $50\sim100mg/kg$. These results suggested that the proper level of RE for broiler chicks would be 50 to 100 mg/kg and its effectiveness is varied depending upon RE mixture. There appears abdominal fat of broiler chicks is decreased by feeding RE but further investigation is in need.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.417-426
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• 1995

6-[(N-4-Chlorophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinedione (RCK20) was tested for antifungal activities, in vivo, against Candida albicans. RCK20 was compared vath ketoconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal rats. The therapeutic potential of RCK20 had been assessed by evaluating their activities (survival rate) against systemic infections with in normal mice with Candida albicans. RCK20 improved survival rates as well as ketokonazole. RCK20 had ED$_{50}$. 0.25$\pm$0.18 mg/kg but ketoeonazole and fluconazole had ED$_{50}$, 8.00$\pm$0.73, 10$\pm$0.43 mg/kg respectively. Activities of RCK20 showed superior to that of ketoconazole and fluconazole. Intraperitoneauy administered RCK20 at the ED$_{50}$, 0.25 mg/kg for 7days and 14days reduced Candida albicans colony count in the kidneys and livers as well as ketoconazole and fluconazole at these ED$_{50}$, 8.00 and 10 mg/kg. Acute oral toxicity studies of RCK20 were carried out in ICR mice of both sexes. These acute oral toxicities of RCK20 were low and LD$_{50}$ values were over 2.850 mg/kg in ICR mice. The Genotoxicities of RCK20 had been evaluated. RCK20 was negative in Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100). The clastogenicity was tested on the RCK20 with in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. RCK20 did not show any clastogenic effect in mouse peripheral blood and was negative in mouse micronucleus assay. These results indicate that RCK20 has no genotoxic potential under these experimental condition.