• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.935-940
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• 2014

To investigate effect of on sexual maturation in spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus the sexual maturation, photoperiods were established to natural photoperiod, 9L:15D, 11L:13D, 13L:11D and 15L:9D. After rearing for 90 days from August 11 to November 10, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hormones were analyzed. In the female, GSI was $1.07{\pm}0.09%$ in the natural photoperiod, $1.93{\pm}0.06%$ in 9L:15D, while the GSI of male was $0.75{\pm}0.05%$ in the natural photoperiod, $1.89{\pm}0.12%$ in 9L:15D and $0.22{\pm}0.05%$ in 15L:9D and the lowest in 15L:9D, respectively. The blood estradiol (E2) of female was $226.0{\pm}13.6pg/ml$ in the natural photoperiod, and the highest value of $296.3{\pm}15.0pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. The male $17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$ was similar to the female with $196.3{\pm}17.0pg/ml$ in the natural photo period and $133.0{\pm}15.5pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. The testosterone (T) of male was $259.3{\pm}33.1pg/ml$ in the natural photoperiod, but the hightest value of $370.5{\pm}27.5pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. These results provide basic information from sexual maturation of spotted seabass.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.7 no.4 s.26
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• pp.151-162
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• 2005

Variable Message Sign (VMS), which provides drivers with direct information about state of traffic congestion and for prevent an accident, is the most effective method among the methods of providing information in Advanced Transportation Management System. Currently establishment and the VMS which is operated foundation lets in Guidelines on the use of Variable message sign (a book of the VMS) of 1999 November the Ministry Construction & Transportation, these contents mean main viewpoint on physical part such as message special quality variable (font, character size and line space, word interval) and position mainly among standard about establishment in general. But, it is true that using without effect verification on the character of VMS display and that using mode of stationary-centered. In this paper, it executed significance test to effort verification on the character of VMS display for more practical and effective information transmission based on the driver viewpoint For the researches; develop 3D-Simulation, select characteristics of driver's visual cognition behavior (the conspicuity, the legibility and the comprehensibility), evaluation each issue (day or night, 80km/h or 100km/h). Especially, that used the Eye Marker Recorder to measure of reading-time (legibility) thus, confirmed objectivity and reduce an observational error. The results showed that the conspicuity is Flashing> Stationary>Scroll. The legibility is not deference that Flashing between stationary form. Also the comprehensibility result showed that Flashing> Stationary>Stroll form.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.44
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• pp.85-116
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• 2015

Found in 23 Dec 1953 to cope with illegal fishing of foreign ships and coastal guard duty, Korea Coast Guard was re-organized as an office under Ministry of Public Safety since the outbreak of sinking of passenger ship "Sewolho". In the course of re-organization, intelligence and investigation duty were transferred to Police Department except "Cases happened on the sea". But the definition of intelligence duty is vague and there are lots of disputes over the jurisdiction and range of activities. With this situation in consideration, the object of this study is to analyse legal and institutional characteristic of KCG Intelligence, to compare them to that of Police Department, foreign agencies like Japan Coast Guard and US Coast Guard, to expose the limit and to suggest solution. To summarize the conclusion, firstly, in the legal side, there is no legal basis on intelligence in [The Government Organization Act], no regulation for mission, weak basis in application act. Secondly, in the institutional side, stated in the minor chapter of [The Government Organization Act], 'the cases happened on sea' is a quite vague definition, while guard, safety, maritime pollution duty falls under 'on the sea' category, intelligence fell to 'Cases happened on the sea' causing coast guard duty and intelligence have different range. In addition, reduced organization and it's manpower led to ineffective intelligence activities. In the case of Police Department, there is definite lines on 'administration concerning public security' in [The Government Organization Act], specified the range of intelligence activities as 'collect, make and distribute information concerning public security' which made the range of main duty and intelligence identical. Japanese and US coast guards also have intelligence branch and performing activities appropriate for the main missions of the organizations. To have superiority in the regional sea, neighboring countries Japan and China are strengthening on maritime power, China has launched new coast guard bureau, Japan has given the coast guard officers to have police authority in the regional islands, and to support the objectives, specialized intelligence is organized and under development. To secure maritime sovereignty and enhance mission capability in maritime safety duty, it is strongly recommended that the KCG intelligence should have concrete legal basis, strengthen the organization and mission, reinforce manpower, and ensure specialized training administrative system.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.2 s.85
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• pp.246-255
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• 1998

