• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.83-86
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• 2015

Nowadays the weapon systems are employed air bursting munition (ABM) as smart programmable 40 mm shells which have been developed in order to hit the target with programmed munition that can be air burst after a set distance in the battlefield. In order to improve the accuracy of such a bursting time, by measuring the speed of the munition from the barrel, weapon systems calculate the exact time of flight to the target and then the time information must be inputted to the munition. In this study, we introduce a device capable of detecting a shot at K4 40 mm automatic grenade. The shot is composed of a rotating copper band to convert linear motion into rotary motion when it passes through the barrel, the steel section is exert the effect of fragment and aluminum section to give fuze information. The aluminum section was used to detect munition using eddy current method. To measure muzzle velocity by means of non-contact method, two eddy current probes separated 10 cm was employed. Time interval between two eddy current probe detection times was used as muzzle velocity. The eddy current probe was fabricated U-shape Mn-Zn ferrite core with enamelled copper wire, and 200 kHz alternating current was used to detect inductance change. Measured muzzle velocity using the developed sensor was compared to the Doppler radar system. The difference was smaller than 1%.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.744-750
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• 1998

Unlike common device, MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system) device consists of very small mechanical structures which determine the performance of the device. Because of its small mechanical structure inside. MEMS device is very sensitive to thermal stress caused by CTE(coefficient of thermal expansion) mismatch between its components. Therefore, its characteristics are affected by material properties. process temperature. and dimensions of each layer such as chip, adhesive and substrate. In this study. we investigated the change of the thermal stress in the chip attached to a substrate. With computer-aided finite element method (FEM), the computer simulation of the thermal stress was conducted on variables such as bonding material, process temperature, bonding layer thickness and die size. The commercial simulation program, ABAQUS ver5.6, was used. Subsequently 3-layer test samples were fabricated, and their degree of bending were measured by 3-D coordinate measuring machine. The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation results. This study shows that the bonding layer could be the source of stress or act as the buffer layer for stress according to its elastic modulus and CTE. Solder adhesive layer was the source of stress due to its high elastic modulus, therefore high compressive stress was developed in the chip. And the maximum tensile stress was developed in the adhesive layer. On the other hand, polymer adhesive layer with low elastic modulus acted as buffer layer, and resulted in lower compressive stress. The maximum tensile stress was developed in the substrate.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.253-263
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• 2013

Frequency Scanning Interferometry(FSI) system, one of the most promising optical surface measurement techniques, generally results in superior optical performance comparing with other 3-dimensional measuring methods as its hardware structure is fixed in operation and only the light frequency is scanned in a specific spectral band without vertical scanning of the target surface or the objective lens. FSI system collects a set of images of interference fringe by changing the frequency of light source. After that, it transforms intensity data of acquired image into frequency information, and calculates the height profile of target objects with the help of frequency analysis based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT). However, it still suffers from optical noise on target surfaces and relatively long processing time due to the number of images acquired in frequency scanning phase. 1) a Polarization-based Frequency Scanning Interferometry(PFSI) is proposed for optical noise robustness. It consists of tunable laser for light source, ${\lambda}/4$ plate in front of reference mirror, ${\lambda}/4$ plate in front of target object, polarizing beam splitter, polarizer in front of image sensor, polarizer in front of the fiber coupled light source, ${\lambda}/2$ plate between PBS and polarizer of the light source. Using the proposed system, we can solve the problem of fringe image with low contrast by using polarization technique. Also, we can control light distribution of object beam and reference beam. 2) the signal processing acceleration method is proposed for PFSI, based on parallel processing architecture, which consists of parallel processing hardware and software such as Graphic Processing Unit(GPU) and Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA). As a result, the processing time reaches into tact time level of real-time processing. Finally, the proposed system is evaluated in terms of accuracy and processing speed through a series of experiment and the obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed system and method.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1517-1527
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• 2020

