• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.795-806
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• 2016

This study was conducted to improve the continuous techniques for international competitiveness of ginseng industry to Korea-China FTA negotiation and conclusion, and provide the basic information for ginseng industry development of Korea. It was carried out the visiting of the northeastern three provinces (Jilin, Liaoling and Heilongjang) in China for 3-year from 2014 to 2016 and observed the farmers' fields of ginseng cultivation with soil environmental status. The types of ginseng cultivation could be observed in small scales of 0.5~3.0 ha, in middle scales of 4.0~10.0 ha and in large scales of 30~700 ha with the kinds of imhasam, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng and western ginseng. Also ginseng was cultivated in newly reclaimed land of forest in two types of direct seeding and transplanting of ginseng seedlings. The field beds of ginseng growing were covered with vinyl films in arch design of 100~130 cm height and vinyl was painted in spraying with blue, green and yellow colours for shading. It was investigated in status of the physico-chemical properties of soils. The physical information on the field soils were silt loam, loam and sandy loam in soil textures, and some plain in low slope, some alluvial fan or local valley in forest of land topography. Soil pH ranged within 5.0~5.2, soil EC was $0.93{\sim}3.78dS\;m^{-1}$, organic matter was $37{\sim}35g\;kg^{-1}$, nitrate nitrogen $63{\sim}490mg\;kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ $55{\sim}163mg\;kg^{-1}$, and in exchangeable cations, K was 0.30~0.98, Ca was 6.5~14.0, Mg was $1.1{\sim}5.3cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ in ranges. Farmers used the fertilizer for ginseng cultivation in 10~11 t of compost, $200{\sim}400kg\;ha^{-1}$ of complex fertilizer and $750kg\;ha^{-1}$ of oil cakes. The northeastern three provinces of China can use the newly lands with large areas of ginseng cultivation in soil sickness by continuous cropping. and the soil basic fertility is batter than that of Korean in standard guide of ginseng cultivation soil.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.316-321
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• 2007

The effect of annealing on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al-Mg alloy (AA5052) processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by electrochemical techniques in a solution containing 0.2 mol/L of $AlCl_3$ and also by surface analysis. The Al-Mg alloy was annealed at a fixed temperature between 473 and 573 K for 120 min in air after ECAP. Anodizing was conducted for 40 min at $100-400A/m^2$ at 293 K in a solution containing 1.53 mol/L of $H_2SO_4$ and 0.0185 mol/L of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. The internal stress generated in anodic oxide films during anodization was measured with a strain gauge to clarify the effect of ECAP on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al-Mg alloy. The time required to initiate the pitting corrosion of anodized Al-Mg alloy was shorter in samples subjected to ECAP, indicating that ECAP decreased the pitting corrosion resistance. However, the pitting corrosion resistance was greatly improved by annealing after ECAP. The time required to initiate pitting corrosion increased with increasing annealing temperature. The strain gauge attached to Al-Mg alloy revealed that the internal stress present in the anodic oxide films was compressive stress, and that the stress was larger with ECAP than without. The compressive internal stress gradually decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cracks occurred in the anodic oxide film on Al-Mg alloy during initial corrosion and that the cracks were larger with ECAP than without. The ECAP process of severe plastic deformation produces large internal stresses in the Al-Mg alloy; the stresses remain in the anodic oxide films, increasingthe likelihood of cracks. It is assumed that the pitting corrosion is promoted by these cracks as a result of the higher internal stress resulting from ECAP. The improvement in the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized AlMg alloy as a result of annealing appears to be attributable to a decrease in the internal stresses in anodic oxide films

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.275-281
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• 2007

The effect of annealing on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al-Mg alloy (AA5052) processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by electrochemical techniques in a solution containing 0.2 mol/L of $AlCl_3$ and also by surface analysis. The Al-Mg alloy was annealed at a fixed temperature between 473 and 573 K for 120 min in air after ECAP. Anodizing was conducted for 40 min at $100-400A/m^2$ at 293 K in a solution containing 1.53 mol/L of $H_2SO_4$ and 0.0185 mol/L of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$. The internal stress generated in anodic oxide films during anodization was measured with a strain gauge to clarify the effect of ECAP on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al-Mg alloy. The time required to initiate the pitting corrosion of anodized Al-Mg alloy was shorter in samples subjected to ECAP, indicating that ECAP decreased the pitting corrosion resistance. However, the pitting corrosion resistance was greatly improved by annealing after ECAP. The time required to initiate pitting corrosion increased with increasing annealing temperature. The strain gauge attached to Al-Mg alloy revealed that the internal stress present in the anodic oxide films was compressive stress, and that the stress was larger with ECAP than without. The compressive internal stress gradually decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cracks occurred in the anodic oxide film on Al-Mg alloy during initial corrosion and that the cracks were larger with ECAP than without. The ECAP process of severe plastic deformation produces large internal stresses in the Al-Mg alloy; the stresses remain in the anodic oxide films, increasingthe likelihood of cracks. It is assumed that the pitting corrosion is promoted by these cracks as a result of the higher internal stress resulting from ECAP. The improvement in the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized AlMg alloy as a result of annealing appears to be attributable to a decrease in the internal stresses in anodic oxide films

