• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.32-47
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• 2002

This study is a descriptive comparative investigated one to analyze nursing education system and curriculum of Korea and China trans-culturally. 1) Education System The basic level of nursing education in Korea consisted of 65 3-year- junior college of nursing (7379 students) and 48 4-year-bachelor of nursing college (2345 students) in 2000 showing more 3-year-junior college of nursing and its students. In China, western nursing as well as Chinese nursing education system were operating. In 2000, 501 western school of middle technical nursing, 29 school of middle technical nursing of middle level education, and 89 3-year western and 24 Chinese junior college of nursing, and 42 4-year western bachelor of nursing college and 10 Chinese of high level education have been established. The presence of Chinese school of middle technical nursing system seemed to be in slower development in nursing than Korea, but that of Chinese nursing education seemed to be advanced with its national identification prior to Korea. Post graduate continuous education for RN-Diploma and RN-BSN program has been opened as in Korea. The Hosa(護士) system in school of middle technical nursing in China reflects lower level of education than Korea. But it can be a merit, other than in Korea, without nurses aids, when they are acting under supervision of nurses and led by them, and there presents a special course for promotion up to high level education. Graduate school in Korea is divided into general type opening a curriculum for MS in 1960 and as of 2000, 21 general types for majoring in nursing. The PhD course in Korea was established in 1978, and after that the PhD courses have been opening in 14 universities at present. China established master degree course in 1991 and as of 7 colleges are ongoing, and the doctoral course is now under planning, resulting slower development than Korea. 2) Education of theory and clinical practice in Korea and Chine (1) Korea's 3-year junior nursing college have 51 subjects, 49 subjects in China, which was not different. China was following education of ideology and medical. 4-year Bachelor of Science College has 92 subjects in Korea with cultural subjects and essential major studies/elective in theory education in Korea, while 63 subjects in China, showed wider selection in Korea's education. (2) Korea's 3-year and 4-year nursing colleges performed clinical practice education parallel with theoretical education for a certain period, block or theory/practice system. While China's 3-year and 4 or 5-year-colleges educated the theory first and then practice for one year in the last grade, integrating each situation of the departments and the theory. (3) Korea's oriental nursing theory in nursing education was performed in 28 colleges of 65 nationwide ones of 3-year junior nursing colleges, but only one school was educating clinical practice. In 4-year bachelor of nursing colleges, the oriental nursing theory was done in 14 among 48 investigated. And 1-4 subjects of them were doing, and 4 schools performed of clinical practice, showing more reinforced than the junior colleges. China's 3-year and 4-5-year western nursing colleges taught two subjects of Chinese medicine nursing. China's 3-year & 4-5-year College of Chinese medicine nursing, theory of Chines medicine nursing education taught eight subjects. (4) 5-year colleges of Chinese medicine western integrated nursing, theory of Chinese medicine nursing education consisted of twelve Chinese medicine nursing subjects and two of Chinese medicine western integrated nursing subjects. China was tempting a new development of a pattern of Chinese medicine nursing subjects reinforced. 3) The verification of Korean and Chinese nurse's license. The verification test of Chinese nurses license is differentiated at the level of education other than in Korea. Expire date is 2 years and a qualified test must be done to a renewal. And the continuing education hours are 72 per year, which is more enforced than Korean nurses (10 hours a year). In accordance with WTO regulations, we should prepare for opening foreign hospital, educating oriental nursing subjects. And on this, it is recommendable to settle a basic frame research to run the oriental nursing practice ongoing. 1. It is desirable to develop the oriental nursing subjects to apply its idea to the western nursing and differentiate Korean nursing. 2. It is desirable to certify oriental nurse's characters, to expand and develop the nursing areas to practice it, and to establish the oriental nursing system. 3. It is expectable to promote Korean nursing specialization to develop the oriental nursing as a professional and to create its demand.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