Ganoderan (GAN), an immunomodulating ${\beta}-glucan$ of G. lucidum, induces potent antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. This study was set up to elucidate the ability of macrophage activation of GANs. GAN-treated Raw 264.7 macrophages showed enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO). The ability of GANs to produce NO was based on differences in chemical composition of GANs obtained from the mycelium on various carbon sources and mycelial fractionation. The highest NO production was observed in CW-AS-WS polysaccharide which was extracted from the mycelial wall. GAN-treated Raw 264.7 cells gave a 2-to 5-fold (24 hr) formation of NO levels compared with those treated with medium only. Partial removal of the protein in the extracellular GAN by TCA treatment did appreciably reduce its capacity to secrete NO. The mixture effect of GAN and LPS increased the nitric oxide secretion from RAW 264.7. The cell proliferation of GAN-treated Raw 264.7 cell tines inhibited as compared with its control. Of the culture supernatant of macrophage activated by GAN, the percentage of cytotoxicity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells was slightly dependent on the amount of NO in the culture supernatants of the activated-macrophages. These results indicate that the ${\beta}-glucan-related$ polysaccharides of the higher fungus activate macrophage and release nitric oxide. It also suggests that murine macrophages possess certain receptors for ${\beta}-anomeric$ glucans and play a critical role of ${\beta}-glucan-related$ tumor killing mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1992

Many herbicides that are applied at the soil before weed emergence inhibit plant growth soon after weed germination occurs. Plant growth has been known as an irreversible increase in size as a result of the processes of cell divison and cell enlargement. Herbicides can influence primary growth in which most new plant tissues emerges from meristmatic region by affecting either or both of these processes. Herbicides which have sites of action during interphase($G_1$, S, $G_2$) of cell cycle and cause a subsequent reduction in the observed frequency of mitotic figures can be classified as an inhibitor of mitotic entry. Those herbicides that affect the mitotic sequence(mitosis) by influencing the development of the spindle apparatus or by influencing new cell plate formation should be classified as causing disruption of the mitotic sequence. Sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, chloroacetamides and some others inhibit plant growth by inhibiting the entry of cell into mitosis. The carbamate herbicides asulam, carbetamide, chlorpropham and propham etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, especially affecting on spindle function, and the dinitroaniline herbicides trifluralin, nitralin, pendimethalin, dinitramine and oryzalin etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, particularly causing disappearence of microtubles from treated cells due to inhibition of polymerization process. An inhibition of cell enlargement can be made by membrane demage, metabolic changes within cells, or changes in processes necessary for cell yielding. Several herbicides such as diallate, triallate, alachlor, metolachlor and EPTC etc. reported to inhibit cell enlargement, while 2, 4-D has been known to disrupt cell enlargement. One potential danger inherent in the use of soil acting herbicides is that build-up of residues could occur from year to year. In practice, the sort of build-up that would be disastrous is unikely to occur for substances applied at the correct soil concentration. Crop injury caused by soil applied herbicides can be minimized by (1) following the guidance of safe use of herbicides, particularly correct dose at correct time in right crop, (2) by use of safeners which protect crops against injury without protecting any weed ; interactions between herbicides and safeners(antagonists) at target sites do occur probably from the following mechanisms (1) competition for binding site, (2) circumvention of the target site, and (3) compensation of target site, and another mechanism of safener action can be explained by enhancement of glutathione and glutathione related enzyme activity as shown in the protection of rice from pretilachlor injury by safener fenclorim, (3) development of herbicide resistant crops ; development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes can be explained by either gene pool theory or selection theory which are two most accepted explanations, and on this basis it is likely to develop herbicide-resistant crops of commercial use. Carry-over problems do occur following repeated use of the same herbicide in an extended period of monocropping, and by errors in initial application which lead to accidental and irregular overdosing, and by climatic influence on rates of loss. These problems are usually related to the marked sensitivity of the particular crops to the specific herbicide residues, e.g. wheat/pronamide, barley/napropamid, sugarbeet/ chlorsulfuron, quinclorac/tomato. Relatively-short-residual product, succeeding culture of insensitive crop to specific herbicide, and greater reliance on postemergence herbicide treatments should be alternatives for farmer practices to prevent these problems.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2017

The study was initiated to evaluate the effects of overseeding warm-season grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) with cool-season grasses (CSG) on turfgrass density, uniformity and tiller appearance and to determine turfgrass species and seeding rate applicable for a practical use. Treatments were comprised of Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and their mixtures. Overall turfgrass density and uniformity were much better with the overseeded treatments over the control. In early stage after overseeding, the greater the PR in treatments, the greater the turfgrass density and uniformity. But the higher the KB, the lower the density and uniformity. From the middle-stage evaluation, however, we observed the opposite results as compared with early-stage findings. Accordingly, the KB was highest in turfgrass density and uniformity, while the PR lowest. In regards of mixtures, both turfgrass density and uniformity were better with increased KB and decreased PR in overseeding rates. As for a medium-quality mixtures of Korean lawngrass with CSG, it would be the best choice to apply with KB at $50g\;m^{-2}$ and equal combination of KB, PR and TF by 1/3 in mixing at $75g\;m^{-2}$ in terms of sustainable density and uniformity.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2018

