• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.895-906
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• 2015

This study was carried out to the structure of plant community from Sinseongam to Jungdaesa in Odaesan National Park, furthermore, it seeks to curate the basic data for planning of the Abies holophylla's forest management in Odaesan National Park. In order to identify the current ecological environment, this study explored the actual vegetation as primary research and set to twenty plots(i.e. $400m^2$) for analysing detailed structure of plant communities. The research methodology was qualitative analysis, therefore it used TWINSPAN and DCA analysis tools. Especially, TWINSPAN performed well in several comparisons of classification techniques, DCA is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities. The plant community was analysed classification and ordination by TWINSPAN and DCA, moreover it was analysed the structure of plant community such as importance percentage of woody species, DBH class distribution, the index of diversity and rate of sample tree growth. The main vegetation was A. holophylla-Quercus mongolica forest and Deciduous broad-leaved forest in the communities where located in low altitude and valley, whereas main vegetation where located in high altitude and slope was Q. mongolica forest. The research site's plant communities were classified four groups. In all of communities, A. holophylla was dominant species in main canopy layer, furthermore, the three communities (community I, II, III) are growing up next generation of A. holophylla excluding community IV. The communities (community I, II, III) can be sustained current status which dominates the A. holophylla communities, simultaneously, there might be expanded the Deciduous broad-leaved communities by Carpinus cordata, Betula schmidtii and so on. While, it showed that the community IV tended to be weaken the forces of A. holophylla, therefore the community IV can be transferred to C. cordata-Deciduous broad-leaved communities in the future. The age of sample trees was 79~128(i.e. A. holophylla), 75~87(i.e. Pinus koraiensis) and 190 years(i.e. Ulmus davidiana var. japonica). The index of Shannon's Species diversity (H') were ranged from 0.3889 to 1.3332 in the communities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1168-1179
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• 2017

In this study, we tried to screen the Bacillus strain having safety probability by isolation of strains from traditional fermented food, measurement of probiotic properties, and the fermentative characteristics of Cheonggukjang. We isolated 400 Bacillus-like isolates from traditional fermented foods. Selected strains examined on the prevalent characteristic such as extracellular enzyme and antibacterial activities, and their safety probability was confirmed by biogenic amine productivity, hemolytic, and harmful substances and enzyme productivity. We selected the 5 strains by analysis of biogenic amine, antibacterial and B. cereus toxic associated gene. Five selected strains were examined on cell surface hydrophobicity, and bile and acid tolerance, and we selected the SRCM100730 as the final strain. SRCM100730 was confirmed B. amyloliquefaciens by 16S rRNA sequencing, and named the B. amyloloquefaciens SRCM100730 (KCCM11966P). Finally, we manufactured Cheonggukjang using SRCM100730 for confirmation of fermentation properties. Manufactured Cheonggukjang did not contain B. cereus, and showed that ${\gamma}$-PGA and extracellular enzyme activities were superior to commercial Chunggukjang. Amino nitrogen content was 544.02 mg% and 26 free amino acid were detected, and the bitterness-related amino acid content was lower than commercial Cheonggukjang. Especially, the amount of GABA was 3 fold higher than commercial Cheonggukjang. These results suggest that SRCM100730 have high availability in commercial probiotics market and fermented food industry.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on blastocysts development and subsequent cryosurvival of the vitrification. The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(0, 100, 200, 400 ${\mu}M$) was added in to culture medium for the bovine embryos. The blasocysts from the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and untreated control groups were then frozen-thawed, and their cryosurvival was assessed by in vitro culture for 48 h. There were no differences in the overall cleavage rate($56.14{\pm}4.66$, $58.18{\pm}4.70$, $62.97{\pm}6.86$ and $51.17{\pm}7.28$) among four treatment groups. However, in blastocyst development and total cell number were significantly higher in ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 200 ${\mu}M$ ($38.60{\pm}7.12$; $106.33{\pm}3.50$) to culture medium than other treatment groups($29.30{\pm}5.24$, $31.60{\pm}7.12$ and $26.37{\pm}4.18$; $101.36{\pm}5.12$, $97.27{\pm}2.87$, and $91.23{\pm}7.52$ respectively). Before and after vitrification, the total cell number and blastocyst development of embryo were significantly higher in July to August than September to October. In conclusion, addition of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 200 ${\mu}M$ to in vitro bovine embryo culture medium was beneficial for improving embryo quality by decreasing the embryo damage blsstocysts cell number and improving the tolerance of the embryos to cryopreservation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.486-492
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• 2007

