• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-weighted (DW) PSIF (reversed FISP [fast imaging with steady-state free precession]) sequence in order to evaluate peripheral nerves in the elbow. Materials and Methods: Ten normal, asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled (6 men, 4 women, mean age 27.9 years). The following sequences of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the elbow were obtained using a 3.0-T machine: 3D DW PSIF, 3D T2 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) with SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and 2D T2 TSE (turbo spin echo) with modified Dixon (m-Dixon) sequence. Two observers used a 5-point grading system to analyze the image quality of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each nerve were measured. We compared 3D DW PSIF images with other sequences using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman test. Inter-observer agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Results: The mean 5-point scores of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in 3D DW PSIF (3.9/4.2/4.5, respectively) were higher than those in 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR (1.9/2.8/2.8) and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon (1.7/2.8/2.9) sequences (P < 0.05). The mean SNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR, but there was no difference between 3D DW PSIF and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in all of the three nerves. The mean CNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in the median and ulnar nerves, but no difference among the three sequences in the radial nerve. Conclusion: The three-dimensional DW PSIF sequence may be feasible to evaluate the peripheral nerves around the elbow in MR imaging. However, further optimization of the image quality (SNR, CNR) is required.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2006년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.7
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• pp.483-484
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• 2006

$Eu^{3+}$와 $Pr^{3+}$이 첨가된 $SrTiO_3$형광체를 고상반응법으로 제조하였다. $SrTiO_3:Pr$형광체는 $^3P_J(J=0,1,2){\rightarrow}^3H_4$에 의한 490nm 부근의 녹색발광과 $^1D_2{\rightarrow}^3H_4$에 의한 618nm 의 적색발광이 동시에 나타났다. $SrTiO_3:Eu$형광체는 $SrTiO_3:Pr$형광체와 달리 $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_1$에 의한 583nm와 $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_2$에 의한 610nm의 적색발광만 각각 관찰되었다. $SrTiO_3$의 모체에서 $Eu^{3+}$는 inversion sysmmetry를 가짐으로써 610nm의 electric dipole transition 보다는 583nm의 magnetic dipole transition이 강하게 일어났다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.400-405
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• 2023

Tb³⁺-doped CaNb₂O₆ (CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺) thin films were deposited on quartz substrates at a growth temperature of 300 ℃ using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were annealed at several annealing temperatures for 20 min and characterized for their structural, morphological, and luminescent properties. The experimental results showed that the annealing temperature had a significant effect on the properties of the CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films. The crystalline structure of the as-grown CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films transformed from amorphous to crystalline after annealing at temperatures greater than or equal to 700 ℃. The emission spectra of the thin films under excitation at 251 nm exhibited a dominant emission band at 546 nm arising from the ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ magnetic dipole transition of Tb³⁺ and three weak emission bands at 489, 586, and 620 nm, respectively. The intensity of the ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ (546 nm) magnetic dipole transition was greater than that of the ⁵D₄→⁷F₆ (489 nm) electrical dipole transition, indicating that the Tb³⁺ ions in the host crystal were located at sites with inversion symmetry. The average transmittance at wavelengths of 370~1,100 nm decreased from 86.8 % at 700 ℃ to 80.5 % at an annealing temperature of 1,000 ℃, and a red shift was observed in the bandgap energy with increasing annealing temperature. These results suggest that the annealing temperature plays a crucial role in developing green light-emitting CaNb₂O₆:Tb³⁺ thin films for application in electroluminescent displays.

• 천문학회지
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• 제36권spc1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2003

In this paper, we review recent studies on the magnetic helicity changes of solar active regions by photospheric horizontal motions. Recently, Chae(200l) developed a methodology to determine the magnetic helicity change rate via photospheric horizontal motions. We have applied this methodology to four cases: (1) NOAA AR 8100 which has a series of homologous X-ray flares, (2) three active regions which have four eruptive major X-ray flares, (3) NOAA AR 9236 which has three eruptive X-class flares, and (4) NOAA AR 8668 in which a large filament was under formation. As a result, we have found several interesting results. First, the rate of magnetic helicity injection strongly depends on an active region and its evolution. Its mean rate ranges from 4 to $17 {\times} 10^{40}\;Mx^2\;h^{-1}$. Especially when the homologous flares occurred and when the filament was formed, significant rates of magnetic helicity were continuously deposited in the corona via photospheric shear flows. Second, there is a strong positive correlation between the magnetic helicity accumulated during the flaring time interval of the homologous flares in AR 8100 and the GOES X-ray flux integrated over the flaring time. This indicates that the occurrence of a series of homologous flares is physically related to the accumulation of magnetic helicity in the corona by photospheric shearing motions. Third, impulsive helicity variations took place near the flaring times of some strong flares. These impulsive variations whose time scales are less than one hour are attributed to localized velocity kernels around the polarity inversion line. Fourth, considering the filament eruption associated with an X1.8 flare started about 10 minutes before the impulsive variation of the helicity change rate, we suggest that the impulsive helicity variation is not a cause of the eruptive solar flare but its result. Finally, we discuss the physical implications on these results and our future plans.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2017

