• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.17
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• pp.55-89
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• 2003

What are the international aviation regimes? It is said that they are sets of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures of international aviation around which aviation actors' (states-actors, intergovernmental aviation organization, international aviation conventions, airlines and their organizations etc.) expectations converge in a given aviation issue-area for the purposes of the human welfare and the operations of the stable civil aviation. In this regards, the purposes of this study are focused on the aviation actors' shifts. Chronologically, international aviation regimes have been developed by some stages as followings; The 1st stage is the period from 1944 Chicago Convention to 1978 US Deregulation Act, when the aviation regulations and rules within the international aviation relations were implemented by Chicago-Bermuda regimes as Christer Jonsson pointed out. In this first stage, the sovereignty for the airspace over their countries is absolute. The second stage is the period from 1978 to '1992 Open Skies Agreement' between US and Netherlands. In this regime, airlines' activities as well as state-actors' have been actuated. The third stage is the period from 1992 to the contemporary. In this stage, airlines' activities for the consumers such as 'Open Skies Agreements', 'e-commerce business', 'airspace open policy within EU area', 'service open policy of WTO', and 'airlines' strategic alliance' are the central focal points in the world aviation relationship. In the conclusion, this phenomenon of the core actors in the international aviation rules has been shifted from the states-actors to the non-states actors especially, operating airlines, or consuming customers. Finally, I' d like to suggest that international aviation regimes should be developed to promote and facilitate the globalized level for the people's movements among the global aviation society. That is the way to proceed to the welfare and peace for all human beings of the World.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.201-224
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• 2017

The main subject of this article focused on the legal status of the military aircraft in the high seas. For this the legal status of the military aircraft, the freedom of overflight, the right of hot pursuit, the right of visit and Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) were dealt. The 1944 Chicago Convention neither explicitly nor implicitly negated the customary norms affecting the legal status of military aircraft as initially codified within the 1919 Paris Convention. So the status of military aircraft was not redefined with the Chicago Convention and remains, as stated in the 1919 Paris Convention, as a norm of customary international law. The analyses on the legal status of the military aircraft in the high seas are found as follows; According to the Article 95 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) warships on the high seas have complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. We can suppose that the military aircraft in the high seas have also complete immunity from the jurisdiction of any State other than the flag State. According to the Article 111 (5) of the UNCLOS the right of hot pursuit may be exercised only by warships or military aircraft, or other ships or aircraft clearly marked and identifiable as being on government service and authorized to that effect. We can conclude that the right of hot pursuit may be exercised by military aircraft. According to the Article 110 of the UNCLOS a warship which encounters on the high seas a foreign ship, is not justified in boarding it unless there is reasonable ground for suspecting that: (a) the ship is engaged in piracy, (b) the ship is engaged in the slave trade, (c) the ship is engaged in an unauthorized broadcasting and the flag State of the warship has jurisdiction under article 109, (d) the ship is without nationality, or (e) though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship. These provisions apply mutatis mutandis to military aircraft. As for Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) it is established and declared unilaterally by the air force of a state for the national security. However, there are no articles dealing with it in the 1944 Chicago Convention and there are no international standards to recognize or prohibit the establishment of ADIZs. ADIZ is not interpreted as the expansion of territorial airspace.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.505-512
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• 2006

