• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2005

We proposed a blind watermarking for 3D mesh model using the patch CEGIs. The CEGI is the 3D orientation histogram with complex weight whose magnitude is the mesh area and phase is the normal distance of the mesh from the designated origin. In the proposed algorithm we divide the 3D mesh model into the number of patch that determined adaptively to the shape of model and calculate the patch CEGIs. Some cells for embedding the watermark are selected according to the rank of their magnitudes in each of patches after calculating the respective magnitude distributions of CEGI for each patches of a mesh model. Each of the watermark bit is embedded into cells with the same rank in these patch CEGI. Based on the patch center point and the rank table as watermark key, watermark extraction and realignment process are performed without the original mesh. In the rotated model, we perform the realignment process using Euler angle before the watermark extracting. The results of experiment verify that the proposed algorithm is imperceptible and robust against geometrical attacks of cropping, affine transformation and vertex randomization as well as topological attacks of remeshing and mesh simplification.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.5 no.5
• /
• pp.552-561
• /
• 2002

In this paper, a new watermarking algorithm for STL files which contains 3D geometric information as triangular facets is proposed. STL files are widely used in rapid prototyping industry as a standard interchange format. The proposed algorithm inserts multi-bit watermark information into the surface normal vector and vertex description area of STL file without distorting the original 3D geometric information. According to the watermark bits, the position of normal vector and the direction of vertex sequence are modulated. The proposed algorithm is robust to the attack of changing the order of the triangular meshes. In addition, the invisibility requirement is also satisfied. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can encode and decode watermark bits into the various STL files without any distortion of 3D shape.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4C
• /
• pp.472-484
• /
• 2004

We proposed 3D mesh watermarking algorithm using CEGI distribution. In the proposed algorithm, we divide a 3D mesh of VRML data into 6 patches using distance measure and embed the same watermark bits into the normal vector direction of meshes that mapped into the cells of each patch that have the large magnitude of complex weight of CEGI. The watermark can be extracted based on the known center point of each patch and order information of cell. In an attacked model by affine transformation, we accomplish the realignment process before the extraction of the watermark. Experiment results exhibited the proposed algorithm is robust by extracting watermark bit for geometrical and topological deformed models.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.11C
• /
• pp.1592-1599
• /
• 2004

In this paper, we proposed the 3D mesh watermarking using projection onto convex sets (POCS). 3D mesh is projected iteratively onto two constraint convex sets until it satisfy the convergence condition. These sets consist of the robustness set and the invisibility set that designed to embed watermark Watermark is extracted without original mesh by using the decision values and the index that watermark is embedded. Experimental results verified that the watermarked mesh have the robustness against mesh simplification, cropping, affine transformation, and vertex randomization as well as the invisibility.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.4042-4059
• /
• 2020

The development of new multimedia techniques such as 3D printing is increasingly attracting the public's attention towards 3D objects. An optimized robust and imperceptible watermarking method based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Weber Law is proposed for 3D polygonal models. The proposed approach partitions the host model into smaller sub meshes and generates a secret watermark from the sub meshes using Weber Law. ACO based optimized strength factor is identified for embedding the watermark. The secret watermark is embedded and extracted on the wavelet domain. The proposed scheme is robust against geometric and photometric attacks that overcomes the synchronization problem and authenticates the secret watermark from the distorted models. The primary characteristic of the proposed system is the flexibility achieved in data embedding capacity due to the optimized strength factor. Extensive simulation results shows enhanced performance of the recommended framework and robustness towards the most common attacks like geometric transformations, noise, cropping, mesh smoothening, and the combination of such attacks.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2004.08c
• /
• pp.631-635
• /
• 2004

The rapid development of digital media and communication network urgently brings about the need of data certification technology to protect IPR (Intellectual property right). This paper proposed a new watermarking method for embedding contents owner's audio signal in order to protect color image IPR. Since this method evolves the existing static model and embeds audio signal of big data, it has the advantage of restoring signal transformed due to attacks. Three basic stages of watermarking include: 1) Encode analogue ID owner's audio signal using PCM and create new 3D audio watermark; 2) Interleave 3D audio watermark by linear bit expansion and 3) Transform Y signal of color image into wavelet and embed interleaved audio watermark in the low frequency band on the transform domain. The results demonstrated that the audio signal embedding in color image proposed in this paper enhanced robustness against lossy JPEG compression, standard image compression and image cropping and rotation which remove a part of image.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
• /
• v.9D no.5
• /
• pp.925-930
• /
• 2002

This paper discusses techniques for embedding data into 3D polygonal models of geometry. Much researches of Watermarking had been gone as element technology of DRM (digital rights management). But, few research had gone to 3D polygonal model. Most research is limited at text document, 2D image, animation, music etc. RP system is suitable a few production in various goods species, and it is used much in industry to possible reason that produce prototype and find error or incongruent factor at early stage on design in product development childhood. This paper is research about method that insert watermark in STL ( stereolithography) file that have 3D shape model. Proposed algorithm inserts watermark in normal vector region and facet's interior region of 3D shape data. For this reason, 3D shape does not produce some flexure and fulfill invisibility of watermark. Experiment results that insert and extract watermark in normal netter region and facet's Interior region of 3D shape data by proposed algorithm do not influence entirely in 3D shape and show that insertion and extraction of watermark are possible.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 2005

This paper introduces a 3D perceptual model based on JND(Just Noticeable Difference) and proposes a video watermarking scheme which is perceptual approach of adaptive embedding in 3D-DCT domain. Videos are composed of consecutive frames with many similar adjacent frames. If a watermark is embedded in the period of similar frames with little motion, it can be easily noticed by human eyes. Therefore, for the transparency the watermark should be embedded into some places where motions exist and for the robustness its magnitude needs to be adjusted properly. For the transparency and the robustness, watermark based on 3D perceptual model is utilized. That is. the sensitivities from the 3D-DCT quantization are derived based on 3D perceptual model, and the sensitivities of the regions having more local motion than global motion are adjusted. Then the watermark is embedded into visually significant coefficients in proportion to the strength of motion in 3D-DCT domain. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves the robustness to MPEG compression and temporal attacks by about $3{\sim}9\%$, compared to the existing 3D-DCT based method. In terms of PSNR, the proposed method is similar to the existing method, but JND guarantees the transparency of watermark.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2002.07b
• /
• pp.872-875
• /
• 2002

A digital watermarking technique applying psychoacoustic model for audio signal is proposed in this paper. In the watermarking scheme, the pseudo-random bit stream used as a watermark signal is embedded into the audio signal in both speech and music. The strength of the embedded signal is subject to the human auditory system in such a way that the disturbances on host audio signal are beyond the sensing of human ears. The experimental results show that the quality of the watermarked audio signal, in term of signal to noise ratio, can be improved up to 3.2 dB.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.36-48
• /
• 2007

This paper proposed 3D keyframe animation using orientation interpolator. 3D keyframe animation consists of a number of transform nodes that have geometrical node of initial model and several interpolator nodes that represent the object moving. In the proposed algorithm, we randomly selects transform nodes with orientation interpolator node and performs to resample quaternion components for haying uniform key time. And then, watermark bits are embedded into quaternion components with large rotation angles. Experimental results verified that the watermark embedded by the proposed algorithm had good robustness against geometrical attacks and timeline attacks and also PSNR of keyvalue in orientation interpolator node is above 42dB.