This study is about the UV protection effect and water resistance of a multiple emulsion (W/O/W) sunblock cream applied with emotional engineering and reports an actual industrial case. Multiple emulsion system of sunblock cream has the characteristics of changing to a W/O type that is soft and moist when applied, and has excellent water resistance after absorption. Multiple emulsion cream is a highly functional sunblock cream that has both moisture and water resistance. It is a stable milky white cream with a viscosity of 36,000 cps. The organic sunscreen used for the sunscreen was ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate and bisethylhexyloxyphenolmethoxyphenyltriazine. Hexagonal zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that block both UVB and UVA were used. As a result of measuring the UV protection effect by the in-vitro method, the UV protection effect (SPF) is 78.9 for multiple emulsion cream, 76.7 for W/O cream, and 71.3 for O/W cream. It was found that the blocking effect was different. This obtained the highest effect value in the multiple emulsion. As a clinical (in-vivo) result of the UV protection effect, the SPF value representing the UV protection effect of the sunblock cream developed with a multiple emulsion system was 85.7, and the PA-value that blocks the UVA area was 26.5, and ++++. It was found that it has a corresponding high blocking effect. As a result of the water resistance test, the W/O/W formulation had a high waterproofing resistance of 93.8% even after 4 hours, W/O had 75.4%, and O/W had a low water resistance of 25.3%. In the results of the HUT test, it was found in the order of multiple emulsion sun block cream > hydrophilic cream > lipophilic cream. Based on the research results of this multiple emulsion, it is expected to be highly active as a sunblock cream dedicated to outdoor activities by improving the feeling of use, UV protection index, and water resistance. Therefore, in this study, a multiple emulsion system of sunblock cream is developed and has a characteristic that changes to a W/O type that has a soft and moist feeling when applied, and has excellent water resistance after absorption.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-87
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• 1981

