• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2013

스핀 영상은 3차원 표면의 특징을 효과적으로 표현하기 때문에 3차원 얼굴에서 특징점을 검출하는데 많이 이용된다. 하지만 기존의 스핀 영상은 표면의 법선 벡터 방향에 따라 매우 다른 스핀 영상이 만들어지는 단점이 있다. 또한 해당 영역 내에 존재하는 모든 점을 2차원으로 변환하여 고려하기 때문에 3차원 표면 특징이 모호해질 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 검색 영역을 분할한 스핀 영상을 이용하는 3차원 얼굴 특징점 검출 방법을 제안하였다. 기준점으로부터 떨어진 각도에 따라 검색범위를 분할하여 분할된 영역 내 점들에 대해 스핀 영상을 구성하여 방향에 따른 특징 추출을 극대화했다. 법선 벡터 평탄화를 이용하여 표면 법선 벡터 방향에 대한 잡음 민감성을 줄여 정확한 형태의 스핀 영상을 얻도록 했다. 실험을 통해 제안한 방법으로 찾은 특징점과 실측 특징점과의 거리차를 비교하여 기존방법에 비해 약 34% 향상된 정확도를 얻음을 확인했다.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2009년도 학술대회
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• pp.163-167
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• 2009

3 차원 인체 스캔 차원 기술의 활용도는 정확도의 개선과 가격의 저렴화로 인해 산업계에서 점점 부각되고 있다. 이런 인체 스캔 데이터의 활용도를 높이기 위해서는 인체 스캔 데이터의 기준점 추출이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 자동으로 인체 스캔 데이터의 기준점을 추출하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 이를 위해 여러 인체 스캔 데이터들을 활용하여 주성분 분석을 하고 최적화를 거쳐 마커 없는 매칭을 수행한다. 최종적으로는 생성된 인체 모델의 위상 구조에서 기준점을 추출한다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2004

This study examines different types of navigation aids when a navigator performs target search tasks in Virtual Environments. The factors manipulated in this study include target information (None/Landmark). navigational difficulty (Easy/Difficult). and map types (None/2D Map/3D Map). Navigation performance was measured by using task completion time and the number of target locations that was remembered by the navigator. In addition, user satisfaction on the navigation aids was also measured by using a 7-point Likert's scale. The results showed that the user satisfaction on the landmark was high when the 3D Map was provided. The task completion time shortened when navigational difficulty was set at "easy." The number of remembered target locations was large when there was no landmark. It was also large with an easy navigation task. or a map (20 or 3D) provided. Guidelines for selecting navigation aids were proposed based on the results.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.9-11
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• 2016

Purpose In this paper we proposed bi-directional hierarchical regression for accurate human finger landmark detection with only using depth information.Materials and Methods Our algorithm consisted of two different step, initialization and landmark estimation. To detect initial landmark, we used difference of random pixel pair as the feature descriptor. After initialization, 16 landmarks were estimated using cascaded regression methods. To improve accuracy and stability, we proposed bi-directional hierarchical structure.Results In our experiments, the ICVL database were used for evaluation. According to our experimental results, accuracy and stability increased when applying bi-directional hierarchical regression more than typical method on the test set. Especially, errors of each finger tips of hierarchical case significantly decreased more than other methods.Conclusion Our results proved that our proposed method improved accuracy and stability and also could be applied to a large range of applications such as augmented reality and simulation surgery.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2011

Landmark Spots in 2D gel electrophoresis are used in many methods of 2DEG spot matching. Landmark Spots are obtained manually and it is a bottle neck in the entire protein analysis process. Automated landmark spots detection is a very crucial topic in processing a massive amount of 2DGE data. In this paper, Automated landmark spot detection is proposed using point pattern matching and graph theory. Neighbor spots are defined by a graph theory to use and only a centered spot and its neighbor spots are considered for spot matching. Normalized Hausdorff distance is introduced as a criterion for measuring degree of similarity. In the conclusion, the method proposed in this paper can get about 50% of the total spot pairs and the accuracy rate is almost 100%, which the requirements of landmark spots are fully satisfied.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권8호
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• pp.1104-1110
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• 2014

This paper investigates geometric effect of landmarks on three-dimensional navigation error in landmark-based vision navigation systems. Dilution of precision is derived for landmark measurement error on the focal plane of the camera and separately expressed in position DOP and attitude DOP. Values of DOP are observed for various configurations of landmarks.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.171-190
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• 2023