H.264/AVC 코덱에 사용되는 움직임 추정은 다중 참조 프레임과 다양한 가변 블록을 이용하기 때문에 복잡하고 많은 연산을 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 다중 참조 프레임 선택, 블록 매칭, 블록 모드 결정, 움직임 벡터예측을 고속으로 처리하는 방법을 바탕으로 동작 속도가 빠른 정수 화소 움직임 추정 회로 구조를 제안한다. 또한 부화소 움직임 추정을 위한 고성능 보간 회로 구조도 제안한다. 제안한 회로는 Verilog HDL을 이용하여 RTL로 기술하였고, 130nm 표준 셀 라이브러리를 이용하여 합성하였다. 정수 화소 움직임 추정 회로는 77,600 게이트와 4개의 $32\times8\times32$-비트 듀얼-포트 SRAM으로 구현되었고 최대 동작 주파수는 161MHz이며 D1(720$\times$480)급 칼라 영상을 1초에 51장 까지 처리할 수 있다. 부화소 움직임 추정 회로는 22,478 게이트로 구현되었고 최대 동작주파수 200MHz에서 1080HD(1,920$\times$1,088)급 칼라 영상을 1초에 69장 까지 처리할 수 있다.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.52-52
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• 2001

Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic Many nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases are ubiquitous enzymes responsible for the exchange of ${\gamma}$-phosphates between tri- and diphosphonucleosides. The catalytic reaction follows a ping-pong mechanism in which the enzyme is transiently phosphorylated on a histidine residue conserved in all nucleoside diphosphate kinases. Beside their role in nucleotide synthesis, these enzymes present additional functions, possibly independent of catalysis, in processes such as differentiation, cell growth, tumor progression, metastasis and development. To clone murine nm23-M5, several expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of the GenBank data base, selected according to their homology to nm23-H5 cDNA, reconstituted a complete open reading frame (GenBank AF222750). To test whether murine NDPKs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) can inhibit Bax-mediated toxicity in yeast, co-transformation was performed respectively. The yeast S.cerevisiae was transformed with a copy expression plasmid containing the histidine selection marker and expressing murine Bax under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several clones were selected and found to be growth inhibited when Bax expression was induced with galactose. A representative clone was transformed again with a copy expression plasmid containing the tryptophane selection marker and expressing either murine Bcl-xL or NDPK under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter. Several subclones of the double-transformants were selected and characterized. The ability of Bcl-xL and NDPKs to suppress Bax-mediated toxicity was determined by growing yeast cells overnight in galactose media and spot-testing on galactose plates starting with an equal number of yeast cells as determined by taking the OD$_{600}$. Ten-fold serial dilutions were used in the spot-test. Plates were grown at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 2-3 days. All murine NDPKs suppressed Bax dependent apoptosis. Futher study will be peformed whether Bax-toxicity inhibition was caused by NDP kinase activity or additional function.n.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.603-613
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• 1995

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate on the biodegradability, biocompatibility and tissue regenerative capacity of synthetic bioabsorbable membranes in beagle dogs. For animal study, 9 adult beagle dogs were used to examination, on the surgical implantation of membranes and histological analysis. In each animal, the 3rd and 4th premolars of the both sides of the mandible were selected as test teeth. Two types of bioresorbable membranes including "Guidor membrane", "S-membranes" were used to examining for biological activity, and also Gore-tex membranes was used for positive control. Surgically created defects were made in 2 premolars of both sides of the mandible at $3{\times}4mm^2$ in size and tested membranes were implanted in the defected area. A plaque control regimen was instituted with daily tooth brushing with a 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate during experimental periods. All the experimental animals were sacrificed after 2, 4, and 8 weeks from surgery and undecalcified slides were prepared using the "sawing and grinding" technique described by Donath and Breuner". In biodegradability, all the membranes were started their biodegradation from two weeks after implantation and gradually demolished of their frame morphology from eight weeks. However, demolition of membranes in 8 weeks after implantation was highest in Guidor membranes and followed by S-membranes. Biocompatibilityof two kinds of biodegradable membranes including Guidor and S-mambrane were shown to be well tolerated to the surrounding tissue, and were minimal accumulation of inflammatory cell infiltration around the implanted membranes to compare with Gore-tex membrane. Regeneration of defected alveolar bone was initiated from two weeks of membrane implantation and new bone formation was gradually increased from that time. However, pattern of new bone formation on the defected areas of two kinds of biodegrable membranes was almost similar and quite competitive comparing with Gore-tex membrane. These results implicate that bioresorbable membranes should be highly useful tool for guided tissue regeneration of periodontal defects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.383-394
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• 1979

