• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.407-415
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• 2013

PURPOSE: This study is to examine the effects of different types of tasks on gait functions of chronic stroke patients when different types of dual tasks were applied while the patients were implementing practical and continuous circuit tasks using their upper and lower extremities circulating many workbenches. METHODS: Forty-four chronic stroke patients were divided into a dual motor circuit task training group, a dual cognitive circuit task training group and a simple task training group. Before training, all the patients were identically encouraged to receive conservative physical therapy for 30 minutes by a physical therapist were thereafter made to train for 30 minutes, five times a week for a total of eight weeks with individual additional tasks. The dual motor circuit task training consisted of continuous circuit training motor tasks and additional motor tasks and the dual cognitive circuit task training consisted of tasks combining the same circuit training motor tasks and additional cognitive tasks. The simple task training consisted of natural walks on a flat terrain to the front, rear and lateral sides of the terrain. Changes in functional gait abilities made through the training were evaluated using GAITRite. SPSS Win 12.0 was used for the data analysis. RESULTS: As for the gait variables that showed significant differences in comparison between the groups over the training period, the dual motor circuit task training group showed more significant differences than the dual cognitive circuit task training group and the simple task training group at 4 weeks and 8 weeks of training(p<.05). CONCLUSION: Therefore, it could be seen that the practical and continuous dual circuit task training was more effective than simple task training on gait. In comparison between the types of dual tasks, the dual motor circuit task training group showed more effects than the dual cognitive circuit task training group.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of reaching distance on movement time and trunk kinematics in hemiplegic patients. Eight hemiplegic patients participated in this study. The independent variables were side (sound side vs. affected side) and target distance (70%, 90%, 110%, and 130% of upper limb). The dependent variables were movement time measured by pressure switch and trunk kinematics measured by motion analysis device. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with Bonferroni post-hoc test. (1) There were significant main effects in side and reaching distance for movement time (p=.01, p=.02). Post-hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between 110% and 130% of reaching distance (p=.01). (2) There was a significant main effect in side and reaching distance for trunk flexion (p=.01, p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise reaching distance comparison. (3) There was a significant side by target distance interaction for trunk rotation (p=.04). There was a significant main effect in target distance (p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences between 70% and 110%, 70% and 130%, 90% and 110%, 90% and 130% of target distance. It was known that trunk flexion is used more than trunk rotation during reaching task in hemiplegic patients from the findings of this study. It is also recommended that reaching training is performed with limiting trunk movement within 90% of target distance whereas reaching training is performed incorporating with trunk movement beyond 90% of target distance in patients with hemiplegia.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.64-70
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the influence of attention-demanding tasks on gait and measured differences in the temporal, spatial and kinematic characteristics between young healthy adults and elderly healthy adults. Methods: We recruited 16 healthy young adults and 15 healthy elderly adults in this study. All participants performed two cognitive tasks: a subtraction dual-task (SDT) and working memory dual-task (WMDT) during gait plus one normal gait. Using the LEGSys+ system, knee and hip-joint kinematic data during stance and swing phase and spatiotemporal parameter data were assessed in this study. Results: In the elderly adult group, attention-demanding tasks with gait showed a significant decrease in hip-joint motion during the stance phase, compared to the normal gait. Step length, stride length and stride velocity of the elderly adult group were significantly decreased in WMDT gait compared to normal gait (p<0.05). In the young adult group, kinematic data did not show any significant difference. However, stride velocity and cadence during SDT and WMDT gaits were significantly decreased compared to those of normal gait (p<0.05). Conclusion: We determined that attention-demanding tasks during gait in elderly adults can induce decreased hip-joint motion during stance phase and decreased gait speed and stride length to maintain balance and prevent risk of falling. We believe that understanding the changes during gait in older ages, particularly during attention-demanding tasks, would be helpful for intervention strategies and improved risk assessment.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.108-132
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• 1992