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 2002

Fresh elephant grass was replaced by urea treated rice straw (UTRS) to evaluate the effects on milk production of crossed lactating cows. A total of 16 crossbred F1 cows (Holstein Friesian ${\times}$ Vietnamese Local Yellow), with a body weight of about 400 kg and lactation number from three to five, were used in the experiment. The experimental cows were blocked according to the milk yield of the previous eight weeks and divided into 4 homogenous groups. The experiment was conducted with a Latin Square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods. Each period was 4 weeks, with 2 weeks of feed adaptation and 2 weeks for data collection. The ratio of concentrate to roughage in the ration was 50:50. All cows were given constant amounts of elephant grass dry matter (DM), with ratios of 100% grass without UTRS (control treatment 100G), and 75% grass (75G), 50% grass (50G) and 25% grass (25G) with ad libitum UTRS. Daily total DM intake on 100G, 75G, 50G and 25G was 12.04, 12.31, 12.32 and 11.85 kg, and the daily ME intake was 121.6, 121.5, 119.4 and 114.3 MJ, respectively. The daily CP intake was similar for all treatments (1.85-1.91 kg). There was a difference (p<0.05) in daily milk yield between the 25G and the 100G and 75G (11.7 vs. 12.6 and 12.5 kg, respectively). Milk protein concentration was similar for all treatments, while a tendency to increased milk fat concentration following the increase of UTRS ratio was observed. The cows gained 4-5 kg body weight per month and showed first oestrus 3-4 months after calving. The overall feed conversion for milk production was not affected by ratio of UTRS in the ration. It is concluded that replacement of green grass by UTRS with a ratio of 50:50 for crossbred lactating cows is as good as feeding 100% green grass in terms of milk yield, body weight gain and feed conversion. UTRS can preferably replace green grass in daily rations for crossbred dairy cows in winter to cope with the shortage of green grass, with the ratio 1:1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.360-360
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• 2017

Morphological characteristics indicating agronomic features and yield components (trunk length, trunk diameter, thickness of bark, pith density, dry-matter percentage of pith and starch concentration in pith) of sago palms (Metroxylon sagu Rottbøll) were compared between the 27 populations grown in the islands in Southeast Asia (West Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, Southeast Sulawesi, Ternate, Halmahera and Seram in Indonesia) and the 20 populations grown in Melanesia (West Papua in Indonesia, East Sepik and New Ireland island in Papua New Guinea). The average starch yield calculated based on the yield components was $310kg\;plant^{-1}$ and $244kg\;plant^{-1}$ in the islands in Southeast and Melanesia, respectively. The variation of starch yield in Melanesia (CV: about 80%) was larger than that in the islands in Southeast Asia (CV: about 60%). The difference in starch yield in the islands in Southeast Asia was mainly attributed to the trunk diameter breast height and the dry-matter percentage of pith. In contrast, the differences in trunk length and dry-matter percentage of pith mainly accounted for the difference in starch yield in Melanesia. The sago palms in the islands in Southeast Asia had a comparatively thick and short trunk and those in Melanesia had a comparatively thinner and longer trunk. However, the average pith dry-matter yield was almost same level as $400kg\;plant^{-1}$ in both the islands in Southeast Asia and Melanesia. The difference in starch yield between the two areas was attributed to the difference in starch concentration in pith, 77% and 58% in the islands in Southeast Asia and Melanesia, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 1996