Treatment of valvular heart disease with valve replacement has been one of the most popular procedures in cardiac surgery recently. Although, first effort was directed toward the prosthetic valve, it soon became popular that bioprosthesis, the valvular xenograft, was prefered in the majority cases. Valvular xenograft has some superiority to the artificial prosthetic valve in some points of thromboembolism and hemolytic anemia, and it also has some inferiority of durability, immunologic reaction and resistance to Infection. Tremendous efforts were made to cover the inferiority with several methods of collection, preservation, and valve mounting of the porcine valve or pericardium of the calf, and also with surgical technique of the valvular xenograft replacement. Auther has collected 320 porcine aortic valves immediately after slaughter, and aortic cusps were coapted with cotton balls in the Valsalva sinuses to protect valve deformity after immersion in the Hanks' solution, and oxidation, cross-linking and reduction procedures were completed after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972. Well preserved aortic valves were suture mounted in the hand-made tissue valve frame of 19, 21, and 23 mm J.d., and also in the prosthetic vascular segment of 19 mm Ld. with 4-0 nylon sutures after careful trimming of the aortic valves. Completed valves were evaluated with bacteriologic culture, pressure tolerance test with tolerane gauge, valve durability test in the saline glycerine mixed solution with tolerance test machine in the speed of 300 rpm, and again with pathologic changes to obtain following results: 1. Bacteriologic culture of the valve tissue in five different preservation method for two weeks revealed excellent and satisfactory result in view of sterilization including 0.65% glutaraldehyde preservation group for one week bacteriologic culture except one tissue with Citobacter freundii in 75% ethanol preserved group. 2. Pressure tolerance test was done with an apparatus composed of V-connected manometer and pressure applicator. Tolerable limit of pressure was recorded when central leaking jet of saline was observed. Average pressure tolerated in each group was 168 mmHg in glutaraldehyde, 128 mmHg in formaldehyde, 92 mmHg in Dakin's solution, 48 mmHg in ethylene oxide gas, and 26 mmHg in ethanol preserved group in relation to the control group of Ringer's 90 mmHg respectively. 3. Prolonged durability test was performed in the group of frame mounted xenograft tissue valve with 300 up-and-down motion tolerance test machine/min. There were no specific valve deformity or wearing in both 19, 21, and 23 mm valves at the end of 3 months (actually 15 months), and another 3 months durability test revealed minimal valve leakage during pressure tolerance test due to contraction deformity of the non-coronary cusp at the end of 6 months (actually 30 months) in the largest 23 mm group. 4. Histopathologic observation was focussed in three view points, endothelial cell lining, collagen and elastic fiber destructions in each preservation methods and long durable valvular tolerance test group. Endothel ial cell lining and collagen fiber were well preserved in the glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde treated group with minimal destruction of elastic fiber. In long durable tolerance test group revealed complete destruction of the endothelial cell lining with minimal destruction of the collagen and elastic fiber in 3 month and 6 month group in relation to the time and severity. In conclusion, porcine xenograft treated after the proposal of Carpentier in 1972 and preserved in the glutaraldehyde solution was the best method of collection, preservation and valve mounting. Pressure tolerance and valve motion tolerance test, also, revealed most satisfactory results in the glutaraldehyde preserved group.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2017