Seminal plasma(SP) is usually removed from semen that is to be cryopreserved. However, some reports indicate that SP has beneficial effects on spermatozoa during chilling and freezing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SP on sperm survival by adding SP to the extender before cooling and freezing canine spermatozoa. In replicate experiments, ejaculates obtained from four healthy dogs(1-4 years old) of various breeds were pooled, centrifuged at $300{\times}g$ for 10 min at $25^{\circ}C$, and the supernatant of seminal plasma was decanted. Spermatozoa were suspended in egg yolk-Tris(EYT) buffer. The study comprised two experiments: [Exp 1] Sperm were suspended in EYT extender containing either 0, 20, 40, 80 or 100% SP and were slowly cooled to $4^{\circ}C$ for 2h or held at $25^{\circ}C$ as controls. Sperm concentration was adjusted to $2{\times}10^8/ml$. [Exp II] Sperm samples, each of which contained $1{\times}10^8/ml$, were assigned to nine groups to be frozen. In the first four groups, sperm in EYT containing either 20, 40, 80 or 100% SP were cooled to $4^{\circ}C$, then diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol and then were frozen. The final concentrations of SP were 10, 20, 40 or 50%. In the other four groups, sperm in EYT alone were first cooled slowly to $4^{\circ}C$, then diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol plus 10, 20, 40 or 50% SP and then were frozen. Spermatozoa, which chilled in EYT alone and diluted to contain final concentrations of EYT+0.6M glycerol without seminal plasma, and then frozen, was regarded as control. Spermatozoa were frozen at $25^{\circ}C/min$ of cooling rate in plastic straws that were suspended above liquid nitrogen and thawed in water at $38^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. Sperm survival was assayed by determining progressive motility and integrity of plasma and acrosome membranes. Progressive motility was determined by microscopic examination at $200{\times}$ magnification. Membrane integrity was assessed by use of a double fluorescent dye, and acrosome integrity by staining sperm with Pisum sativum agglutinin. The results of the first experiment showed that adding SP did not improve motility of spermatozoa compared to those incubated without SP regardless of temperature. The results of the second experiment showed that spermatozoa suspended in EYT+0.6M glycerol containing SP exhibited the higher progressive motility before being frozen(P<0.05). However, frozen-thawed spermatozoa that had suspended in EYT+0.6M glycerol containing SP showed the similar or lower viability(P<0.05). In summary, although seminal plasma did not affect spermatozoa that were chilled in EYT without cryoprotectant(CPA), addition of seminal plasma to EYT containing CPA did significantly improved progressive motility of canine spermatozoa that were chilled.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

In recent, non virus-induced mosaic symptoms(NVMS) on potato leaves were observed in the seed potato fields, and its incidence rate was $5{\sim}20%$ nationwide. It made difficult to rogue out virus-infected plants, and caused much arguments between seed potato production farmers and seed potato inspectors. The objectives of these experiments were to find out the causes of NVMS, and also to induce mosaic symptom(phytotoxicity) on potato plants by treatment of several herbicides. No significant correlations were found between incidence rates of NVMS and values from soil analyses; soil pH, soil EC, organic matter content, and contents of inorganic constituents($P_2O_5,\;NO_3$, Ca, Mg, K) in the soil around the potato planted. The examinations by ELISA, virus indicator plants, and TEM showed that NVMS on potato leaves was not caused by the viruses infection. But, the use of herbicides could induced the NVMS on potato leaves. The incidence rates of potato treated with pendimethalin linuron of 400 mL/10 a, pendimethalin of 200 mL/10 a, pendimethalin.oxadiazon of 300 mL/10 a, and control were 61.1%, 47.2%, 19.4%, and 1.4%, respectively. Based on these results, we confirmed that the treatment of pendimethalin alone and in mixture with other herbicides were the reason of NVMS on potato leaves. The yields among test plots were similar except dicamba treated plot, which decreased by about 23% compared to control plot. When their progenies harvested in 1999 were planted in the following season, no symptoms of mosaic were observed.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine whether efficiency of oocyte production from superovulated prepubertal goats. Fifteen prepubertal and twenty adult goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen implanted CIDR for 10 days. Superovulation treatment of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injection of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotrophin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400~600 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. Oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The in vivo matured oocytes was activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (3.5~4 h). The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% CO$_2$, 5% O$_2$, 90% N$_2$ for 7~8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and in vivo matured and follicular oocytes recovered. But, quality of I + II grade follicular oocytes was lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (25.0%) than the adults (52.4%). The same results were also observed in the cleavage and blastocyst rate of activated oocytcs. The cleavage and blastocyst rate from prepubertal derived oocytes were lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (54.5%, 23.3%) than the adult goat (86.8%, 46.6%). Considering overall these results, we suggest that maturation of donor goats is a major factor affecting recovered oocytes quality and in vitro development of activated goat oocytes.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2013

