• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2004

Background and Objectives : It has been shown that the epilaryngeal tube in the human airway is responsible for vocal ring, or the singer's formant. In previous study, authors showed that in trained tenors, besides the conventional singer's formant in the region of ,5500Hz, another energy peak was observed in the region of 8,000Hz. This peak was interpreted as the second resonance of the epilarynx tube. Singers in other voice categories who produce vocal ring are assumed to have the same peak, but no measurements have as yet been made. Materials and Methods : Fifteen tenors, fourteen baritones, seven sopranos and five mezzo sopranos attending the music college, department of vocal music who could reliably produce the head and chest registers were chosen for this study. Each subject was asked to produce an/ah/sound for at least three seconds for the head register sound(tenors ; G4, barions ; E4 sopranos ; F5 and mezzosopranos ; C5) and for the chest register sound (tenors ; C3, baritones ; D3, sopranos ; D4 and Mezzosoprano ; A3). The sound data was analyzed using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based power spectrum, Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab (CSL, Kay elemetrics, Model 4300B, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test of the Statistical Package for Social sciences(SPSS). Results : For head register sounds, a significant increase was seen in the 2,200-3,400Hz region(p<0.05) and the Similar to the head register sounds, there was a significant increase in energy in the four trained singer group compared with the untrained group in the 2,200-3,100Hz region(p<0.05), the 7,800-8,400Hz region(p<0.05) for the chest register sounds. Conclusions : When good vocal production was made for the head and chest registers, an energy peak was observed near 2,500Hz, a frequency already known as the "singer's formant', in all subjects in the study group. Another region of increased energy was observed around 8,000Hz that had not been noticed previously. The authors believe this region to be the second singer's formant.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2021

항해용 X-band 레이다를 이용한 파랑관측은 해수면에 후방산란 된 전자기파 이미지를 분석하여 이루어진다. 1분당 42개의 해수면 시계열 이미지로부터 3차원 FFT를 계산하고 변조전달함수(Modulation Transfer Function)를 구하여 파랑정보를 추출한다. 따라서 레이다 파고계로 계측한 유의파고의 정확도는 X-band 레이다 영상의 상태에 따라 결정된다. 2020년 여름 태풍 마이삭과 하이선 내습 시 강릉 안인 해안에 설치된 X-band 레이다 파고계로 관측한 유의파고의 오차가 크게 발생하였다. 이는 태풍 내습 시 급격히 유의파고가 증가하는 한편 강한 강우가 동반되어 X-band 레이다 영상의 품질이 저하되었기 때문이다. 최대 오차 발생 이전까지 많은 강우가 있었음이 확인된다. 본 연구에서는 convolution neural network(CNN)을 이용하여 레이다 이미지로부터 강우 여부를 분류하고 강우여부에 따라 강우시 인공신경망 모델을 적용하여 태풍 시 유의파고 관측 정확도를 향상시켰다. 폭우를 동반한 태풍 시 레이다 자료 특성에 기반하여 인공신경망 유의파고 산출 알고리즘을 개선하고 이를 통해 X-band 레이다 파고계의 정확도를 향상시키는 방법을 제시하였다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.79-91
• /
• 2013

PURPOSES : The methods of measuring the sound from the noise source are Pass-by method and NCPX (Noble Close Proximity) method. These measuring methods were used to determine the linkage of TAPL (Total Acoustic Pressure Level) and SPL (Sound Pressure Level) in terms of frequencies. METHODS : The frequency analysis methods are DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), CPB (Constant Percentage Bandwidth). The CPB analysis was used in this study, based on the 1/3 octave band option configured for the frequency analysis. Furthermore, the regression analysis was used at the condition related to the sound attenuation effect. The MPE (Mean Percentage Error) and RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) were utilized for calculating the error. RESULTS : From the results of the CPB frequency analysis, the predicted SPL along the frequency has 99.1% maximum precision with the measured SPL, resulting in roughly 1 dB(A) error. The TAPL results have precision by 99.37% with the measured TAPL. The predicted TAPL results at this study by using the SPL prediction model along the frequency have the maximum precision of 98.37% with the vehicle velocity. CONCLUSIONS : The Predicted SPL model along the frequency and the TAPL result by using the predicted SPL model have a high level of accuracy through this study. But the vehicle velocity-TAPL prediction model from the previous study by using the log regression analysis cannot be consistent with the TAPL result by using the predicted SPL model.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.183-204
• /
• 2012

