DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characteristics for Gait of the Induced Equinus in Normal Subjects

정상인에서 유도된 첨족에 따른 신체 보행의 특성

  • Woo, Byung-Hoon (Department of Physical Education, College of Performing Arts and Sport, Hanyang University)
  • 우병훈 (한양대학교 예술체육대학 체육학과)
  • Received : 2014.10.31
  • Accepted : 2014.12.04
  • Published : 2014.12.31

Abstract

The purposes of this study was to investigate the physical compensation for gait on induced equinus in normal subjects. Ten subjects were participate in the experiment (age: $23.8{\pm}2.8yrs$, height: $177.3{\pm}4.3cm$, weight: $70.8{\pm}4.6kg$). The study method adopted 3D analysis with six cameras and ground reaction force with two force-plate. Induced equinus were classify as gait pattern on unilateral and bilateral equinus. The results were as follows; In displacement of COM, medio-lateral and anterior-posterior COM were no significant, but in vertical COM, unilateral equinus gait was higher than bilateral equinus gait. In displacement hip joint, left hip joint was more extended in FC1 and FC2 during unilateral equinus gait. In displacement knee joint, left knee joint was more extended in FC2, right knee joint was more extended in all event during unilateral equinus gait. In trunk tilt, unilateral equinus gait was more forward tilt in TO1 and TO2. ROM of each joint was no significant. In Displacement of pelvic tilt angle, X axis of unilateral equinus gait was more increase than bilateral equinus gait at FC2, TO2 and MS2. Y axis of unilateral equinus gait was more increase than bilateral equinus gait at MS1, FC2 and MS2. Z axis was no significant in both equinus gait. In GRF, right Fx and Fy were no significant in both equinus gait, Fz was more bigger vertical force in bilateral equinus gait. Left Fx was more bigger internal force in unilateral equinus gait, Fy and Fz were no significant in both equinus gait.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdel-Aziz, Y. I., & Karara, H. M. (1971). Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates in object-space coordinates in close range photogrammetry. Proceedings of the ASP Symposium of Close-Range Photogrammetry. Urbana: University of Illinois.
  2. Baddar, A., Granata, K., Damiano, D. L., Carmines, D. V., Branco, J. S., & Abel, M. F. (2002). Ankle and knee coupling in patients with spastic diplegia: effects of gastrocnemiussoleus lengthening. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 84-A(5), 736-744.
  3. Charles, J., Scutter, S. D., & Buckley, J. (2010). Static ankle joint equinus: toward a standard definition and diagnosis. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 100(3), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.7547/1000195
  4. Davids, J., Foti, T., Dabelstein, J., & Bagley, A. (1999). Voluntary (normal) versus obligatory (cerebral palsy) toe-walking in children: a kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic analysis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 19(4), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199907000-00008
  5. Etnyre, B., Chambers, C. S., Scarborough, N. H., & Cain, T. E. (1993). Preoperative and postoperative assessment of surgical intervention for equinus gait in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 13(1), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199301000-00006
  6. Goodman, M., Menown, J., West, J., Barr, K., & Vander Linden, D. (2004). Secondary gait compensations in individuals without neuromuscular involment following a unilateral imposed equinus constraint. Gait & Posture, 20(3), 238-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2003.09.005
  7. Hampton, D. A., Hollander, K. W., & Engsberg, J. R. (2003). Equinus deformity as a compensatory mechanism for ankle plantarflexor weakness in cerebral palsy. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 19(4), 325-339.
  8. Higginson, J. S., Zajac, F. E., Neptune, R. R., Kautz, S. A., Burgar, C. G., & Delp, S. L. (2006). Effect of equinus foot placement and intrinsic muscle response on knee extension during stance. Gait & Posture, 23(1), 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.11.011
  9. Houx, L., Lempereur, M., Remy-Neris, O., & Brochard, S. (2013). Threshold of equinus which alters biomechanical gait parameters in children. Gait & Posture, 38(4), 582-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.026
  10. Joo, S. Y., Park, H. W., Park, K. B., & Kim, H. W. (2005). Changes in gait pattern after surgeries for equinus gait in cerebral palsy spastic hemiplegia. Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Association, 40(6), 709-716.
  11. Kerrigan, D. C., Riley, P. O., Rogan, S., & Burke, D. T. (2000). Compensatory advantages of toe walking. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90219-3
  12. Kim, H. Y., Ahn, J. H., Lee, H. H., Koo, J. Y., Yee, H. C., & Choy, W. S. (2009). Changes in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle length during gait in CP patients with an equinus deformity. Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Association, 44(2), 170-179. https://doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2009.44.2.170
  13. Kim, T. H., Choi, H, S., Kim, C. I., & Yi, J. B. (2002). Normal walking versus toe-walking in healthy subjects: An electromyographic analysis. Physical Therapy Korea, 9(2), 43-50.
  14. Lugade, V., & Kaufman, K. (2014). Center of pressure trajectory during gait: a comparison of four foot positions. Gait & Posture, 40(4), 719-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.07.001
  15. Matjacic, Z., Olensek, A., & Bajd, T. (2006). Biomechanical characterization and clinical implications of artificially induced toe-walking: Differences between pure soleus, pure gastrocnemius and combination of soleus and gastrocnemius contractures. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(2), 255-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.11.024
  16. Neptunea, R. R., Burnfieldb, J. M., & Mulroy, S. J. (2007). The neuromuscular demands of toe walking: A forward dynamics simulation analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(6), 1293-1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.05.022
  17. Perry, J. (1992). Gait analysis: normal and pathological function. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc.
  18. Perry, J., Burnfield, J. M., Gronley, J. K., & Mulroy, S. J. (2003). Toe walking: muscular demands at the ankle and knee. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2003.50057
  19. Plagenhoef, S. C., Evans, F. G., & Abdelnour, T. (1983). Anatomical data for analyzing human motion. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, 54(2), 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1983.10605290
  20. Romkes, J., & Brunner, R. (2007). An electromyographic analysis of obligatory (hemiplegic cerebral palsy) and voluntary (normal) unilateral toe-walking. Gait & Posture, 26(4), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.010
  21. Saltzman, C. L., & Nawoczenski, D. A.(1995). Complexities of foot architecture as a base of support. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 21(6), 354-360. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.21.6.354
  22. Sasaki, K., Neptune, R. R., Burnfield, J. M., & Mulroy, S. J. (2008). Muscle compensatory mechanisms during able-bodied toe walking. Gait & Posture, 27(3), 440-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.05.012
  23. Sutherland, D. H., & Davids, J. R. (1993). Common gait abnormalities of the knee in cerebral palsy. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 288, 139-147.
  24. Vandervoort, A. A., Chesworth, B. M., Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., & Koval, J. J. (1992). An outcome measure to quantify passive stiffness of the ankle. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 83, Suppl 2, S19-S23.
  25. Winters, T. F., Gage, J. R., & Hicks, R. (1987). Gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia in children and young adults. Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 69(3), 437-441.
  26. Zajac, F. E., Neptune, R. R., & Kautz, S. A. (2002). Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking. Part I. Introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait & Posture, 16(5), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00068-1

Cited by

  1. The Effect of Genu Valgum on the Body Mass Index, Moment of Lower Limb Joints, Ground Reaction Force vol.25, pp.3, 2015, https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2015.25.3.257
  2. Effect of Leg Length Discrepancy on Gait and Cobb's Angle vol.26, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5103/KJSB.2016.26.1.101