• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1 s.108
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• pp.81-92
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• 2005

In study, various notions regarding historic landscapes and rehabilitation were first investigated, and efficient rehabilitation schemes on modem historic landscapes were analyzed. On the basis of these theological analyses, an underlying scheme on the rehabilitation of modern historic landscapes was drawn up for '40 Stair Cultural Street' in Jung-gu, Busan City. Rehabilitating historic landscapes not only expresses a positive method to preserving sites and relics of heritage, but also an idea of preservation and rehabilitation based on interpretations from a historical perspective of value in this present day. Its significance is, therefore, to construct an ideal urban landscape in which the past, present and future can coexist. The rehabilitation of historic landscapes will become a psychological pillar to the people living in cities and will be able to lead the various types of urban activities as effective landmarks creating accessibility and representing perpetuity, as rehabilitated landscapes last through the passage of time. In addition, since historic and cultural landscape resources significantly represent regional identities and cultural characteristics that are protected and maintained, they may result in the succession of time and space in regional and urban historical culture and contribute to improving local images and impressions, allowing citizens and tourists to experience many diverse historic and cultural environments. The underlying scheme on the development of '40 Stair Cultural Street' in the study has been drawn up with a focus on the rehabilitation of modern historic value drawn out of the 40 stairs. The area around the 40 stairs, which was shaped as a stronghold of refugees who fled for safety during the Korean War, has changed as dramatically as people can no longer get a feel of the circumstances of that period. Local historians and residents, however, still share the joys and sorrows of refugee life as sad memories. Based on the historical fact, landscape planting, street furniture, outdoor color schemes & signage, traffic systems, symbolic 3-D models and pavement designs are underway.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate change of muscle activities during level walking, stairs and ramp climbing in old adults. Methods: Twelve old adults were recruited and agreed this study. Muscle activity was measured by MP150 system (BIOPAC System Inc., Santa Barbara, USA). Statistical analysis was used one-way ANOVA to know the difference according to gait conditions (level walking, stairs and ramp ascending) Results: In stance phase, muscle activities of low extremities with old adults were generally significant difference in ramp ascending. In swing phase, rectus femoris and biceps femoris activity in old adults generally more increased during stairs ascending and tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius activity in old adults generally increased during ramp ascending. Conclusion: These results indicate that stair and ramp climbing is different muscle recruit pattern to level walking.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze of the GRF (ground reaction force) parameters according to the change of positions and weights of bag during downward stairs between dominant and non-dominant in upper & lower limbs. To perform this study, participants were selected 9 healthy women (age: $21.40{\pm}0.94yrs$, height: $166.50{\pm}2.68cm$, body mass: $57.00{\pm}3.61kg$, BMI: $20.53{\pm}1.03kg/m^2$), divided into 2 carrying bag positions (dominant arm/R, non-dominant arm/L) and walked with 3 type of bag weights (0, 3, 5 kg) respectively. One force-plate was used to collect GRF (AMTI OR6-7) data at a sample rate of 1000 Hz. The variables analyzed were consisted of the medial-lateral GRF (Fx), anterior-posterior GRF (Fy), vertical GRF (Fz), impact loading rate and center of pressure (COPx, COPy, COP area, COPy posterior peak time) during downward stairs. 1) The Fx, Fy, Fz, COPx, and COP area of GRF were not statistically significant between dominant leg and non-dominant leg, but non-dominant leg, that is, showed the higher COPy, and showed higher impact loading rate than that dominant leg during downward stairs. 2) In bag wearing to non-dominant arm, Fx, Fz, COPx, COPy, impact loading rate and COP area showed increase tendency according to increase of bag weights. Also, against bag wearing to dominant arm, non-dominant showed different mechanism according to increase of bag weights. The Ground Reaction Force parameters showed different characteristics according to the positions and weights of bag during downward stairs between dominant and non-dominant arm.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.17-24
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• 2021

Background: The study aimed to examine changes in muscle activity by measuring the Q-angle and lower extremity activity when going down the stairs, after the application of either Mulligan taping or flossing bands to patients with chronic ankle instability. Methods: A total of 19 men with chronic ankle instability in their 20s and 30s participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the Mulligan taping group (n = 9) and the flossing band group (n=10). The Mulligan taping group had three sets of Mulligan joint operations repeated 10 times, after which the Mulligan tape was applied. The flossing band group either performed functional activities or exercised for 2 minutes after flossing band application. After the application of either Mulligan taping or flossing bands, changes in the Q-angle and lower limb muscular activity while going down the stairs were measured and compared. Results: In the Mulligan taping group, the Q-angle significantly decreased from 13.63° to 12.7° during the step down. Similarly, the Q-angle of the flossing band group significantly decreased from 15.95° to 15.48° (p<.05). There was no difference in lower limb muscle activity between the two groups when going down the stairs. The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior significantly increased from 34.12% to 40.2%, and the difference between the two groups were statistically significant (p<.05). Conclusions: The study found that the application of Mulligan taping and flossing bands to patients with chronic ankle instability decreased the Q-angle and lower limb muscle activity when going down the stairs.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1978