Characteristics of particle holdup and heat transfer were investigated in a liquid-particle swirling fluidized bed whose diameter was 0.102 m and 2.5 m in height. Effects of liquid velocity, particle size and swirling liquid ratio($R_s$) on the particle holdup and immersed heater-to-bed overall heat transfer coefficient were examined. The particle holdup increased with increasing particle size and swirling liquid ratio but decreased with increasing liquid velocity.The local particle holdup was relatively high in the region near the heater when the $R_s$ value was 0.1~0.3, but the radial particle holdup was almost uniform when the $R_s$ value was 0.5, whereas, when the $R_s$ value was 0.7, the local particle holdup was relatively low in the region near the heater. The heat transfer characteristics between the immersed heater and the bed was well analyzed by means of phase space portraits and Kolmogorov entropy(K) of the time series of temperature difference fluctuations. The phase space portraits of temperature difference fluctuations became stable and periodic and the value of Kolmogorov entropy tended to decrease with increasing the value of $R_s$ from 0.1 to 0.5. The Kolmogorov entropy exhibited its maximum value with increasing liquid velocity. The value of overall heat transfer coefficient(h) showed its maximum value with the variation of liquid velocity, bed porosity or swirling liquid ratio, but it increased with increasing particle size. The value of K exhibited its maximum at the liquid velocity at which the h value attained its maximum. The particle holdup and overall heat transfer coefficient were well correlated in terms of dimensionless groups of operating variables.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyze the physical attributes of the faces and affective words on the fares. For analyzing physical attributes inside of a face, 36 facial features were selected and almost of them were the lengths or distance values. For analyzing facial contour 14 points were selected and the lengths from nose-end to them were measured. The values of these features except ratio values normalized by facial vortical length or facial horizontal length because the face size of each person is different. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and four major factors were extracted: 'facial contour' component, 'vortical length of eye' component, 'facial width' component, 'eyebrow region' component. We supposed the five-dimensional imaginary space of faces using factor scores of PCA, and selected representative faces evenly in this space. On the other hand, the affective words on faces were collected from magazines and through surveys. The factor analysis and multidimensional scaling method were performed and two orthogonal dimensions for the affections on faces were suggested: babyish-mature and sharp-soft.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1995

The crystal structure of dehydrated, partially Co(II)-exchanged zeolite X, stoichiometry Co2+Na+-X (Co41+Na10Si100Al92O384) per unit cell, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data gathered by counter methods. The structure was solved and refined in the cubic space group Fd3:α=24.544(1)Å at 21(1)℃. The crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream using a solution 0.025 M each in Co(NO3)2 and Co(O2CCH3)2. The crystal was then dehydrated at 380℃ and 2×10-6 Torr for two days. The structure was refined to the final error indices, R1=0.059 and R2=0.046 with 211 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). Co2+ ions and Na+ ions are located at the four different crystallographic sites. Co2+ ions are located at two different sites of high occupancies. Sixteen Co2+ ions are located at the center of the double six-ring (site I; Co-O = 2.21(1)Å, O-Co-O = 90.0(4)°) and twenty-five Co2+ ions are located at site II in the supercage. Twenty-five Co2+ ions are recessed 0.09Å into the supercage from its three oxygen plane (Co-O = 2.05(1)Å, O-Co-O = 119.8(7)°). Na+ ions are located at two different sites of occupandies. Seven Na+ ions are located at site II in the supercage (Na-O = 2.29(1)Å, O-Na-O = 102(1)°). Three Na+ ions are statistically distribyted over site III, a 48-fold equipoint in the supercages on twofold axes (Na-O = 2.59(10)Å, O-Na-O = 69.0(3)°). Seven Na+ ions are recessed 1.02Å into the supercage from the three oxygen plane. It appears that Co2+ ions prefer sites I and II in order, and that Na+ ions occupy the remaining sites, II and III.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the color stability of new silorane-based composite resin compared with methacrylate-based composite resins after immersion in 3 staining solutions. One silorane-based composite(Filtek P90) and 3 methacrylate -based composites(Filtek Z250, Filtek Z350, Tetric Ceram) were evaluated. Twenty disk-shaped specimens($10{\times}2mm$) of each of 4 composite resins were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 4 groups of 5 specimens each and immersed in 3 staining solutions( coffee, red wine, curry solution) or distilled water(control) for 28-day test period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer(Color Eye 7000A) using CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D65 at baseline, 1day, 3days, 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days after staining. The color differences( ${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) were calculated. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in curry solution, then red wine, coffee and distilled water, in decreasing order. 2. The mean color changes(${\Delta}{E^*}_{ab}$) of the composites were greatest in Z350, Z250, Tetric Ceram and P90, in decreasing order.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.171-180
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• 2023