Miscanthus species are known as a genus of eco-friendly and low-maintenance cost ornamental grasses. Plug and cutting methods were tested for multi-propagation of most promising ornamental Miscanthus species in greenhouse and field plot. The plug formation period with three different cell sizes with four cultivars (M. sinensis 'Andersson', 'Strictus', 'Gracillimus', 'Variegatus') were evaluated the seedling development stages with two irrigation types of the over-head and the bottom watering in greenhouse and field plot afterward during 2015-2016 season. In seedling plug test, the size of tray cell affected the plug formation. Bottom irrigation resulted positively on plant height, weight, root and tiller development compared with the over-head irrigation. Plug cell size affected the plant growth in the field after transplanting. All of the 3 Miscanthus species showed higher rates of successful propagation at the lower nodes before inflorescence formation (vegetative growth stage). To analyze the survival factors of M. xgiganteus cutting, the cutting time, node part, and culm diameter were tested as independent variables with the binary logistic model. The survival probability was influenced by node part and culm diameter significantly. The third and fifth node parts showed 0.12 (8X higher failure probability) and 0.02 (50X higher failure probability) times less survival probability. It means the survival probability will be increased by using older and lower part of cuttings during a vegetative growth stage before inflorescences of M. xgiganteus.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

This study analyzed for hydrodynamic dispersion characteristics of multi-soil layer (Silt and clay, Find sand, Coarse sand), data of a field tracer test on the multi-soil layer and data of laboratory column experiments on the samples on each soil layers. Through the analysis of permeability and flow, MS (Silt and clay) and FS (Fine sand), which were low effective porosity, were higher average linear velocity while CS (Coarse sand), which was high effective porosity, was higher hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity function based on average soil particle diameter was assumed Y=$3.49{\times}10^{-8}e^{15320x}$ and coefficient of determination was 0.90. Average linear velocity function based on average soil particle diameter was assumed Y=$1.88{\times}10^{-7}e^{11459x}$ and coefficient of determination was 0.81. Longitudinal dispersivity function based on average soil particle diameter was Y = 0.00256$e^{5971x}$ and coefficient of determination was 0.98. According to the linear regression analysis of average linear velocity and longitudinal dispersivity, assumed function was Y = 21.7527x + 0.0063, and coefficient of determination was 0.9979. The ratio of field scale/laboratory scale was 54.09, it exhibited scale-dependent effect of hydrodynamic dispersion. Field longitudinal dispersivity (1.39m) was 7.47 times as higher than longitudinal dispersivity estimated by the methods of Xu and Eckstein (1995). Hydrodynamic dispersion on CS layer was occurred mainly by diffusion flow in the test aquifer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 1993

A long term fertilizer trial has been conducted on a silty clayloam soil with barley as test crop since 1975. The treatments included NPK, NK, NP, and PK, and no fertilizer. This paper is to report the barley yield trend during 16 years(1975~1990) and the soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake by barley in 1990. Following is the summary of the results. 1. The average yield of barley in 16 years were in the order of NPK(100%) > PK(69%) > NP(55%) > No Fertilizer(35%) > NK(24%). Of special interst was that in 16th year the yield of barley in NK plot, namely without P, was nil. 2. In NK plot where the yield of barley was nil in 16th year, the uptake of N, P, and K by plant was lowest amomg the treatments and N, K fertilizer uptake efficiencies were nagative. 3. The soil analysis in 16th year revealed that in NK plot the pH, the available P and exchangeable Ca and Mg were very low. In 16 years average, there was positive correlation between the yield of barley and available P and exchangeable Mg in the soil. One interesting point was that in 16th year the $NO_3-N$ in the soul was relatively high, but N uptake by barley was very low.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.311-325
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• 2007

The concept of metal bioavailability, rather than total metal in soils, is increasingly becoming important for a thorough understanding of risk assessment and remediation. This is because bioavailable metals generally represented by the labile or soluble metal components existing as either free ions or soluble complexed ions are likely to be accessible to receptor organismsrather than heavy metals tightly bound on soil surface. Consequently, many researchers have investigated the bioavailability of metals in both soil and solution phases together with the key soil properties influencing bioavailability. In order to study bioavailability changes various techniques have been developed including chemical based extraction (weak salt solution extraction, chelate extraction, etc.) and speciation of metals using devices such as ion selective electrode (ISE) and diffusive gradient in the thin film (DGT). Changes in soil metal bioavailability typically occur through adsorption/desorption reactions of metal ions exchanged between soil solution and soil binding sites in response to changes in environment factors such as soil pH, organic matter (OM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), and index cations. Increasesin soil pH result in decreases in metal bioavailability through adsorption of metal ions on deprotonated binding sites. Organic matter may also decrease metal bioavailability by providing more negatively charged binding sites, and metal bioavailability can also be decreases as concentrations of DOC and LMWOAs increase as these both form strong chelate complexeswith metal ions in soil solution. The interaction of metal ions with these soil properties also varies depending on the soil and metal type.