$BiNbO_4:RE^{3+}$ (RE = Dy, Eu, Sm, Tb) phosphors were prepared by solid-state reaction at $1100^{\circ}C$ and their structural, photoluminescent, and morphological properties were investigated. XRD patterns exhibited that all the synthesized phosphors exhibited a triclinic system with a dominant (210) diffraction peak, irrespective of the type of activator ions. The surface morphologies of rare-earth-ion-doped $BiNbO_4$ phosphors were found to depend strongly on the type of activator ions. The $Eu^{3+}$ and $Dy^{3+}$ doped $BiNbO_4$ phosphors revealed a strong red (613 nm) emission resulting from the $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_2$ transition of $Eu^{3+}$ and a dominant yellow (575 nm) emission originating from the $^4F_{9/2}{\rightarrow}^6H_{13/2}$ transition of $Dy^{3+}$ respectively, which were the electric dipole transitions, indicating that the activator ions occupy sites of non-inversion symmetry in the $BiNbO_4$ phosphor. The main reddish-orange emission spectra of $Sm^{3+}$-doped $BiNbO_4$ phosphors were due to the $^4G_{5/2}{\rightarrow}^6H_{7/2}$ (607 nm) magnetic dipole transition, indicating that the $Sm^{3+}$ ions were located at inversion symmetry sites in the $BiNbO_4$ host lattice. As for $Tb^{3+}$-doped phosphors, green emission was obtained under excitation at 353 nm and its CIE chromaticity coordinates were (0.274, 0.376). These results suggest that multicolor emission can be achieved by changing the type of activator ions incorporated into the $BiNbO_4$ host crystal.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.3319-3325
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• 2014

Eu(III)-doped $CeO_2$ nanorods were prepared by a co-precipitation method at room temperature, and their photoluminescence profiles were examined with different Eu(III)-doping concentrations and thermal annealing temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction crystallography and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy were employed to examine the morphology, crystal structure and photon absorption profiles of the nanorods, respectively. Additionally, their 2D and 3D-photoluminescence profile maps were obtained to fully understand the photoluminescence mechanism. We found that the magnetic dipole $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_1$ and the electric dipole $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_2$ transitions of Eu(III) were highly dependent on the doping concentration, annealing temperature and excitation wavelength, which was explained by the presence of different Eu(III)-doping sites (with and without an inversion center) in the $CeO_2$ host with a cubic crystal structure.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.181-195
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• 2024

이 해설 논문에서는 자기지전류(magnetotelluric; MT) 탐사에서의 정적효과가 지하 불균질체의 경계면에서 축적되는 전하 축적에 의해 발생하는 물리적 현상임을 설명하였다. 먼저 정적효과를 일으키는 물리적 현상에 대한 이해를 위해 정전유도와 경계면에서의 전하 축적의 차이에 대해 모식도를 이용해 설명하고 분석하였다. 그리고 적분방정식을 통해 지하에 있는 불균질체에 1차 전기장이 가해졌을 때, 전기전도도 경계면에서의 전하 축적에 의한 2차 전기장이 정적효과로 나타남을 명확히 하였다. 따라서 MT 탐사에서 1차원 층서구조나 2차원 TM (transverse magnetic) 모드의 경우를 제외하고 정적효과는 항상 존재하고 또한 그 용어와는 달리 '정적'이 아닌 주파수 의존적임을 보였다. 정적효과가 지하 불균질체에 의한 2차장임에도 MT 탐사의 역산에서 수식적으로 해결되지 않고 심부 구조의 해석에 장애 요인으로 작용하는 이유는 현장 탐사에서 피할 수 없는 '주파수 및 공간 영역에서의 과소 샘플링'이기 때문이다. 따라서 광대역 주파수와 전체 탐사 대상 면적에서의 연속 측정이 아닌 실제 MT 탐사를 고려할 때, 3차원 역산시에 정적효과를 전체 탐사 영역에서 정규분포를 갖는 변수로 가정하고 이를 역산의 제약 조건으로 포함하는 시도에 대해 알아보았다. 적분방정식 전자탐사 모델링의 이해를 돕기 위해 3차원 적분방정식의 유도, Green 텐서 및 산란전류의 수학적 분석을 부록에 자세히 서술하였다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2010