The purpose of this study· is to identify sources of the caregiving burden, thereby suggesting social welfare alternetives for supporting family caregivers of the elderly with dementia. 23 family caregivers who participated in self-help group of family caregivers of dementia elderly at a welfare facility for the elderly in Seoul were seleted as the study sample. Zarit caregiving burden scale and Zarit functional impairment measurement for the elderly were adapted for this study and a number of additional variables were included in this study. Correlational analysis was utilized. The results of the study were summarized as follows : 1) The impairment of activities of daily living of the elderly was significantly related to the negative elderly. caregiver-family relationship(PADL:r=.6032 IADL : r=.5930 p<.05). 2) The impact on caregiver's health was very significantly related to the impact on the caregiver's task(r=.6233 p<.001). 3) The Impact on caregiver's health was very significantly related to the impact on the caregiver's social activity restriction(r=.6851 p<.001). 4) The impact on the caregiver's social activity was very significantly related to the impact on the caregiver's task(r=.6969 p<.001). 5) Caregiver's income was significantly related to the impact on the caregiver's task(r=.5252 p<.05). 6) Compensation(interpersonal relationship between the elderly and the caregivers, social praise and appreciation of the elderly) was important variables which affect to the feeling of the caregiving burden.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of the goal achievement orientation of the students in dental-hygiene practice classes on their self-efficacy and on their adaptation to and satisfaction with their major. Methods : A survey was conducted among the dental-hygiene students in schools located in the Daegu region on October 24-31, 2011. A total of 212 accomplished questionnaires were gathered as sources of final analytical data. Statistical analysis was conducted on the collected data, using the SPSS 19.0 program. Results : 1. The students who had good personal relationships(p=.000) and who chose their major and school based on their aptitude(p=.029) were found to have a higher degree of satisfaction than those who did not have good personal relationships and who did not choose their major and school based on their aptitude. 2. Self-confidence(p=.004), self-control efficacy(p=.000), mastery approach(p=.000), and performance approach(p=.003) were found to have positive correlations with major adaptation while task difficulty preference(p=.000) was found to have a negative correlation with the same. 3. Self-confidence(p=.004), self-control efficacy(p=.000), mastery approach(p=.000), and performance approach(p=.045) were also found to have a positive correlation with major satisfaction while task difficulty preference(p=.000) was found to have a negative correlation with the same. 4. Mastery approach(p=.000) in goal achievement orientation was found to have a positive effect on self-efficacy while mastery avoidance(p=.001) was found to have a negative effect on the same. Mastery avoidance showed the greatest effect on self-confidence(p=.000) while mastery approach showed the greatest effect on self-control efficacy(p=.000) and task difficulty preference(p=.000). 5. In goal achievement orientation, mastery approach(p=.000) was found to have a positive effect on major adaptation while mastery avoidance was found to have a negative effect on the same. Meanwhile, with regard to self-efficacy, self-control efficacy(p=.037) and task difficulty preference(p=.008) were found to have positive effects on major adaptation. 6. In the case of major satisfaction, mastery approach(p=.000) in goal achievement orientation was found to have a positive effect on it, and in self-efficacy, self-control efficacy(p=.038) and task difficulty preference(p=.002) were found to have positive effects on it. Conclusions : Accordingly, to raise the level of the dental-hygiene students' adaptation to and satisfaction with their major, the students should be given appropriate tasks so that they can raise their mastery goal, and they should be encouraged to raise their approach goal rather than their avoidance goal. In addition, the students should be provided assistance in setting self-expectations and in developing confidence in their capabilities.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.291-299
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• 2023

Background: Leydig cells, crucial for testosterone production, express ion channels like ANO1 that influence hormone secretion. This study investigates the expression and role of the Tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying K⁺ channel-related Acid-Sensitive K⁺-1 (TASK-1) channel in these cells, exploring its impact on testicular function and steroidogenesis. Methods: TASK-1 expression in Leydig cells was confirmed using immunostaining, while RT-PCR and Western Blot (WB) validated its expression in the TM3 Leydig cell line. The effect of a TASK-1 channel blocker on cell viability was assessed through live/dead staining and MTT assays. Additionally, the blocker's effect on testosterone secretion was evaluated by measuring testosterone levels. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a predominant presence of TASK-1, along with c-Kit and ANO-1, in Leydig cells adjacent to seminiferous tubules and also in Sertoli and spermatogenic cells. Expression levels of TASK-1 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in TM3 Leydig cells compared to TM4 Sertoli cells. In addition, blocking TASK-1 in TM3 cells with ML365 induced cell death but did not affect LH-induced testosterone secretion. Conclusions: These findings suggest that TASK-1 in Leydig cells is crucial for their viability and proliferation, highlighting its potential importance in testicular physiology.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the corneal topography changes as a result of near task in myopes and emmetropes. Methods : Thirty university students, aged from 18 to 24 years old, were randomly selected. They were divided into two refractive groups of fifteen each : myopia and emmetropia. The corneal topography of each subject was measured with the Eye-Sys Videokeratography system. Measurements were taken : before and after 30 minutes of near task (copy N10 text at 20 cm working distance). Both simulated keratometry and semi-meridian keratometric map program were used in the data analysis. Results : Our results reveal no significant changes in both simulated keratometry and semi-meridian presentation as a result of near task for both myopes and emmetropes, except a significant change (p<0.05) found at the flattest meridian of the central (3 mm) portion of the corneal topography after near task for emmetropes only. Conclusions : We conclude that the corneal topography, does not change significantly as a result of near task in both myopes and emmetropes.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-284