A method for the analysis of wave scattering in 3-D elastic full space is developed by means of the coupled boundary-volume integral equation, which takes into account the effects of both the boundary of inclusions and the uctuation of the wave field. The wavenumber domain formulation is used to construct the Krylov subspace by means of FFT. In order to achieve the wavenumber domain formulation, the boundary-volume integral equation is transformed into the volume integral equation. The formulation is also focused on this transform and its numerical implementation. Several numerical results clarify the accuracy and effectiveness of the present method for scattering analysis.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.395-398
• /
• 2002

This study is to examine the safety by analizing the hardness of bed and the characteristic of vibration to improve basic efficiency of machine-tool of drill-cell which is a high line center. The mistake of existing design was shown through the analysis of 3-D and structure. The purpose of this paper is to draw up a plan to improve performance and to propose the design method through finding out the optimum by analyzing dynamic property of structure in a quantity-way by CAE for a quantity-analogy of dynamic property in design steps.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.620-629
• /
• 2013

This study examines the rustling sound characteristics of electrospun nanofiber web laminates according to layer structures. This study assesses mechanical properties and frictional sounds (such as SPL); in addition, Zwicker's psychoacoustic parameters (such as Loudness (Z), Sharpness (Z), Roughness (Z), and Fluctuation strength (Z)) were calculated using the Sound Quality Program (ver.3.2, B&K, Denmark). The result determined how to control these characteristics and minimize rustling sounds. A total of 3 specimens' frictional sound (generated at 0.63 m/s) was recorded using a Simulator for Frictional Sound of Fabrics (Korea Patent No. 10-2008-0105524) and SPLs were analyzed with a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The mechanical properties of fabrics were measured with a KES-FB system. The SPL value of the sound spectrum showed 6.84~58.47dB at 0~17,500Hz. The SPL value was 61.2dB for the 2-layer PU nanofiber web laminates layered on densely woven PET(C1) and was the highest at 65.1dB for the 3-layer PU nanofiber web laminates (C3). Based on SPSS 18.0, it was shown that there is a correlation between mechanical properties and psychoacoustic characteristics. Tensile properties (LT), weight (T), and bending properties (2HB) showed a high correlation with psychoacoustic characteristics. Tensile linearity (LT) with Loudness (Z) showed a negative correlation coefficient; however, weight (T) with Sharpness (Z) and Roughness (Z), and bending hysteresis (2HB) with Roughness (Z) indicated positive correlation coefficients, respectively.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제55권10호
• /
• pp.3874-3897
• /
• 2023

A high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model for the lower plenum of the High-Temperature Test Facility (HTTF), a ¼ scale test facility of the modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) managed by Oregon State University. In most next-generation nuclear reactors, thermal stress due to thermal striping is one of the risks to be curiously considered. This is also true for HTGRs, especially since the exhaust helium gas temperature is high. In order to evaluate these risks and performance, organizations in the United States led by the OECD NEA are conducting a thermal hydraulic code benchmark for HTGR, and the test facility used for this benchmark is HTTF. HTTF can perform experiments in both normal and accident situations and provide high-quality experimental data. However, it is difficult to provide sufficient data for benchmarking through experiments, and there is a problem with the reliability of CFD analysis results based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes to analyze thermal hydraulic behavior without verification. To solve this problem, high-fidelity 3-D CFD analysis was performed using the LES model for HTTF. It was also verified that the LES model can properly simulate this jet mixing phenomenon via a unit cell test that provides experimental information. As a result of CFD analysis, the lower the dependency of the sub-grid scale model, the closer to the actual analysis result. In the case of unit cell test CFD analysis and HTTF CFD analysis, the volume-averaged sub-grid scale model dependency was calculated to be 13.0% and 9.16%, respectively. As a result of HTTF analysis, quantitative data of the fluid inside the HTTF lower plenum was provided in this paper. As a result of qualitative analysis, the temperature was highest at the center of the lower plenum, while the temperature fluctuation was highest near the edge of the lower plenum wall. The power spectral density of temperature was analyzed via fast Fourier transform (FFT) for specific points on the center and side of the lower plenum. FFT results did not reveal specific frequency-dominant temperature fluctuations in the center part. It was confirmed that the temperature power spectral density (PSD) at the top increased from the center to the wake. The vortex was visualized using the well-known scalar Q-criterion, and as a result, the closer to the outlet duct, the greater the influence of the mainstream, so that the inflow jet vortex was dissipated and mixed at the top of the lower plenum. Additionally, FFT analysis was performed on the support structure near the corner of the lower plenum with large temperature fluctuations, and as a result, it was confirmed that the temperature fluctuation of the flow did not have a significant effect near the corner wall. In addition, the vortices generated from the lower plenum to the outlet duct were identified in this paper. It is considered that the quantitative and qualitative results presented in this paper will serve as reference data for the benchmark.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.168-172
• /
• 2008