황해 서남부 지역의 지구물리학적 특성을 연구하고 지구조를 분석하기 위하여 한국해양연구원에서는 2003, 2004과 2005년에 이 해역에 대하여 중력 및 자력탐사를 수행하였다. 황해는 몇 개의 분지를 가지고 있으며 연구지역 또한 흑산분지와 동중국해분지 일부분을 포함하고 있다. 연구지역의 해저지형은 남서쪽 중국쪽으로부터 북동쪽 한국쪽으로 가면서 깊어지며 약 -40 m에서 약 -150 m까지의 수심 범위를 나타내고 전반적으로 완만한 기복과 경사를 보인다. 중력이상은 완만한 해저지형의 변화보다는 기반암의 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 해상중력자료 및 인공위성 중력자료를 함께 사용한 중력이상은 연구지역의 북동쪽으로 높은 값을 보이며 흑산분지 남쪽으로 원형의 낮은 이상대가 나타난다. 부게이상의 아날니틱신호는 분지경계면 부근에서 고이상대들이 나타난다. 자기이상과 자기이상의 아날니틱신호에서는 화성암체 관입에 기인한 복잡한 이상들이 북쪽에 분포하고 남쪽은 완만한 변화를 보이는 것으로 보아 화성암체 관입이 연구지역 북쪽에 비해 많이 나타나지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 연구지역의 부게중력이상과 자기이상의 파워스펙트럼 분석은 모호면의 깊이를 약 30.2-28.3 km로 보여주며, 기반암은 약 8.4-8 km이며, 제 3기 에오세의 부정합면은 약 1.5-1.7 km 정도 인 것으로 나타난다. 부게중력이상의 역산에 의한 모호면의 깊이는 연구지역의 서쪽인 중국쪽이 동쪽인 한국쪽에 비해 약간 깊게 나타난다. 2차원 중력모델링에서 지각구조들의 깊이 및 화성암 관입체의 위치 등 결과가 아날니틱신호 분석, 파워스펙트럼 분석 및 역산의 결과와 잘 부합된다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.69.1-69.1
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• 2014

We perform an MHD simulation combined with observed vector field data to clarify an eruptive dynamics in the solar flare. We first extrapolate a 3D coronal magnetic field under a Nonlinear Force-Free Field (NLFFF) approximation based on the vector field, and then we perform an MHD simulation where the NLFFF prior to the flare is set as an initial condition. Vector field was obtained by the Soar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) at 00:00 UT on February 15, which is about 90 minutes before the X2.2-class flare. As a result, the MHD simulation successfully shows an eruption of strongly twisted lines whose values are over one-turn twist, which are produced through the tether-cut magnetic reconnection in strongly twisted lines of the NLFFF. Eventually, we found that they exceed a critical height at which the flux tube becomes unstable to the torus instability determining the condition that whether a flux tube might escape from the overlying field lines or not. In addition to these, we found that the distribution of the observed two-ribbon flares is similar to the spatial variance of the footpoints caused by the reconnection of the twisted lines being resided above the polarity inversion line. Furthermore, because the post flare loops obtained from MHD simulation well capture that in EUV image taken by SDO, these results support the reliability of our simulation.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of quantitative analysis of the facial nerve using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (CE 3D) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-volume isotopic turbo spin echo acquisition (FLAIR-VISTA) for the diagnosis of Bell's palsy in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients (24 nerves) with unilateral acute facial nerve palsy underwent MRI from March 2014 through March 2015. The unaffected sides were included as a control group. First, for quantitative analysis, the signal intensity (SI) and relative SI (RSI) for canalicular, labyrinthine, geniculate ganglion, tympanic, and mastoid segments of the facial nerve on CE 3D FLAIR images were measured using regions of interest (ROI). Second, CE 3D FLAIR and CE T1-SE images were analyzed to compare their diagnostic performance by visual assessment (VA). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of RSI measurement and VA were compared. Results: The absolute SI of canalicular and mastoid segments and the sum of the five mean SI (total SI) were higher in the palsy group than in the control group, but with no significant differences. The RSI of the canalicular segment and the total SI were significantly correlated with the symptomatic side (P = 0.028 and 0.015). In 11/12 (91.6%) patients, the RSI of total SI resulted in accurate detection of the affected side. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for detecting Bell's palsy were higher with RSI measurement than with VA of CE 3D FLAIR images, while those with VA of CE T1-SE images were higher than those with VA of CE 3D FLAIR images. Conclusion: Quantitative analysis of the facial nerve using CE 3D FLAIR imaging can be useful for increasing the diagnostic performance in children with Bell's palsy when difficult to diagnose using VA alone. With regard to VA, the diagnostic performance of CE T1-SE imaging is superior to that of CE 3D FLAIR imaging in children. Further studies including larger populations are necessary.