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant drug that has been shown to be as effective as phenytoin or phenobarbital in treatment of grand mal and complex partial seizures and is also approved as the drug of choice for treatment of the pain associated with trigerminal neuralgia. And the therapeutic or toxic effects of carbamazepine are better related to plasma concentration than to dosage, which can be attributed to interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics. A slow rate of carbamazepine dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract is believed to be the cause of its relatively slow and erratic rate of absorption. For these reasons pharmacokinetic evaluation of newly formulated carbamazepine is neccessary. In this study, the bioequivalence in carbamazepine between the $TegretoI^{TM}$ CR tablet (Geigy Co.) and $Carmazepine^{TM}$ CR tablet (Myung In Co.) was evaluated. 12 normal volunteers (age $21\~27$ years old) was divided into two groups, and a randomized cross-over study was employed. The pharmacokinetic parameters ($C_{max},\;T_{max}$ and AUC) obtained of oral administration of each formulatim of carbamazepine 400 mg were evaluated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. $C_{max}\;is\;8.26{\pm}3.1{\mu}g/ml\;(C.V.\;37.3\%)\;in\;TegretoI^{TM}\;and\;9.39\{pm}2.9{\mu}g/ml\;(C.V.\;30.5\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM},\;T_{max}\;is\;28.0{\pm}5.9\;hrs(C.V.\;21.1\%)$ in $Tegretol^{TM}\;and\;24.0{\pm}7.2\;hrs(C.V.\;30.2\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM}$ and AUC is $786.4{\pm}360.5{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml\;(C.V.\;45.8\%)$ in $TegretoI^{TM}\;and\;792.8{\pm}228.6{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml\;(C.V.\;28.8\%)$ in $Carmazepine^{TM}$, respectively. As the result of the data, two formulations are bioequvalent, and the lower C.V. of $Carmazepine^{TM}$ in every individual can be merit.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.43-53
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• 2010

The increasing interest in the use of automated photographic equipment in Korea enables to detect speed violation and enforce traffic laws. Since 1996, Korean National Police Agency has been promoting a project for installation of Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE) system aiming at reduction of accidents. Recently, point to point speed cameras operate to measure a driver's average speed across length of road and/or the spot speed at individual camera sites along the road length. In this study, we were analyzed to driver's operating characteristics in point to point speed cameras. The point to point speed camera system has link-long influence on drivers and their speeds despite enforcement being visible only at the start and end of enforced road length. Then, mean and 85th percentile speeds were below speed limit along enforced road length by the two camers. Also, Female drivers were driving at low speed than male drivers along the road length.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.657-665
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is the basic research of self-compacting concrete using Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) binder in order to emphasize the durability of structures and facilitate casting the fresh concrete in field. The AAS binder emitted low carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is eco friendly material of new concept because AAS products not only emit little $CO_2$ during production but also reuse the industrial by-products such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) of the steel mill. Until now, almost of domestic and foreign research are using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for self-compacting concrete, and also, nonexistent research about AAS. The self-compacting concrete must get the performance of flowability, segregation resistance, filling and passing ability. Nine concrete mixes were prepared with the main parameter of unit amount of binder (400, 500, 600 $kg/m^3$) and 3 types of water-binder (W/B) ratio. The results of test were that fresh concretes were satisfied with flowability, segregation resistance, and filling ability of JSCE. But the passing ability was not meet the criteria of EFNARC because of higher viscosity of AAS paste than OPC. This high viscosity of AAS paste enables the manufacturing of self compacting concrete, segregation of which does not occur without the using of viscosity agent. It is necessary that the development of high fluidity AAS binders of higher strength and the study of better passing ability of AAS concrete mixes in order to use self compacting AAS concrete in field.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 1970

This study is to investigate the status of anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia among pre-school children in rural area in Korea. The survey was conducted in Sang-dae Ri, Yusong Myon, Daedok Gun, Chung Chong Nam-Do from July 30 th to August 12th, 1968. The measurements were done of height, weight, hematologist and biochemical levels on ninety-two pre-school children, 47 male, and 45 female, one to six years of age. Hemoglobin was determined by the method of cyanmethemoglobin and hematocrit by micro hematocrit centrifuge. The determination of serum iron, iron-binding capacity was done by the method of Ramsay using bathophenanthroline and the serum albumin was determined by Biuret Reaction. The results of this study are as follows: 1) 54.4 percent of the pre-school children weighed less than 90 percent of the Korean General Standard Weight level. 2) The average hemoglobin level was $11.0{\pm}1.57gm/100ml$, 38.0 percent of the children were anemic with less than 1.0gm/100ml. Of the anemic children 60 percent were below the Korean General Standard Weight level. 3) 27.5 percent of the pre-school children were found to have below 32 percent of a hematocrit values and 28.0 percent showed less than 33 percent in M.C.H.C. These results showed that the incidence of hypochromic anemia in these pre-school children was high. 4) 37.9 percent of these children had a serum iron level less than $50{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;31.0\;percent\;had\;a\;TIBC\;above\;400{\mu}g$ while 48.3 percent showed a transferrin saturation lower than 15 percent. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded than the cause of this anemia was iron deficiency. 5) In this group there was a little evidence of low total serum protein levels. However, 10.4 percent of the children had a deficient serum albumin level, below 2.80 gm/100ml while 51.7 percent had a low level, less than 3.50gm/100ml, and 34.5 percent of the children had a low level of TIBC, less than $350{\mu}g/100ml$, and considering these facts, it is suggested that some of the anemias have a multiple causes through protein deficiency and repeated chronic infection apart from iron deficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.164-164
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• 2017