A new type of electrochemical random signal (electrochemical noise) analysis technique was applied to localized corrosion of anodic oxide film formed 1100 aluminum alloy in $0.5kmol/m^3$ $H_3BO_4/0.05kmol/m^3$ $Na_2B_4O_7$ with $0.01kmol/m^3$ NaCl. The effect of anodic oxide film structure, barrier type, porous type, and composite type on galvanic corrosion resistance was also examined. Before localized corrosion started, incubation period for pitting corrosion, both current and potential slightly change as initial value with time. The incubation period of porous type anodic oxide specimens are longer than that of barrier type anodic oxide specimens. While pitting corrosion, the current and potential were changed with fluctuations and the potential and the current fluctuations show a good correlation. The records of the current and potential were processed by calculating the power spectrum density (PSD) by the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method. The potential and current PSD decrease with increasing frequency, and the slopes are steeper than or equal to minus one (-1). This technique allows observation of electrochemical impedance changes during localized corrosion.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2002년도 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.446-452
• /
• 2002

This paper Presents a 3-D design and a Vibration control of a new walking R.G.O.(Robotic Gait Orthosis) and would like to develop a simulation by this walking system. The vibration control and evaluation of the new knee joint mechanism on the biped walking R.G.O.(Robotic Gait Orthosis) was a very unique system and was to obtain by the 3-axis accelerometer with a low frequency vibration for the paraplegia It will be expect that the spinal cord injury patients are able to recover effectively by a biped walking R.G.O.. The new knee joint system of both legs were adopted with a good kinematic characteristics. It was designed attached a DC-srevo motor and controller, with a human wear type. It was able to accomodate itself to a environments of S.C.I. Patients. It will be expect that the spinal cord injury patients are able to recover effectively by a new walking R.G.O. system.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제30권12A호
• /
• pp.1153-1160
• /
• 2005

일반적인 OFDM/QAM 시스템은 시간 영역에서 다중경로 채널에 강인한 특성을 갖기 위해 연속적인 심볼 사이에 보호구간(Guard Interval)을 삽입하는 반면, OFDM/OQAM(Offset QAM)-IOTA 시스템은 보호구간 대신에 시간과 주파수 영역에서 우수한 Localization 특성을 갖는 IOTA(Isotropic Orthogonal Transform Algorithm) 함수를 사용하며, 이로 인하여 OFDM/OQAM-IOTA 시스템은 현저하게 높은 주파수 사용 효율을 갖는다. 하지만 일반적인 OFDM/QAM 시스템에 사용된 채널 추정 방법을 변경 없이 OFDM/OQAM-IOTA 시스템에 적용할 경우 고유의 심볼간 간섭(ISI : Inter-Symbol Interference)이 발생하게 되므로 OFDM/OQAM-IOTA 시스템 채널 추정을 위해서는 별도의 프리앰블 구조를 사용하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 OFDM/OQAM-IOTA 시스템 채널 추정에 적합한 새로운 프리앰블 구조를 제안하고, 제안된 프리앰블을 사용하여 Ideal 채널 추정과 중저속 이동 환경에서의 Practical 채별 추정을 수행하여, 그 결과를 일반적인 OFDM/QAM 시스템의 성능과 비교 분석한다. 시뮬레이션 결과에 의하면, 제안된 프리앰블 구조를 사용한 OFDM/OQAM-IOTA 시스템이 FFT 크기의 1/4을 보호구간으로 사용하는 일반적인 OFDM/QAM 시스템보다 Target BER 10-3에서 1.5 dB 정도의 Eb/NO 이득이 있으며, 또한 $25\%$ 정도의 데이터 전송률 이득을 갖는다.