본원에서 시행하는 Brain SPECT 검사는 $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ 또는 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$를 주사 한 후 뇌 영상을 얻어 뇌 관류상태를 평가하는 검사이다. 하지만 검사 중 일부 환자 상태가 불안정할 경우 움직임이 발생하여 재촬영이나 검사실패로 이어지는 경우가 발생 된다. 이에 현재의 Step and Shoot Mode(SSM)이 아닌 움직임이 발생되더라도 재구성을 통해 영상 구현이 가능한 Dynamic Continuous Mode(DCM)를 적용하여 환자의 재촬영과 피폭선량을 감소시키고 검사실에 운영 효율성을 높이고자함에 있다. Deluxe PET/SPECT Phantom과 Hoffman 3D Brain Phantom으로 Filtered Back Projection(FBJ)과 Iterated Reconstruction(IR)으로 재구성하여 영상을 구현하였다. 이미지를 가지고 핵의학과 5년이상의 임상경력이 있는 의사 5명과 방사선사 5명을 대상으로 리커트 5점 척도(Likert 5 Scale)와 블라인드 판독 테스트를 실시 하였다. 판독의 블라인드 테스트 결과 최소 DCM 3Repeat (30%)에서 7Repeat (50%)까지 판독에 영향을 주지 않는다고 답해 주었다. DCM으로 검사 시 환자 움직임이 발생되면 불필요한 부분을 제거하여 재촬영, 재주사의 감소를 가져올 수 있고, 장비 오류 시 영상을 재구성 후 구현 할 수 있어 검사실 운영 효율도 높을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 SPECT검사뿐 만 아니라 SPECT/CT검사 에서도 활발한 연구가 적용 될 거라 기대 되며 마지막으로 실제 환자 적용은 환자 데이터의 충분한 수집 후 병원 판독 실정에 맞게 도입이 필요 하리라 사료된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.283-293
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• 2002

목적 : 고선량률의 Ir-192 선원을 이용한 근접조사의 모의촬영 영상을 개인컴퓨터(PC)에 입력하여 해부학적 영상에 선량분포를 구현하고 히스토그램, 선량-용적히스토그램 및 3차원 선량분포를 전산화하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 선량전산화에 이용된 선원은 원격근접조사장치(Buchler 3K, 독일)의 Co-60 대체선원으로 한국원자력 연구소와 공동으로 개발한 Ir-192이다. 선원 모양에 의존하는 선량분포의 비등방성은 선원을 미소 분할하여 구한 선량과 선원 중심에서 측방 기준점의 공중선량을 기준으로 규격화한 값을 이용하였다. 선원 주위의 조직선량은 선원 중심에서 측방으로 실측된 조직감쇠와 산란에 의한 보정계수와 에너지에 따른 공기 저지능에 대한 조직의 저지능 비로 공중-조직선량 변환계수를 적용하고 기준점에 대해 규격화한 선량률표를 검색하여 얻도록 하였다. 선량계획 전산화 과정에 모의촬영 영상입력, 선원입력과 선원의 축면 결정과 해부학적 영상을 이용한 선량분포와 점선량, 히스토그램 및 선량-용적 히스토그램을 구현하였다. 결과 : 저자들이 개발한 근접조사 선량계획시스템에는 선원모의촬영 영상을 스켄하여 비트맵 파일로 저장하고, 좌표원점과 확대율을 정해, 선원위치를 결정하고 선량분포와 선량분석 프로그램을 포함한 선량전산화를 구현하였다. 실험에 이용된 Ir-192 선원의 조직내 선량은 공중선량율과 조직에 의한 감쇠 및 산란에 의한 실험식을 이용하였다. 선원 중심에서 축상의 거리와 축에서 떨어진 거리에 따른 선량률표에서 행렬 검색하여 얻도록 하였다. 근접조사선량계획은 선원좌표 입력과 선원의 축면(principal plane)을 결정하여 선원이 포함된 평면상의 선량을 구현하였으며, 시뮬레이션 영상인 관상면과 시상면에 선량분포를 구현하였다. 선량-히스토그램에 의한 선량분포 분석은 임의의 해부학적 영상면 위에 커서가 놓인 위치의 선량 스켓치로 얻었다. 임상에 필요한 선량분석은 선원의 축에서 면의깊이를 이동하여 선량분포를 구할 수 있게 하였으며, 선량-용적 히스토그램과 3차원 선량분포를 구현하였다. 결론 : 고선량률 Ir-192를 이용하여 근접조사선량계획을 전산화하였으며, 선량분포의 분석에는 해부학적 영상의 선량분포와 선량-히스토그램, 선량-용적히스토그램을 구현하였으며, 선량분포의 면을 임의 선택할 수 있고 3차원 선량분포를 포함한 선량계획시스템을 준비하였다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2014