The three major sleep disorders in Korea are snoring, sleep apnea, and insomnia. Lack of sleep is the root of all diseases. Some of the most serious potential problems associated with sleep deprivation are cardiovascular problems, cognitive impairment, obesity, diabetes, colitis, prostate cancer, etc. To solve these problems, the Korean government provided low-cost national health insurance benefits for polysomnography tests in July 2018. However, insomnia patients still have problems getting treated in terms of time, space, and economic perspectives. Therefore, it would be better for insomnia patients to be allowed to test at home. The measuring device can measure six biosignals (eye movement, tossing and turning, body temperature, oxygen saturation, heart rate, and audio). A gyroscope sensor (MPU9250, InvenSense, USA) was used for eye movement, tossing, and turning. The input range of the sensor was in 258°/sec to 460°/sec, and the data range was in the input range. Body temperature, oxygen saturation range, and heart rate were measured by a sensor (MAX30102, Analog Devices, USA). The body temperature was measured in 30 ℃ to 45 ℃, and the oxygen saturation range was 0% for the unused state and 20 % to 90 % for the used state. The heart rate measurement range was in 40 bpm to 180 bpm. The measurement of audio signal was performed by an audio sensor (AMM2742-T-R, PUIaudio, USA). The was -42 dB ±1 dB frequency range was 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The measured data was successfully received in wireless network conditions. The system configuration was consisted of a PC and a mobile app for bio-signal measurement and data collection. The measured data was collected by mobile phones and desktops. The data collected can be used as preliminary data to determine the stage of sleep and perform the screening function for sleep induction and sleep disturbances. In the future, this convenient sleep measurement device could be beneficial for treating insomnia.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.282-288
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• 2023

In this study, we analyzed the amount of roadside fine dust generated from newly constructed specially modified asphalt pavement and general asphalt pavement from existing roads. We collected the 1,000 g (100 g/day) of dust samples from the roadside of the express bus terminal and commercial facility area in Chungcheongnam-do's C site at three-day intervals during the summer of 2022 and 2023. The collected samples were separated from fine dust according to size in the 75-150 ㎛ range and, were separated only from Tire and Road Wear Particles through density separation. No.1-3 are general asphalt pavement section as an existing road. Fine dust and Tire and Road Wear Particles in No.1-3 were 24.27 g, 24.36 g, 0.53 g, and 0.53 g, respectively, and the quantitative results for 2022 and 2023 were similar. On the other hand, No.4-6 are newly constructed specially modified asphalt pavement section. Fine dust decreased by 14.8 % and tire and road wear particles decreased by 29.6 % in 2023 compared to 2022 in No.4-6. In addition, according to the results of thermogravimetric analysis, Tire and road wear particles in No.1-3 are tire and road components at 30 % and 70 %, respectively. And Tire and road wear particles in No.4-6 are tire and road components at 35 % and 65 % in 2023, respectively. From these results, it was confirmed that the newly constructed specially modified asphalt pavement can be effective in reducing roadside fine dust and Tire and Road Wear Particles. However, there may be some shortcomings in conclusive research results due to limited space and sample collection period. In the future, we plan to conduct various case studies.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The rosette-scan seeker, mounted on the infrared guided missile, is a device that tracks the target It can acquire the 2D image of the target by scanning a space about target in rosette pattern with a single detector Since the detected image is changed according to the position of the object in the field of view and the number of the object is not fixed, the unsupervised methods are employed in clustering it The conventional ISODATA method clusters the objects by using the distance between the seed points and pixels So, the clustering result varies in accordance with the shape of the object or the values of the merging and splitting parameters In this paper, we propose an Array Linkage Clustering Algorithm (ALCA) as a new clustering algorithm improving the conventional method The ALCA has no need for the initial seed points and the merging and splitting parameters since it clusters the object using the connectivity of the array number of the memory stored the pixel Therefore, the ALCA can cluster the object regardless of its shape With the clustering results using the conventional method and the proposed one, we confirm that our method is better than the conventional one in terms of the clustering performance We simulate the rosette scanning infrared seeker (RSIS) using the proposed ALCA as an infrared counter countermeasure The simulation results show that the RSIS using our method is better than the conventional one in terms of the tracking performance.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1415-1419
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• 2006