The study is aimed at exploring concept held by clinical nurses of nursing. The data were collected from 225 nurses conviniently selected from the population of nurses working in Kang Won province. Findings include. 1) Nurse's Qualification. The respondents view that specialized knowledge is more important qualification of the nurse. Than warm personality. Specifically, 92.9% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge as the most important qualification while only 43.1％ indicated warm personality. 2) On Nursing Profession. The respondents view that nursing profession as health service oriented rather than independent profession specifically. This suggests that nursing profession is not consistentic present health care delivery system nor support nurses working independently. 3) On Clients of Nursing Care The respondents include patients, family and the community residents in the category of nursing care. Specifically, 92.0％ of the respondents view that patient is the client, while only 67.1％ of nursing student and 74.7％ of herself. This indicates the lack of the nurse's recognition toward their clients. 4) On the Priority of Nursing care. Most of the respondents view the clients physical psychological respects as important component of nursing care but not the spiritual ones. Specially, 96.0% of the respondents indicated the physical respects, 93% psychological ones, while 64.1% indicated the spiritual ones. This means the lack of comprehensive conception on nursing aimension. 5) On Nursing Care. 91.6% of the respondents indicated that nursing care is the activity decreasing pain or helping to recover illness, while only 66.2% indicated earring out the physicians medical orders. 6) On Purpose of Nursing Care. 89.8% of the respondents indicated preventing illness and than 76.6% of them decreasing 1;ai of clients. On the other hand, maintaining health has the lowest selection at the degree of 13.8%. This means the lack of nurses' recognition for maintaining health as the most important point. 7) On Knowledge Needed in Nursing Care. Most of the respondents view that the knowledge faced with the spot of nursing care is needed. Specially, 81.3% of the respondents indicated simple curing method and 75.1%, 73.3%, 71.6% each indicated child nursing, maternal nursing and controlling for the communicable disease. On the other hand, knowledge w hick has been neglected in the specialized courses of nursing education, that is, thinking line among com-w unity members, overcoming style against between stress and personal relation in each home, and administration, management have a low selection at the depree of 48.9%,41.875 and 41.3%. 8) On Nursing Idea. The highest degree of selection is that they know themselves rightly, (The mean score measuring distribution was 4.205/5) In the lowest degree,3.016/5 is that devotion is the essential element of nursing, 2.860/5 the religious problems that human beings can not settle, such as a fatal ones, 2,810/5 the nursing profession is worth trying in one's life. This means that the peculiarly essential ideas on the professional sense of value. 9) On Nursing Services. The mean score measuring distribution for the nursing services showed that the inserting of machine air way is 2.132/5, the technique and knowledge for surviving heart-lung resuscitating is 2.892/s, and the preventing air pollution 3.021/5. Specially, 41.1% of the respondents indicated the lack of the replied ratio. 10) On Nurses' Qualifications. The respondents were selected five items as the most important qualifications. Specially, 17.4% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge, 15.3% the nurses' health, 10.6％ satisfaction for nursing profession, 9.8% the experience need, 9.2% comprehension and cooperation, while warm personality as nursing qualifications have a tendency of being lighted. 11) On the Priority of Nursing Care The respondents were selected three items as the most important component. Most of the respondents view the client's physical, spiritual: economic points as important components of nursing care. They showed each 36.8%, 27.6%, 13.8% while educational ones showed 1.8%. 12) On Purpose of Nursing Care. The respondents were selected four items as the most important purpose. Specially,29.3% of the respondents indicated curing illness for clients, 21.3% preventing illness for client 17.4% decreasing pain, 15.3% surviving. 13) On the Analysis of Important Nursing Care Ranging from 5 point to 25 point, the nurses' qualification are concentrated at the degree of 95.1%. Ranging from 3 point to 25, the priorities of nursing care are concentrated at the degree of 96.4%. Ranging from 4 point to 16, the purpose of nursing care is concentrated at the degree of 84.0%. 14) The Analysis, of General Characteristics and Facts of Nursing Concept. The correlation between the educational high level and nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.0262). The correction between the educational low level and purpose of nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.002) The correlation between nurses' working yeras and the degree of importance for the purpose of nursing care showed significance (P < 0.0155) Specially, the most affirmative answers were showed from two years to four ones. 15) On Nunes' qualification and its Degree of Importance The correlation between nurses' qualification and its degree of importance showed significance. (r = 0.2172, p< 0.001) 0.005) B. General characteristics of the subjects The mean age of the subject was 39 ; with 38.6% with in the age range of 20-29 ; 52.6% were male; 57.9％ were Schizophrenia; 35.1% were graduated from high school or high school dropouts; 56.l％ were not have any religion; 52.6% were unmarried； 47.4% were first admission; 91.2% were involuntary admission patients. C. Measurement of anxiety variables. 1. Measurement tools of affective anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.854). 2. Measurement tools of somatic anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.920). D. Relationship between the anxiety variables and the general characteristics. 1. Relationship between affective anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The level of female patients were higher than that of the male patient (t = 5.41, p < 0.05). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to affective anxiety, so in the first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 5.50, p < 0.005). 2, Relationship between somatic anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The age range of 30-39 was found to have the highest level of the somatic anxiety. (F = 3.95, p < 0.005). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to the somatic anxiety, so .in first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 9.12, p ＜ 0.005) 0. Analysis of significant anxiety symptoms for nursing intervention. 1. Seven items such as dizziness, mental integration, sweating, restlessness, anxiousness, urinary frequency and insomnia, init. accounted for 96％ of the variation within the first 24 hours after admission. 2. Seven items such as fear, paresthesias, restlessness, sweating insomnia, init., tremors and body aches and pains accounted for 84% of the variation on the 10th day after admission.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

Distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO₂ were investigated in a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site in Pohang, with measuring CO₂ concentrations and carbon isotopes in the vadose zone as well as CO₂ fluxes and concentrations through ground surface. This investigation aimed to assess the baseline CO₂ levels and to build the CO₂ monitoring system before injecting CO₂. The gas in the vadose zone was collected using a peristaltic pump from the depth of 60 cm below ground surface, and stored at gas bags. Then the gas components (CO₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄) and δ¹³C_CO2 were analyzed using GC and CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) respectively in laboratory. CO₂ fluxes and CO₂ concentrations through ground surface were measured using Li-COR in field. In result, the median of the CO₂ concentrations in the vadose zone was about 3,000 ppm, and the δ¹³C_CO2 were in the wide range between −36.9‰ and −10.6‰. The results imply that the fate of CO₂ in the vadose zone was affected by soil property and vegetations. CO₂ in sandy or loamy soils originated from the respiration of microorganisms and the decomposition of C₃ plants. In gravel areas, the CO₂ concentrations decreased while the δ¹³C_CO2 increased because of the mixing with the atmospheric gas. In addition, the relation between O₂ and CO₂, N₂, and the relation between N₂/O₂ and CO₂ implied that the gases in the vadose zone dissolved in the infiltrating precipitation or the soil moisture. The median CO₂ flux through ground surface was 2.9 g/m²/d which is lower than the reported soil CO₂ fluxes in areas with temperate climates. CO₂ fluxes measured in sandy and loamy soil areas were higher (median 5.2 g/m²/d) than those in gravel areas (2.6 g/m²/d). The relationships between CO₂ fluxes and concentrations suggested that the transport of CO₂ from the vadose zone to ground surface was dominated by diffusion in the study area. In gravel areas, the mixing with atmospheric gases was significant. Based on this study result, a soil monitoring procedure has been established for a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site. Also, this study result provides ideas for innovating soil monitoring technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.26-37
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of pervious pavements on reducing the surface runoff caused by rainfall. The surface runoff from twelve steel experimental beds with different pavement had been recorded every minute from May to September 2008, by the measuring system of tipping buckets(0.1mm/count) and data aquisition systems(National Instrument's Labview and DAQ boards & Autonics PR12-4). The dimension of the experimental bed was $1.5m(W){\times}2.0m(L){\times}0.6m(D)$ and eleven different kinds of vegetational(grass, grass+cubic stone, grass+hole brick), modular(brick, cubic stone, small cubic stone, wood block, interlocking block, clay brick, granular clay brick) and granular(naked soil, gravel) paving materials and concrete were applied for the comparison. Six rain events with depth over 30mm were selected and compared. The maximum depth of the rainfall selected was 137.5mm for 28 hours, and the minimum 30mm for 5 hours. The maximum rainfall per hour was 23mm/hr and the minimum 11.4mm/hr. The major findings were as follows; 1. All pervious pavement applied reduced over 75% of the surface runoff compared with concrete pavement. The grassy and porous pavements were relatively efficient in reducing surface runoff. 2. The grass was the more efficient as intercepting average 69.5mm of initial surface runoff, and maximum 77.8mm at the condition of 13.5mm/hr rainfall. The next was gravel intercepting maximum 65.5mm at the condition of 13.5mm/hr and the 40.9mm at 19.1mm/hr, average 55.7mm. 3. The modular pavements common in urban area were not good in intercepting the runoff except the 'clay granular brick' compared with others. The 'clay granular brick' showed relatively efficient intercepting average 14.1mm, which was the bigger amount than the 'grass+hole brick'. 4. The 'naked soil' were more effective than the 'concrete', 'brick', and 'interlocking block' in reducing the surface runoff, but less efficient than other materials. The capacity of the 'naked soil' to intercept the initial rainfall was similar to the 'brick'. As summary, the more grassy and porous pavement shows more effective in reducing surface runoffs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.440-443
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• 2002

