• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

A structured beam laser is often used to scan object and make 3D model. Multiple cameras are inevitable to see occluded areas, which is the main reason of the high price of the scanner. In this paper, a low cost 3D foot scanner is developed using one camera and two mirrors. The camera and two mirrors are located below and above the foot, respectively. Occluded area, which is the top of the foot, is reflected by the mirrors. Then the camera measures 3D point data of the bottom and top of the foot at the same time. Then, the whole foot model is reconstructed after symmetrical transformation of the data reflected by mirrors. The reliability of the scan data depends on the accuracy of the parameters between the camera and the laser. A calibration method is also proposed and verified by experiments. The results of the experiments show that the worst errors of the system are 2 mm along x, y, and z directions.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.969-970
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• 2009

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.305-320
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• 2014

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly women by classifying foot type according to the 3D shape of the foot and 2D sole type analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 295 elderly women over 60 years of age who live in Gwangju. A foot scanner (K&I Technology $Nexcan^{(R)}$) was used to obtain three-dimensional shapes of feet and a flat bad scanner (HP Scanjet G2410) was used to obtain the two-dimensional shapes of soles. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 59 items estimated on the right foot of each subject. Data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the SPSS 19.0 statistical program. To classify the side type of elderly women's feet, three-dimensional measurement data were analyzed for the 27 measurement items using factor analysis and 6 factors were extracted (inside height and side gradient, ankle thickness, toe height and midfoot size, lateral malleolus height, instep, and heel height and gradient). A cluster analysis resulted in three types: 36.5% belonged to Type 1 (high forefoot and high midfoot), 31.1% belonged to Type 2 (high forefoot and low midfoot), and 32.4% belonged to Type 3 (low forefoot and high midfoot). The distribution was relatively even. For the sole, 8 factors were extracted (ball width and medial foot protrusion, lateral foot protrusion, forefoot and hindfoot length ratio, ball gradient, heel size, toe breadth, lateral ball length, and foot length) and a cluster analysis resulted in three Types (Type H, Type D, and Type A). The largest proportion (42.7%) belonged to Type H, which is the same as the elderly men's case.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.368-373
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• 2003

This paper presents a cost-effective 3D foot scanner system that provides the 3-dimensional point cloud foot data to design the custom footwear. To measure the 3-dimensional point cloud data of the foot, a CCD camera, a Non-Gaussian laser line projector and optical triangulation method are employed. Furthermore, the integrated system employs a measurement base, a frame grabber, a CCD moving cart, a stepping motor and a computer. The measurement result is saved as 3D dxf format and it could be converted to 2D essential data fer a shoe design. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system have the decent resolution of 1mm which is enough for last and shoe design.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.414-422
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• 2013

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly men by classifying foot types according to the shapes of sole of foot and analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 269 elderly men over 60 years of age. Their right feet were measured indirectly with a 2D scanner. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 38 items that were estimated on the right foot of each subject. The 2D scan data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the statistical program SPSS 19.0. A total of 8 factors were extracted through a factor analysis and these factors represent 77.83% of total variance. The 8 factors were: ball and lateral foot protrusion, ball gradient, medial foot protrusion, anterior and posterior foot length ratio, lateral ball length, heel size, toes breadth, and foot length, that explained 77.83% of the total variance. A total of 4 clusters (as their sole type) were categorized using 8 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was classified as H-type(toes width, foot width, heel width uniform and medial malleolus and lateral malleolus almost no protrusion). Type 2 was classified as V-type(foot width and toes width, wide and heel width narrow). Type 3 was classified as A-type(foot width and heel width, wide but toes width narrow, protruded inside). Type 4 was classified as D-type(protruded outside).

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.572-583
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• 2014

This study analyzes the foot shape of female high school students using 3D foot scan data based on a comparison with adult women (20s'-30s'). Data were collected from the foot anthropometry of 199 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. The right foot was measured indirectly by 3D laser scanner. There are 16 items in the foot anthropometric measurements. The $6^{th}$ Size Korea (measured by 3D scan data) is used for women's foot data. The results of the 3D measurements data investigation show that the foot length and foot width became longer and wider as the age increased. It is classified by three types after analyzing foot shape. Type 1 (28.1%) represented the shortest foot length, the narrowest foot width as well as the thick foot and long ankle shape. Type 2 (4.3%) represented the wide foot width such as the wide lateral ball width and semi-thickness shape. Type 3 (67.7%) referred to the widest foot width, flat foot and short ankle shape.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2014