This study aims to develop algorithms for automatic extraction landmarks from the lower body of women aged 20-54 using the Grasshopper programming language, based on 3D scan data in the 8th SizeKorea dataset. First, 11 landmarks were defined using the morphological features of 3D body surfaces and clothing applications, from which automatic landmark extraction algorithms were developed. To verify the accuracy of the algorithm, this study developed an additional algorithm that could automatically measure 16 items, and algorithm-derived measurements and SizeKorea measurements were compared using paired t-test analysis. The statistical differences between the scan-derived measurements and the SizeKorea measurements were compared, with an allowable tolerance of ISO 20685-1:2018. This study found that the algorithm successfully identified most items except for the crotch point and gluteal fold point. In the case of landmarks with significant differences, the algorithms were modified. This study was significant because scan editing, landmark search, and measurement extraction were successfully performed in one interface, and the developed algorithm has a high efficiency and strong adaptability.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2015

Purpose When a surgeon examines the morphology of skull of patient, locations of craniometric landmarks of 3D computed tomography(CT) volume are one of the most important information for surgical purpose. The locations of craniometric landmarks can be found manually by surgeon from the 3D rendered volume or 2D sagittal, axial, and coronal slices which are taken by CT. Since there are many landmarks on the skull, finding these manually is time-consuming, exhaustive, and occasionally inexact. These inefficiencies raise a demand for a automatic localization technique for craniometric landmark points. So in this paper, we propose a novel method through which we can automatically find these landmark points, which are useful for surgical purpose. Materials and Methods At first, we align the experimental data (CT volumes) using Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP) and Mid Sagittal Plane(MSP) which are defined by 3 and 2 cranial landmark points each. The target landmark of our experiment is the anterior nasal spine. Prior to constructing a statistical cubic model which would be used for detecting the location of the landmark from a given CT volume, reference points for the anterior nasal spine were manually chosen by a surgeon from several CT volume sets. The statistical cubic model is constructed by calculating weighted intensity means of these CT sets around the reference points. By finding the location where similarity function (squared difference function) has the minimal value with this model, the location of the landmark can be found from any given CT volume. Results In this paper, we used 5 CT volumes to construct the statistical cubic model. The 20 CT volumes including the volumes, which were used to construct the model, were used for testing. The range of age of subjects is up to 2 years (24 months) old. The found points of each data are almost close to the reference point which were manually chosen by surgeon. Also it has been seen that the similarity function always has the global minimum at the detection point. Conclusion Through the experiment, we have seen the proposed method shows the outstanding performance in searching the landmark point. This algorithm would make surgeons efficiently work with morphological informations of skull. We also expect the potential of our algorithm for searching the anatomic landmarks not only cranial landmarks.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.130-144
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• 2023

최근 실내에 대한 정확한 위치정보 취득을 위해 신호기반측위와 영상기반측위를 기반으로 다양한 측위기술이 연구되고 있다. 이 중 카메라를 통해 획득된 영상과 필요에 따라 수집된 센서데이터를 이용하여 모바일 단말의 위치를 결정하는 영상측위 기술에 대한 연구가 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 영상기반측위를 위해서는 모바일 단말사진과 가상의 랜드마크 영상과의 매칭을 통해 실내위치 결정하는 방법이 사용되며, 이를 위해 광고판, 자판기, ATM기기 등 다양한 랜드마크에 대한 실내 공간정보구축이 필요하다. 다양한 랜드마크에 대한 실내공간정보 구축을 위해 한국전자통신연구원(ETRI) 13동을 대상으로 지상라이다 측량을 통해 로드뷰 형태의 파노라마 이미지와 정확한 3D 측량성과를 취득하였다. 3차원 토탈스테이션 결선성과와 지상라이다 파노라마 이미지 좌표상호간 비교시 약 0.10m 이내로 좌표 및 거리 성과가 취득되어 실내측위에 활용하기 위한 정확한 랜드마크 구축이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이러한 지상라이다 성과를 활용하여 영상측위에 필요한 3차원 랜드마크 모델링을 수행함으로써 기존 준공도면을 이용한 3차원 모델링만으로 구축할 수 없는 랜드마크 정보에 대해 보다 빠르게 모델링이 가능하였다.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.207-215
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• 2013

In this paper, we address the challenging computer vision problem of obtaining a reliable facial expression analysis from a naturally interacting person. We propose a system that combines a 3D generic face model, 3D head tracking, and 2D tracker to track facial landmarks and recognize expressions. First, we extract facial landmarks from a neutral frontal face, and then we deform a 3D generic face to fit the input face. Next, we use our real-time 3D head tracking module to track a person's head in 3D and predict facial landmark positions in 2D using the projection from the updated 3D face model. Finally, we use tracked 2D landmarks to update the 3D landmarks. This integrated tracking loop enables efficient tracking of the non-rigid parts of a face in the presence of large 3D head motion. We conducted experiments for facial expression recognition using both framebased and sequence-based approaches. Our method provides a 75.9% recognition rate in 8 subjects with 7 key expressions. Our approach provides a considerable step forward toward new applications including human-computer interactions, behavioral science, robotics, and game applications.