This study assesses of efficiency of oocyte recovery and in vitro development for during the non breeding season in goat. Thirty-four matured goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen implanted CIDR for 10 days. Superovulation treatment of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400~600 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. Oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 35 to 40 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. The in vivo matured oocytes were activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (3.5~4 h). The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ for 7~8 days. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and in vivo matured and follicular oocytes recovered. But, quality of I+II grade follicular oocytes was lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (25.0%) than the adults (52.4%). The same results were also observed in the cleavage and blastocyst rate of activated oocytes. The clavage and blastocyst rate from prepubertal derived oocytes were lower (p<0.05) in the prepubertal goat (54.5%, 23.3%) than the adult goat (86.8%, 46.6%). Considering overall these results, we suggest that maturation of donor goats is a major factor affecting recovered oocytes quality and in vitro development of activated goat oocytes. There was no significant difference in oocyte quality between seasonal treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a milling by-product diet and two sugar cane diets on the local Creole pig breed (CR). A total of 48 CR pigs (24 females and 24 castrated males) were randomly assigned to four different groups of 12 animals. Pigs were allotted to one of 4 dietary treatments: fed with a control soya-bean meal-corn diet containing 19.1% crude protein (CP) and 15.4 MJ DE/kg (diet 1), with an experimental milling by-product diet (soya-bean meal and wheat by-products) containing 19.4% CP and 13.0 MJ DE/kg (diet 2), with ground cane stalks (GCS) or with fresh sugar cane juice (SCJ). Both GCS and SCJ were supplemented with soya-bean meal complement (400 g/d of a 48.7% CP and 16.1 MJ DE/kg diet) in order to obtain diets 3 and 4, respectively. Pigs were fed close to ad libitum level and had free access to water. All the pigs were slaughtered at 65 kg BW. Between 30 and 65 kg BW, growth performance was significantly (p<0.001) affected by dietary treatments: average daily BW gain was 657, 530, 546 and 200 g/d for diets 1, 2, 4, and 3, respectively. Average daily DM intake was 1.8, 1.9, 2.5 and 1.4 kg/d for diets 1, 2, 4, and 3, respectively. Fat cuts (backfat+leaf fat) and backfat thickness were significantly lower on diet 3 than for other treatments (127 vs. 192, 166 g/kg of left half-carcass weight and 24.6 vs. 39.0, 35.3 mm for diet 3 vs. diets 1 and 4, and diet 2, respectively; p<0.001). The dressing weight was significantly lower on diets 2 (82.7 vs. 84.0%; p<0.001). The entire empty digestive tract (DT) weight was higher on diet 2 (73.1 vs. 66.7 g/kg empty BW). However, stomach and large intestine were more developed on diet 3: 12.8 vs. 9.3 g/100 g empty DT (p<0.001) and 26.4 vs. 23.8 g/100 g empty DT (p<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests the CR pig has the ability to reach rather good growth and carcass performance with a well-formulated sugar cane meal and/or with a milling by-product diet refined according to its low requirements.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.90-90
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• 2017