해양환경 중 많이 사용되는 철강재료들은 그 가혹한 부식환경에 대응하기 위하여 일반적으로 피복 도장방식법이나 음극방식법이 적용되고 있다. 여기서 음극방식법은 선박 및 해양구조물의 해중부 부식에 대해 가장 효과적인 방식법으로 알려져 있다. 한편, 이와 같이 해수 중 철강재에 음극방식을 적용할 경우, 피방식체인 그 강재 표면에 해수 중 용존된 산소의 음극환원 반응이 일어나며 국부적인 알카리 표면 조건을 형성시켜 $Mg(OH)_2$와 $CaCO_3$의 막을 석출시킨다. 이와같이 음극방식 중 형성된 전착물은 방식해야 될 표면적을 감소시켜 방식전류밀도를 감소시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이렇게 석출된 전착물은 음극표면에 부분적으로 형성되고, 여러 가지 환경 조건 등의 영향을 받아 그 피막의 형성 정도도 가늠하기 어렵기 때문에 음극방식 설계 시 그 정도에 따른 영향을 고려-반영하기가 곤란하다. 또한 이 전착물은 그 형성 메커니즘에 관한 해석이나 강도, 균일한 밀착성, 장기적인 방식효과 및 효율성 등이 아직 충분히 입증되어 있지 않은 실정에 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해수 중 다양한 전착 프로세스에 의해 제작된 전착물의 기간별, 도장코팅 종류별 특성변화를 분석 및 평가하고, 전착물에 의한 희생양극 소모전류 변화 측정 분석을 통해 전착막을 균일하고 치밀하게 형성시키기 위한 최적의 조건을 찾고자 하였다. 또한 석출속도, 밀착성 및 내식특성을 향상시키기 위해 해수 중 기체를 용해시켜 제작한 막의 특성을 분석-평가하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 강 기판은 일반구조용강(KS D 3503, SS400)으로 ${\varnothing}42.7{\times}1,000mm{\times}4.0t$의 형상으로 제작하였다. 인가된 전류밀도는 1, 3 및 $5A/m^2$이고 도장 코팅 종류별 전착 석출물의 형성차이 비교 분석을 위한 실험은 선박 및 해양구조물에 많이 사용되는 Universal Epoxy 도료 2종을 선정하여 진행하였다. 또한 Steel Wire Mesh의 영향을 알아보기 위해 Mesh를 설치하여 실험을 진행하였다. 기간별-도장 종류별 외관관찰, 전착물의 두께 측정, SEM, EDS 및 XRD를 통해 막의 모폴로지, 조성원소 및 결정구조를 분석하였으며, 전착물의 내식성과 내구성을 평가하기 위해 테이핑 테스트(Taping Test) 및 전기화학적 양극분극 시험을 실시하였다. 희생양극 소모율에 대한 전착물의 영향을 확인하기 위해 외부전원을 인가하여 전착 피막을 형성시킨 강 기판에 희생양극을 연결하여 희생양극 소모효율 측정 시험을 진행하였다. 전착물의 석출량은 시간 및 전류밀도의 증가에 따라 비례하여 증가하였으며, 음극전류 인가 시 금속과 용액 계면 사이의 확산층에서 발생한 $OH^-$ 이온으로 인해 금속과 용액 계면 사이 pH가 부분적으로 증가하여 $Mg(OH)_2$ 화합물이 많이 생성되는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 Mesh의 부착으로 평활하지 않게 형성된 미세한 굴곡구조 및 표면적 증가로 인하여 단계적으로 피복되는데 필요한 시간이 지연되면서 $CaCO_3$에 비해 $Mg(OH)_2$ 화합물이 상대적으로 증가한 것으로 사료된다. $CaCO_3$(Aragonite) 구조는 견고한 피막으로 치밀하고 화학적 친화력이 높아 우수한 밀착성을 보였으며 전착물의 영향으로 양극 전류가 감소하였고, 이로인해 방식전류 절감효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.