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• 2023

Objectives: Previous studies have shown that anger can lead to frontal lobe α (8-13 Hz) band asymmetry (FAA) in electroencephalogram (EEG), in accordance with motivational direction. This pilot study aimed to investigate the impact of acupuncture on FAA elicited by anger. Methods: Thirty-four right-handed participants scoring above 75 points on the Novaco Anger Scale were included. Baseline EEG signals were recorded for eight minutes using a 32-channel cap under comfortable conditions. Anger was induced through a nine-minute sequence of Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) task. Following that, participants received acupuncture at GB20 and GB21 for 10 minutes. Fast Fourier transform was employed for frequency analysis, and repeated measure ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis. Results: The results revealed that participants exhibited significantly higher FAA (p = 0.026), particularly in the left hemisphere, after the ATSS task sequence compared to the baseline. During acupuncture treatment, the greater left-sided FAA was significantly reduced (p = 0.027) and reversed. Upon the cessation of acupuncture, FAA returned to a value between the baseline and the anger-evoked stage (p = 0.046). Conclusion: The EEG results of this study revealed that anger stimulation induced an increase in left-sided FAA, which was effectively alleviated by acupuncture. This led to an immediate restoration of FAA asymmetry induced by anger. These findings suggest the potential of acupuncture as a treatment option for reducing FAA associated with anger.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the age-related changes in whole-body motor variability during sit-to-stand (STS) task. It has been reported that children perform motor tasks less accurately with greater variability as compared to adults. However, it is still unknown how they utilize the abundant degrees of freedom and accomplish voluntary actions. Uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis has been used to partition motor variabilities into two independent variability components, task-relevant variability (V_ORT) and task-irrelevant variability (V_UCM). We investigated what differences exist between children and adults with respect to these two motor variability components in relation to motor development stages. Method: Ten 6-year-old children (height: 116.2 ± 4.3 cm, weight: 23.1 ± 3.9 kg, motor development assessment percentile score: 77.5 ± 18.6%), ten 10-year-old children (height: 138.7 ± 7.2 cm, weight: 35.8 ± 10.3 kg, motor development assessment percentile score: 73.9 ± 12.7%), and ten young adults (age: 23 ± 1.6 year-old, height: 164.3 ± 11.4 cm, weight: 60.8 ± 12.0 kg) participated in this study. Each participant performed STS ten times, and a motion capture system was used to capture the whole-body kinematics. Each segment centers of mass and the whole-body center of mass were calculated, and UCM analysis was used to quantify motor variabilities, V_ORT and V_UCM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: We found that children produced more motor variabilities in V_ORT and V_UCM in all three dimensions, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical. As age increased, both, V_ORT and V_UCM significantly decreased (p<.05). Conclusion: The greater V_ORT found in children compared to adults indicates that the repeatability over repetitions improves through development, while the greater V_UCM found in children suggests that children better utilize the abundant degrees of freedom during STS compared to adults.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate changes in gait variables depending on whether a task was performed using a smartphone while walking on a ramp. Methods: The participants of this study were 41 college students attending U University located in Gyeongju City, Gyeongsangbuk-do. In this study, gait variables were measured during ramp gait while using a smartphone to perform a task and during ramp gait without performing such tasks. In other words, four walking conditions were used: 1) walking up a ramp, 2) walking up a ramp while using a smartphone to perform a task, 3) walking down a ramp, and 4) walking down a ramp while using a smart phone to perform a task. Gait variables were measured using a gait analysis tool (Legsys; BioSensics, USA), and stride time, stride length, stride velocity, cadence, and double support were analyzed. The order of measurements was randomized to control for order effects due to repeated measurements. Results: The comparative analysis of gait variables according to the presence or absence of smartphone use during ramp gait showed that there were significant differences in stride time, stride length, and stride velocity during both ramp ascent and ramp descent (p < 0.05). In both ramp ascent and ramp descent, stride time increased when walking using a smartphone, compared to when walking without using a smartphone (p < 0.05). However, in both ramp ascent and ramp descent, stride length and stride velocity were decreased when walking using a smartphone compared to when walking without using a smartphone (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study results showed that the use of a smartphone during walking can affect safety. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the awareness of risks associated with walking while using a smartphone, and further research needs to be conducted in various environments and with different ramps.