This study identifies the foot side shapes of elderly men by classifying foot types according to 3D foot shapes and analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 284 elderly men over 60 years of age who lived in Gwangju and did not have foot related diseases. They were measured with a scanner (Nexcan$^{(R)}$ of K&I Technology) to obtain three dimensional feet shapes. Anthropometric measuring items consisted of 28 items estimated on the right foot of each subject. 3D scan data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the statistical program SPSS 19.0. A total of 7 factors were extracted through a factor analysis and these factors represent 77.56% of total variance. The 8 factors were: inside height and side gradient, ankle thickness, size from foot center to ankle, lateral malleolus height, forefoot height, instep and heel height and gradient. A total of 3 clusters (as foot type) were categorized using 7 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was classified as high forefoot and low midfoot compared to the length. Type 2 was classified as low forefoot and high midfoot, and type 3 was classified as low forefoot and low midfoot.

• 복식
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.76-89
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• 2012

This study was performed to offer the basic data for the design of farm shoes. 265 Korean female farmers aging between the 40s to the 80s volunteered for this study and we measured 40 items on each foot with the 3D foot scanner. First, the differences between farmers' feet and non-farmers' feet were analyzed. Farmers' feet were thicker in the instep areas, but had lower arch height than non-farmers' feet. In addition, farmer's feet were tilted to the inside. Next, eight factors were extracted among the 40 measuring items, and the classification criteria of the foot shape was analyzed. The important factors were: size of foot length and volume of ankle, malleolus height and size, volume of the front part of ankle, medial & lateral ball width, and vertical size of foot. Third, three clusters according to the foot shapes were categorized by cluster analysis of eight factor scores. Foot type 1 was medium in foot length, big in thickness, large in lateral ball width, small in toe 1 angle, and tilted to the inside. Foot type 2 was long and slim, and big in toe 5 angle. Foot type 3 was short in foot length, medium in volume of the front part of ankle, large in medial ball width, and big in toe 1 angle. Despite its shortness, foot type 3 was thick and showed severe deformation in toe 1. Lastly, the frequency distributions of the foot types in each age group were analyzed. Female farmers of the forties showed high frequency in type 1 and other age groups showed high frequency in type 2. The older female farmers showed higher frequency of type 3.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in simple radiographic parameters and results of 3-D scan among normal and patient groups. Materials and Methods: Seventy subjects in each group were studied. Control group consisted of subjects without plantar foot pain (normal group), and two patient groups were one with plantar forefoot pain (metatarsalgia group), the other with plantar heel pain (heel pain group). Simple radiographic parameters were obtained and 3-D scan was done with foot scanner (Nexscan, K&I, Korea) and The height and volumn of the space under the medial longitudinal arch was analyzed (Enfoot, K&I, Korea). These parameters were compared and correlation between radiological parameters and results of the 3-D scan were studied. Results: The results of all parameters istributed normally. There was no signigicant differences among the groups in radiological parameters (talo-first metatarsal angle, calcaneal pitch angle and height of the talar head in standing lateral radiograph) and arch height and arch volumn on 3-D scan. There were statistically significant correlations between radiological and 3-D scan results. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is no significant differences in medial longitudinal arch height and volumn among normal and different patient groups and there are variety of arch height in patients with similar symptoms.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.186-199
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• 2016

구두를 제작하는 기본 틀인 라스트는 3차원 형상과 관련된 정보와 기술이 총체적으로 집약된 결과물이다. 해외에서는 이미 3D 프틴팅 기술을 이용한 구두 제작이 상용화 단계에 도달하였으나, 국내에서는 아직 도입 초기 단계이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 제화산업의 경쟁력 확대를 위해, 3D 스캐닝, 3D 모델링, 3D 프린팅의 첨단 기술로 구성된 3D 제작 프로세스를 라스트 제작에 도입하였다. 이를 위해, 2010년도 SizeKorea에서 3D 스캔한 30대 남성 200명의 3D 발 형상을 사용하여, 요인분석, 군집분석을 실시하고, 3개의 발 유형을 분류한 후, 각 유형별 대표모델을 선정하였다. 대표모델들의 3D 스캐닝 형상에서 XY, YZ, XZ평면의 단면도들을 추출하고, 라스트 모델링의 스케치 단면으로 사용하였다. Solidworks CAD를 사용하여 라스트를 3D 모델링하였으며, 보급형 3D 프린터인 MakerBot Replicator2로 3D 프린팅 하였다. 본 연구 결과는 국내 제화산업에서 3D 프린팅 기술의 상용 가능성을 보여주었다. 3D 스캐닝, 3D 모델링, 3D 프린팅의 3단계 생산설계 방식은 향후 의류패션산업 전 분야에서 폭넓게 사용될 것으로 기대된다.