생력화를 위한 구기자의 수확 기계화는 열악한 수확작업환경을 쾌적한 작업환경으로 개선하고 노동력 감소, 생산비 절감을 할 수 있다. 관행 손 수확과 진동 고리형 수확기 방법보다 높은 작업 능률 향상으로 영농규모의 확대 촉진 및 안정적인 영농 구조를 구축하여 재배농가의 생산비를 절감하여 경쟁력을 높일 수 있으며, 기존 인력에 의존하였던 수확작업을 기계화함으로서 전업농 및 대단위 경작이 가능하게 함으로서 국내에서 생산한 양질의 구기자를 국민에게 안정적으로 제공할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 구기자 수확작업의 생력화를 위하여 개발 보급된 수목형의 재배법 특성을 분석하고 이를 토대로 타격장치를 적용한 보행형 구기자 수확기를 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 수목형 구기자나무의 분지에 착과되어 있는 숙과를 주행하면서 탈과 할 수 있는 탈과 장치를 제작하기 위하여 타격형 탈과 장치를 3D 모델링 작업(Inventor V.11, Autodesk, USA) 후 시작기를 제작, 구기자 수확 시작기는 주행부, 타격장치, 집과부, 분지유인부로 구성하였다. 구기자 수확 시작기의 최대 높이는 형태학적 특성을 토대로 타격봉의 높이를 900 mm 이하로 제한하였으며, 조향장치의 높이는 800 mm로 하였다. 주행부는 구기자 재식 조사결과를 이용하여 고랑 폭 1,500 mm 이하에서 자유롭게 전 후진 이동이 가능하고 경사로 등을 주행 시에도 안전성을 높이기 위해 자동브레이크 기능이 있으며 타격장치의 타격 봉은 알루미늄 재질로 지름 100 mm, 길이 400 mm로 설계 제작하였으며, 구기자 분지 타격 시 분지와 타격 봉이 수직 상태로 타격이 가능하도록 제작, 집과장치는 포장의 두둑, 고랑은 일괄 표준화가 되어 있지않아 청양구기자시험장에서 측정한 재배법을 바탕으로 설계된 수집부 프레임의 적용범위는 폭 450 mm, 길이 720 mm, 높이 1,500 mm를 집과 범위로 하여 설계 제작하였다. 타격 방식을 적용한 구기자 수확기 성능평가 결과 조숙기에 30초 이상의 탈과 시 87.5 % 이상 탈과는 어려울 것으로 판단되었으며, 성숙기에는 타격시간에 관계없이 92 %의 매우 우수한 탈과율이 나타났다. 성숙기의 주행속도 48 m/h 일 때 탈과율과 집과율은 89 %, 92 %로 나타났다.단위작업시간당 최대 수확 능력은 관행작업 2.9 kg/hr, 진동고리형 수확기 5.2 kg/hr, 타격방식을 적용한 구기자 수확기는 최소 7.6 kg/hr, 최대 24.1 kg/hr로 관행작업과 비교하여 주행속도와 시기별 최소 2.6배, 최대 8.3배의 작업 성능 차이가 나타났다. 재배양식에서는 기계화 수목형이 적합한 것으로 나타났고, 타격방식을 적용한 보행형 구기자 수확기를 이용하여 수형별 시간대별 수확성능을 시험한 결과 우수한 결과가 나타났다. 이에 따라 구기자 재배 농가에 기계화수목형 재배법을 보급하고 타격방식을 적용한 구기자 수확기를 이용하면 작업환경 개선과 노동력, 인건비 절감을 통한 영농규모의 확대 촉진 및 안정적인 영농 구조로 구기자 경쟁력 제고를 할 수 있을 것으로 판단되어진다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.82-92
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• 2013

This study has investigated naturally occurring radioactive materials (N.O.R.M; $^{238}U$, $^{222}Rn$) for 353 drinking groundwater wells in metamorphic rock areas in Korea. Uranium concentrations ranged from N.D (not detected) to 563.56 ${\mu}g/L$ (median value, 0.68 ${\mu}g/L$) and radon concentrations ranged from 108 to 11,612 pCi/L (median value, 1,400 pCi/L). Uranium and radon concentrations in the groundwater generally are similar to USA with similar geological setting. Uranium concentrations in 9 wells (2.6%) exceeded 30 ${\mu}g/L$, which is the maximum contaminant level (MCL) by the US environmental protection agency (EPA), radon concentrations in 46 wells (13%) exceeded 4,000 pCi/L, which is the Alternative MCL (AMCL) by the US.EPA. The log-log correlation coefficient between uranium and radon was 0.32. The correlation coefficient between uranium and pH was 0.12 and the correlation coefficient between radon and temperature was -0.01. The correlation coefficient between uranium and $HCO_3$ was 0.09 and the correlation coefficient between uranium and Ca was 0.11. The median value of uranium was high Chung-Buk (1.78 ${\mu}g/L$), Gyeong-Buk (1.37 ${\mu}g/L$), In-Cheon (1.06 ${\mu}g/L$) for each province. On the other hand, the median value of radon was high In-Cheon (2,962 pCi/L), Chung-Buk (2,339 pCi/L), Jeon-Buk (2,165 pCi/L) for each province. Jeon-Buk for log-log correlation coefficient is the highest (0.63) among provinces.