We have selected 36 schools of a total of night high schools for boys and girls in seoul and measured intensity of illumination of the classroom, The corridors and the stairs that students study and live, with priority given to an illumination, a primary factor of environmental sanitation of school following is the result. 1. The maximum average intensity of illumination of the classroom is 93.2 Lux, and the minimum average intensity of illumination 39.5 Lux. Mean$\pm$S, is 59.03$\pm$22.8 Lux 2. The maximum average intensity of illumination of the corridor is 39.2 Lux, and the minimum average intensity of illumination 11.1 Lux. 3. The maximum average intensity of illumination of the stair is 11.58 Lux, and the minimum average intensity, of illumination 4.92 Lux, mean$\pm$S.D is 7.88$\pm$10.0Lux. 4. Schools with tile illumination facilities more than 50 Lux are 63.8% and less than 50 Lux are 36.2%. 5. Schools with 9-11 facilities of a source of light per classroom by a fluorescent lamp are the most as 30.50%. 6. As for the corridor, schools with the illumination equipment less than 10 Lux are 27.8%, are more than 10 Lux 72.2% 7. As for the stairs schools with the illumination equipment less than 10 Lux are 77.8%, and more than 10 Lux 10 Lux 22.2%.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.813-820
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• 2001

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate function evaulation and related factors in the elderly. Methods: Korean version of ADL and IADL were measured for 40 normal in the Elderly in July 15-20. 2000. Their ages were 65 or more in years. 14 items from Modified Barthel Index and 14 items from Modified Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire were used. Results: The frequency of disability was the highest in Heavy homework(85.0%) folliwed by Walking on level 50 yards or moer(5.0%), Up&down stairs for 1 flight(5.0%) in 28 items from Modified Barthel Index and Modified Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire. Conclusions: Results indicated that no smoking and drinking at onset had high Modified Barthel Index. Modified Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire was associated with age.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 1994

This study was done to determine the situations of stress incontinence(SI) and the differences in general characteristics, obstetrical history and SI related variables between women with stress incontinence and normal women. The design for study was a descriptive study. The number of subjects consisted of 156 women who were selected by systematic random sampling in Kwangju city. Data collection was done with the modified Hendrickson's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981) which was analyzed using frequency and percentiles. The results were as follows : 1. The stress incontinence (SI) rate of the sample was 64.1% and the majority of the women(40.9%) had experienced SI for a period of five years(the mean period was 2.7 years) without any treatment or care(83.0%). The amount of SI was from one drop(40.0%) to one teaspoon(16.7%) daily. 2. Items on the SI scale had the scores ranging from 4 to 44 with a mean score of 13.7 which showed mild SI. 3. The priority of provocative factors for SI were abdominal tightening(83%), coughing(58%), laughing(52%), sneezing(40%), steeping(18%), sudden standing(17%), nose blowing(13%), heavy exercise(11%), rapid walking up-stairs(10%) and excitment (9%) in that order. 4. There were no significant differences in age, education, spouse, job and income between the women with SI and the normal women. 5. There were no significant differences in the age at the last delivery, age of last baby. number of vaginal, or cesarean deliveries, or abdominal operations between the women with SI and the normal women. It can be concluded that SI in women has a high incidence nth various provocative factors but it is relatively mild SI on a daily basis and generally there has been no treatment. It is suggested that a descriptive study of emotional problems and precipitating variables in SI women will increase the knowledge of SI.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.101-109
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• 2004

This paper reports the results on age and gender of Korean elderly people for the level of difficulty in performing household tasks (meal preparation, grocery shopping, house cleaning, laundry), personal tasks (dressing, bathing, grooming), transfer tasks (getting in and out of chairs, getting in and out of bath-tub, using stairs) and management tasks (using telephone, accessing mail, operating door locks). A questionnaire based on the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale was constructed and administered to 40 Korean elderly subjects aged from 65 to 84(mean age: 74.5, SD: 5.8) in Busan. Additionally, a logistic regression was performed with age (continuous variable) and gender as predictor variables, and reponses to individual questions as the categorical ordinal response variables. To determine appropriate age separation at which difficulty levels in performing activities of daily living change, a discriminant analysis was performed on the responses. All predictor variables were used in the analysis. Accommodating age related changes in functional abilities, and increasing functional independence of elderly people will entail significant design modifications to products, systems and environments for daily use and living.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is widely used to determine the dependency of activity of daily living in rehabilitation patients. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the unidimentionality of the FIM physical items and to analyze the validity of cross-functional levels in stroke survivors in Korea. Thirteen physical items of FIM were rated according to an ordinal scale of a 7-level classification. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients participated in the study (age range 18~92 years and 57% male). Six items-eating, bladder control, bowel control, transfer to and from the bed/wheelchair, transfer to and from the toilet, and bathing-showed misfits with the Rasch model. The most difficult item was 'bathing', the easiest item was 'bowel control'. Although there were several differences within functional levels, the hierarchical order of item measures was rather similar. 'Bathing' was the most difficult in high level patients (above 60), however 'stairs' was most difficult in the middle level (41~60) group. In the low level group (below 40), 'toileting' was the most difficult. In conclusion, the present study has shown several differences of item difficulty among functional levels. This result will be useful in planning interventions, and developing rehabilitation programs for stroke survivors.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1998

This study, whose subjects are forty stroke patients in discharging who have been using FIM Western medical (Neurology, Neurosurgery, Rehabilitation Medicine) and Chinese herb medical base of D Hospital in Pusan from the first of May to the eleventh of July, has been made to evaluate the patients' functional conditions and analyze the factors affecting them. The result of study is as followings: FIM total score in discharging is avarage $85.83{\pm}28.96$; the motor FIM score is $57.55{\pm}24.40$ and the cognitive FIM score $29.95{\pm}6.99$. The items recorded the highest score reveal the eating bowel management; the former is $5.68{\pm}1.73$, the latter $5.33{\pm}2.23$. The item recorded the lowest score reveal bathing and stairs, each $2.35{\pm}1.69$ and $3.23{\pm}2.13$. Analysis reveal it is in the case of age(p=.005) and durations of admission(p=.01) that there is significant difference of FIM score when stroke patients in discharging.