메탄을 탄소원 및 에너지원으로 이용하는 메탄산화균은 물질대사과정 중에 다량의 세포외 고분자물질인 Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)를 생성하는데, EPS는 카르복실기와 같은 표면흡착 기능을 가지고 있어 생체흡착제로 사용이 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 메탄산화세균을 이용하여 중금속인 Cd의 흡착성능을 파악하여 활성슬러지의 흡착능과 비교하고, EPS 농도별, pH별 흡착량의 변화를 실험한 후 Freundlich 흡착모델식에 적용하여 흡착공정의 기본적인 설계인자를 도출하고자 하였다. 실험에 사용한 메탄산화세균은 매립지 복토층 상부 토양에서 분리하여 실험실에서 대량으로 배양하였으며, EPS 생성을 위해 메탄을 Head space의 20%를 주입하고 $30^{\circ}C$, 150rpm에서 질소원이 부족한 조건으로 48hr 동안 배양하였다. Cd의 흡착실험은 용액의 pH를 3에서 8까지 변화를 주면서 활성슬러지와 메탄산화세균의 시간별 흡착능을 측정하였다. 또한 중금속의 농도별 흡착능을 측정하여 흡착평형 상수를 파악하였으며, 중금속 흡착 전, 후 미생물의 SEM 촬영, FT-IR 분석, 전자현미분석(EPMA)을 통하여 무기성분 분석 및 표면관찰을 수행하였다. 실험결과 메탄산화세균에 의해 생성된 EPS 물질은 중금속에 대한 강한 결합능력이 있으며, Cd에 대한 최고 흡착능은 26mg Cd(Ⅱ)/g VSS의 값을 보였다. 이러한 미생물의 EPS의 흡착능은 pH와 칼슘이온의 영향을 많이 받았으며, 메탄산화세균의 FT-IR 분석결과 EPS에는 sulfate ester, pyruvate 등과 같은 작용기와 amino sugar, carboxyl 작용기들이 많이 존재하여 활성슬러지에 비해 중금속의 흡착능이 높은 것으로 사료되었다.X>${\mu}_{max,A}$는 최대암모니아 섭취률을 이용하여 구한 결과 $0.65d^{-1}$로 나타났다.EX>$60%{\sim}87%$가 수심 10m 이내에 분포하였고, 녹조강과 남조강이 우점하는 하절기에는 5m 이내에 주로 분포하였다. 취수탑 지점의 수심이 연중 $25{\sim}35m$를 유지하는 H호의 경우 간헐식 폭기장치를 가동하는 기간은 물론 그 외 기간에도 취수구의 심도를 표층 10m 이하로 유지 할 경우 전체 조류 유입량을 60% 이상 저감할 수 있을 것으로 조사되었다.심볼 및 색채 디자인 등의 작업이 수반되어야 하며, 이들을 고려한 인터넷용 GIS기본도를 신규 제작한다. 상습침수지구와 관련된 각종 GIS데이타와 각 기관이 보유하고 있는 공공정보 가운데 공간정보와 연계되어야 하는 자료를 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 효율적으로 관리하기 위해서는 단계별 구축전략이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 인터넷 GIS를 이용하여 상습침수구역관련 정보를 검색, 처리 및 분석할 수 있는 상습침수 구역 종합정보화 시스템을 구축토록 하였다.N, 항목에서 보 상류가 높게 나타났으나, 철거되지 않은 검전보나 안양대교보에 비해 그 차이가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.의 기상변화가 자발성 기흉 발생에 영향을 미친다고 추론할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구에서 추론된 기상변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전