• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.435-443
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• 2014

The purposes of this study was to investigate the physical compensation for gait on induced equinus in normal subjects. Ten subjects were participate in the experiment (age: $23.8{\pm}2.8yrs$, height: $177.3{\pm}4.3cm$, weight: $70.8{\pm}4.6kg$). The study method adopted 3D analysis with six cameras and ground reaction force with two force-plate. Induced equinus were classify as gait pattern on unilateral and bilateral equinus. The results were as follows; In displacement of COM, medio-lateral and anterior-posterior COM were no significant, but in vertical COM, unilateral equinus gait was higher than bilateral equinus gait. In displacement hip joint, left hip joint was more extended in FC1 and FC2 during unilateral equinus gait. In displacement knee joint, left knee joint was more extended in FC2, right knee joint was more extended in all event during unilateral equinus gait. In trunk tilt, unilateral equinus gait was more forward tilt in TO1 and TO2. ROM of each joint was no significant. In Displacement of pelvic tilt angle, X axis of unilateral equinus gait was more increase than bilateral equinus gait at FC2, TO2 and MS2. Y axis of unilateral equinus gait was more increase than bilateral equinus gait at MS1, FC2 and MS2. Z axis was no significant in both equinus gait. In GRF, right Fx and Fy were no significant in both equinus gait, Fz was more bigger vertical force in bilateral equinus gait. Left Fx was more bigger internal force in unilateral equinus gait, Fy and Fz were no significant in both equinus gait.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.2 s.245
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• pp.194-201
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• 2006

Gait analysis is essential to identify accurate cause and knee condition from patients who display abnormal walking. Traditional linear tools can, however, mask the true structure of motor variability, since biomechanical data from a few strides during the gait have limitation to understanding the system. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a more precise dynamic method. The chaos analysis, a nonlinear technique, focuses on understand how variations in the gait pattern change over time. Eight healthy eight subjects walked on a treadmill for 100 seconds at 60 Hz. Three dimensional walking kinematic data were obtained using two cameras and KWON3D motion analyzer. The largest Lyapunov exponent from the measured knee angular displacement time series was calculated to quantify local stability. This study quantified the variability present in time series generated from gait parameter via chaos analysis. Knee flexion-extension patterns were found to be chaotic. The proposed Lyapunov exponent can be used in rehabilitation and diagnosis of recoverable patients.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2020

Objective: The most important goal of hippotherapy is to improve function, gait, and balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hippotherapy on function, gait, and balance of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We've searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library CENTRAL databases for English experimental studies published up until September 2018. To analyze the effects of hippotherapy on the function, gait, and balance of children with cerebral palsy, the systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on Patient/Participants/Population Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome with Timing, Setting Study Design. Papers retrieved from the database were removed from the literature management database. Methodological quality evaluation was evaluated using Cochrane's risk of bias. Data was analyzed using the Revman 5.3 program of the Cochrane library. Results: In this study, we found that the effect size of hippotherapy, denoted as d, was -3.82, and that hippotherapy had the most effect on gait, but no statistical significant difference was observed. We also found no significant difference in function and balance after hippotherapy. It was found from the funnel plot that there was no publication bias as the plot was symmetrically distributed around the dotted line. Conclusions: There are many unclear studies and a lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this research area. More RCTs on the effects of hippotherapy on children with CP should be conducted in the future.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2013

Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the kinesiologic factors of gait on symmetric load. Methods : The subjects were consisted normal 33 persons (10 males and 23 females). The kinds of weight of the bag was 0kg, 5kg and 7kg. The kinesiologic factors of gait measured by three dimensional motion analysis system and callibration marker. Callibration was ASIS, hip greater trochanter, knee lateral epicondyle on sagittal plane, ankle lateral malleolus on sagittal plane, toe 5th phalange. The changes kinesiologic factor were analyzed using one way ANOVA with SPSS 21.0 package program. Results : The weight of the bag was statistical significance on change of hip joint and knee joint(p<.05). The weight of the bag was no significance on change of ankle joint(p>.05). The right and left of the lower limbs was no significant(p>.05). Conclusion : This research provides weight of bag for the gait. This study showed that symmetric load does affect kinesiologic factors of gait. This indicates that there is an interaction that plays a crucial roles in the weight of bag and kinesiologic factors of gait.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.2 s.179
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• pp.164-171
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• 2006

Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury of the knee is common and a serious ACL injury leads to ligament reconstruction surgery. Gait analysis is used to identify the result of surgery. The purpose of this study is to numerically evaluate and classify knee condition of patients through the chaos analysis. Experiments were carried out for 13 subjects (8 healthy subjects, 5 ACL deficient patients) walking on a treadmill. Sagittal kinematic data of the right lower extremity were collected by using a 3D motion analysis system. The recorded gait patterns were digitized and then coordinated by KWON3D. The largest Lyapunov exponent from the measured knee angular displacement time series was calculated to quantify local stability. It was found that the Lyapunov exponent becomes larger as the knee condition becomes worse. This study suggested a method of the severity of injury and the level of recovery. The proposed method discerns difference between healthy subjects and patients.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.357-367
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were investigated physical compensation for gait on induced knee stiffness in normal subjects. Ten subjects were participated in the experiment(age: $26.0{\pm}6.3$ yrs, height: $175.5{\pm}5.3$ cm, weight: $69.1{\pm}6.1$ kg). The study method adopted 3D analysis with five cameras and ground reaction force with two force-plate. Induced knee stiffness level were classified as gait pattern on ROM of knee(free level, $30^{\circ}$ restriction level, fix level). The results were as follows; In angular displacement of hip joint, left hip joint was the more extended in mid-stance on induced right knee stiffness. In angular displacement of knee joint, there was no physical compensation on induced right knee stiffness, but free knee level gait was more flexed in swing phase of right knee joint. In angular displacement of ankle joint, right ankle joint was the more dorsiflexed on induced right knee stiffness, and $30^{\circ}$ restriction level and fix level gait were less plantarflexed in TO2. In trunk tilt, free and $30^{\circ}$ restriction level gait was more backward tilt on induced right knee stiffness. In ROM of each joint, right knee joint was more larger and trunk tilt was more lower on induced right knee stiffness. In GRF, Fx was more bigger lateral force in free and $30^{\circ}$ restriction level gait, and was more bigger medial force in fix level gait. Fy was more bigger propulsion force in free level gait, and was was more bigger braking force in $30^{\circ}$ restriction level gait. Left braking force in $30^{\circ}$ restriction level gait was more bigger. Fz was no significant.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2007

In this study, we developed an active ankle-foot orthosis(AAFO) which can control dorsi/ plantar flexion of the ankle joint to prevent foot drop and toe drag during walking. 3D gait analyses were performed on five healthy subjects under three different gait conditions: the normal gait without AFO, the SAFO gait with the conventional plastic AFO, and the AAFO gait with the developed AFO. As a result, the developed AAFO preeminently induced the normal gait compared to the SAFO. Additionally, AAFO prevented foot drop by proper plantarflexion during loading response and provided enough plantarflexion moment as a driving force to walk forward by sufficient push-off during pre-swing. AAFO also could prevent toe drag by proper dorsiflexion during swing phase. These results indicate that the developed AAFO may have more clinical benefits to treat foot drop and toe drag, compared to conventional AFOs, and also may be useful in patients with other orthotic devices.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2020

The purpose of the study was to compare the differences among phases accoring to the gait time on the heel height during gait, investigate the effect on ROM of the lower limb on gait time. Ten female college students in their 20s participated in the study, and variables were calculated through 3D gait analysis on height of heel. As a statistical method, one-way ANOVA was performed for the differences between the three heel heights, and multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of gait time on the ROM. As a result of the study, phase 2, the higher the heel, the longer the gait time, but phase 3, the higher the heel, the shorter the gait time. As a result of analyzing the effect of gait time on the ROM of the lower limb, in phase 2, the greater the ROM for the ankle and knee joint in 1 cm, and for the ankle joint in 5 cm, the longer the gait time. In phase 3, the greater the ROM for the hip joint in 1 cm, the longer the gait time, and the smaller the ROM for the ankle joint in 10 cm, the longer the gait time. Therefore, in the case of high-heeled shoes, it is suggested that the control of the ankle joint is important.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of static balance performance on gait in elderly. Subjects were twenty four members living in Gwangju(12males, 12females), between 65 and 81 years of age. The Force platform was used to measured static balance performance and gait analyzed the 3-D Motion Analysis The results of this study were as follow ; 1. The postural sway showed, The mean value of toe-heel was $1.41\pm0.51cm$ and left-right was $063\pm0.20cm$. In gait analysis, the mean value of each variable were swing phase $40.5\pm9.65\%$, stance phase $59.5\pm9.65\%$, stride length 0.79m, cadence $0.83\pm0.44step/sec$, velocity $0.57\pm0.32m/sec$, Knee up $34.7\pm31.0^{\circ}$, Knee down $-53.6\pm40.14^{\circ}$. Ankle up $12.14\pm13.94^{\circ}$, Ankle down $-16.8\pm25.0^{\circ}$ showed. 2. The correlation matrix between L-R sway and Toe-heel sway and gait variables was not showed. 3. In multiple regression test, there were no related variable.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic range of motion (ROM) of pelvic and translation of center of mass (COM) when wearing different shoe insole lifts according to leg length discrepancy (LLD) during free speed gait. Methods : Thirty-five healthy adults were participated in this study. Kinematic data were collected using a Vicon motion capture system. Reflective and cluster 40 markers attached to participants lower extremities and were asked to walk in a 6 m gait way under three different shoe lift conditions (without any insole, 1 cm insole, and 2 cm insole). The pelvic ROM and COM translation in three planes were sorted using a Nexus software, and a Visual3D motion analysis software was used to coordinate all kinematic data. Results : There were significantly increased maximal pelvic elevation and total pelvic range in coronal plane when wearing a standard shoe with 2 cm insole lift during gait (p<.05). When wearing a standard shoe with 2 cm insole lift, the total range of the pelvic segment were significantly different in all three motion planes (p<.05). Conclusion : Although LLD of less than 2 cm develops abnormal movement pattern of the pelvis and may cause of musculoskeletal diseases such as low back pain, hip and knee joint osteoarthritis, therefore intensive various physical therapy interventions for LLD are needed.