Present1y the X-Ray diagnosis system is a real condition that is changing by digital ways in it's existent analog ways. This digital radiation detector is divided by the direct method and the indirect method. The indirect method of applied voltage has special qualities that the resolution is low than direct method by diffusion effect that happens. The conversion process ( radiation${\rightarrow}$visible ray${\rightarrow}$electrical signal of two times, has shortcomings that the energy conversion efficiency of electrical signal is low. The direct method has shortcomings that need strong electric fie1d to detect electrical signal efficiently. This research achieved to develop digital detector of the Hybrid method that have form that mixes two ways to supplement shortcoming of direct. indirect method. A studied electrical characteristic by Iodine's Mixture ratio change is added to selenium in the detector which has a multi-layer structure (Oxybromide + a-Se). There are 8 kinds of Manufactured compositions to amorphous selenium Iodine each 30ppm, 100ppm, 200 ppm, 300ppm, 400ppm, 500ppm, 600ppm, 700ppm by a doped photoconductor through a vacuum thermal evaporation method. The phosphor layer is consisted of Oxybromide ($BrO_2$) which uses optical adhesives multi-layer structure. The manufactured compositions calculates and compares Net Charge and signal to noise ratio measuring Photocurrent about Darkcurrent and X-ray. When doped Iodine Mixture ratio is 500ppm to the multi-layer structure (Oxybromide + a-Se), applied voltage of $3V/{\mu}m$, leakage current of compositions $2.61nA/cm^2$ and net charge value by 764pC/$cm^2$/mR then the best result appeared.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.395-399
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• 1997

Meat model emulsions ware prepared with salt-soluble protein and soybean oil. Effects of water-soluble protein (WSP) on the meat model emulsion treated with/without BHT during 8 day storage $5^{\circ}C$ under both dark and light illumination were studied by measuring POV and TBA. An emulsion without BHA and WSP was used as a control. Under light storage, there was no significant difference in peroxide values between the control and the sample treated with BHA except the 2nd day of storage. However, TBA values of the sample treated with BHA were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of control except the 4th day of storage. TBA and POV of the samples treated with WSP and WSP + BHA were higher than control after 4th day of storage under light. That is, water soluble protein, which was composed mainly of myoglobin, increased lipid oxidation under light storage. The similar trends were also shown in the samples stored under dark. These results suggested that acceleration of lipid oxidation of the meat model emulsions by water soluble protein (WSP) under both light and dark might not be due to the singlet oxygen formation, but due to superoxide anion formed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2023

There are many different types of cultivation in tomatoes for year-round production. One of them, semi-forcing cultivation is characterized by growing seedlings in winter season. If grafted seedlings are used in winter season that energy cost can be reduced, because they have tolerance to cold stress. This study was conducted to analyze the rootstock performance by measuring the growth, yield, and leaf-macronutrient content of cherry tomatoes grown in semi-forcing hydroponics. Three domestic rootstocks 'HSF4', '21LM', '21A701', and a control cultivar 'B-blocking' were grafted onto jujube-shaped cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) commercial cultivar 'Nonari'. The total yield per plant with grafted cherry tomato '21A701' was 3,387g, which was 11%, 22% and 24% higher than the yield with 'B-blocking', non-grafted one and 'HSF4'. The stem diameter of '21A701' was thick with 8.26mm, whereas non-grafted one was thin with 7.23mm at 160 days after transplanting. The flowering position of '21LM' was 34% and 47% higher than the flowering position of 'B-blocking' and non-grafted one at 153 days after transplanting. The NO₃-N concentration in petiole sap of '21LM' was the highest with 1,746mg·L^-1 and non-grafted one and 'HSF4' were the lowest with 1,252mg·L^-1 and 1,245mg·L^-1 at 167 days after transplanting. The results indicated that rootstock/scion combinations in cherry tomatoes can affect the plant growth, yield, and the concentration of different NO₃-N in leaves at the late growth stage. Both '21A701' and '21LM' have vigorous root system, which influence the growth and yield increased.