본 연구는 다문화가족 청소년 212명을 대상으로 Heater의 이론을 적용하여 그들의 차별경험과 문화변용스트레스 수준을 측정하였고, 이것이 국민정체성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조사대상자들의 차별경험을 측정한 결과 2.63(SD=.72)으로 나타나 보통수준보다 다소 높은 것으로 조사되었으며, 그들의 문화변용스트레스는 2.48(SD=.65)로 나타나 보통수준인 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 조사대상자의 국민정체성 수준은 2.16(SD=.57)로 조사되어 보통수준보다 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 학업수준, 동거부모 형태, 모 한국어능력에 따라 집단별로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 조사대상자의 차별경험(${\beta}$=-.305), 동거부모 형태(${\beta}$=.286), 문화변용스트레스(${\beta}$=-.225), 학업수준(${\beta}$=.186), 모 한국어 능력(${\beta}$=.173) 등의 순서로 국민정체성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과에 기초하여 다문화가족 청소년의 국민정체성을 향상할 수 있는 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2013

Bovine coat color is decided by the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) genotype mutation and melanogenesis. Specially, in the various cattle breeds, dominant black coat color is expressed by dominant genotype of $E^D$, red or brown is expressed in the frame shift mutation of recessive homozygous e by base pair deletion and wild type of $E^+$ is expressed in various coat colors. However, not very well known about the effected of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color through family lines in KBC. Therefore, this study were to investigate effect of MC1R genotype mutation on the coat color, and to suggest mating breed system in accordance with of MC1R genotype for increased on brindle coat color appearance. Parents (sire 2 heads and dam 3 heads) and offspring (total : 54 heads) from crossbreeding in KBC family line with the MC1R genotype and phenotype records were selected as experimental animals. The relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes expression verified by PCR-RFLP, and brindle coat color appearance to the family line of the cross mating breed from MC1R genotype pattern was determined. As a result, 4MC1R genetic variations, $E^+/E^+$ (sire 1), $E^+/e$ (sire 2 and dam 3), $E^+/e$ with 4 bands of 174, 207 and 328 bp (dam 1) and $E^+/e$ with 3 bands of 174, 207, 328 and 535 bp (dam 2) from parents (sire and dam) of KBC. However, 3 genetic variations, e/e (24%), $E^+/E^+$ (22%) and $E^+/e$ (56%) were identified in offspring. Also, brindle coat color expressrated was the e/e with the 0%, $E^+/E^+$ with 67% and $E^+/e$ with 77% from MC1R genotype in offspring on the cross mating of KBC. Furthermore, when the sire had $E^+/e$ genotype and the dam had $E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$ genotype, and both had whole body-brindle coat color, 62% of the offspring had whole body-brindle coat color. Therefore, the seresults, the mating system from MC1R genotype patterns of the sires ($E^+/e$) and dams ($E^+/E^+$ with the 3 bands or $E^+/e$) with brindle coat color may have the highest whole body-brindle coat color expression in their offspring.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.567-576
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 지반보강용 시멘트-페이스트에 초음파를 조사하여 온도변화, 점도, 일축압축강도, 육안관측 시험을 통해 초음파가 시멘트-페이스트에 어떠한 물리적 특성을 변화시키는지에 대하여 고찰하였다. 실험에 사용된 w/c는 50~100%까지 다양하게 진행하였으며, 그라우트재의 온도변화는 ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$내에서 범위를 벗어나지 않도록 조절하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과 온도변화는 초음파 조사시간에 비례하여 일정하게 증가하였고, 초음파를 조사한 지반보강용 시멘트-페이스트 점도는 최대 40%까지 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 일축압축강도는 평균 30% 증가하였으며 육안관측시험에서도 초음파를 조사한 시멘트-페이스트의 단면이 공극이 많이 감소하는 양상을 보였다.