• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.7
• /
• pp.997-1003
• /
• 2006

An experiment with twenty crossbred goat kids (male) of 2-3 months old, weighing about 12 kg was conducted to study the effect of feeding formaldehyde treated rape seed oil cake based diet supplemented with molasses on growth rate and histopathological changes of different organs. Goats were randomly divided into four groups of 5 animals each and were individually fed for a period of 120 days. The animals in group I (URC) and II (URCM) were fed concentrate mixture (CM-I) containing untreated rape seed oil cake (30%) while, the animals in group III (TRC) and IV (TRCM) were offered concentrate mixture (CM-II) containing formaldehyde treated rape seed oil cake. Further, molasses as energy source was additionally supplemented with the concentrate mixture at the rate of 8% of concentrate mixture on dry matter basis to animals in group II and IV. All the animals were maintained on roughage (Berseem hay:wheat straw = 2:1) and concentrate in 50:50 ratio. Average daily gain (g/d) of animals in group IV was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in group I., but at par with group II and III. Feed conversion efficiency was also significantly (p<0.05) higher in group IV (10.14) than group I and II but at par with group III. The growth rate however increased by 50.2% in group IV showing more consistency in maintaining highest growth rate due to better balance of nutrients. At the end of four months of feeding trial, two animals from each group were sacrificed for histopathological study of different organs. Significant histopathological changes in liver, heart, lungs tissue of animals fed untreated rape seed oil cake diet were recorded which were totally absent in the organ of animals fed formaldehyde treated cake. The liver tissue of goats receiving control diet (containing untreated rape seed oil cake) were found to be associated with engorged central vein and blood vessels. Hepatocytes were swollen, pale and degenerated with cellular infiltration and fibrosis of portal areas. The muscles of heart were found to have intermyofibral edema. Emphysema accompanied by dilated and ruptured alveoli was also recorded in lung tissue. However, histopathological examination of various tissues of goats fed formaldehyde treated cake diet did not exhibit any degenerative changes. Additional supplementation of molasses with or without treated cake diet, apparently did not have any significant effect on ameliorating the above degenerative changes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.27-37
• /
• 1990

The extrafetal transfer of $Li^{+}$ in amniotic fluid was studied in 45 pregnant rabbits. LiCl solution was administered either intravenously to mother or directly into the amniotic sac and monitored the appearance and disappearance of $Li^{+}$ in the amniotic fluid, then calculated the transfer rate of $Li^{+}$ of extrafetal origin. To study the transplacental $Li^{+}$ transfer, a solution of 150 mM LiCl was infused continuously via maternal vein (initial dose: 0.7 mmol/kg, maintaining dose: 0.03 mmol/kg/min) and the $Li^{+}$ concentration was measured in maternal blood and amniotic fluid after 60 and 120 minutes of infusion. Change in the volume of aminotic fluid was determined by Congo red dilution method at the same time. Effects of duration of gestation was not considered in this study. Extrafetal transport of $Li^{+}$ into the amniotic fluid was estimated by comparing the $Li^{+}$ concentration and volume of amniotic fluid determined before and after ligating the placental vessels. Extrafetal $Li^{+}$ transport from the amniotic fluid was determined by observing the time dependent disappearance of $Li^{+}$ and Congo red in amniotic fluid after injecting 0.5 ml solution of 15 mM or 90 mM LiCl and 50 mg/ml Congo red. Following are the results obtained: 1) During infusion of LiCl through maternal vein the ratio of the aminotic $Li^{+}$/maternal plasma $Li^{+}$ increased significantly along with the increment of fetal weight. 2) The volume of amniotic fluid of larger fetuses than 20.5 gm increased significantly during administration of LiCl while that of smaller fetuses did not change. 3) After umbilical cord ligation the $Li^{+}$ concentration of amniotic fluid of larger fetuses than 20.5 gm was decreased to $59.9{\pm}10.3%$ and $56.9{\pm}42.9%$ $(mean{\pm}S.D.)$ of those of control group after 60 and 120 minutes of LiCl infusion respectively. In amniotic fluid of smaller fetuses than 20.5 gm, there was no significant difference between control and ligation groups. 4) The disappearance rate of Congo red in the amniotic fluid was $45.2{\pm}8.2%/hr$. 5) The disappearance rate of $Li^{+}$ after intraamniotic injection of LiCl depended on the amount injected. On injecting $7.5\;{\mu}mol$ LiCl, $Li^{+}$ disappeared rapidly from the amniotic fluid and the rates after 60 min and 90 min were $97.0{\pm}2.8,\;98.5{\pm}2.0%$ respectively. On injecting $45\;{\mu}mol$ LiCl, the rates were $56.0{\pm}15.4,\;78.9{\pm}14.5%$ at 60 and 90 min. 6) From the above results it was concluded: a) $Li^{+}$ transfer into the amniotic fluid increased along with the fetal growth and one half of $Li^{+}$ influx is through the extrafetal route even after the maturation of fetal kidney. b) One half of the $Li^{+}$ transfer from the amniotic fluid was through swallowing of fetus, while the remaining half was transfered rapidly through amniotic membrane, which was concentration limited.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2013

To investigate effects of phase mask on susceptibility-weighted images (SWI) using voxel-based analyses in normal elderly subjects. A three-dimensional (3D) gradient echo sequence ran to obtain SWIs in 20 healthy elderly subjects. SWIs with two (SWI2) and four (SWI4) phase multiplications were achieved with positive (PSWI) and negative (NSWI) phase masks to investigate phase mask effects. The voxel-based comparisons were performed using paired t-tests between PSWI and NSWI and between SWI2 and SWI4. Differences of signal intensities between magnitude images and SWI4 were larger than those between magnitude images and SWI2s. Differences of signal intensities between magnitude images and PSWIs were larger than those between magnitude images and NSWIs. Moreover, the signal intensities from NSWI2s and NSWI4s were greater than those from PSWI2s and PSWI4s, respectively. More differences of signal intensities between NSWI4 and PSWI4s were found than those between NSWI2s and PSWI2s in the whole brain images. The voxel-based analyses of SWI could be beneficial to investigate susceptibility differences on the entire brain areas. The phase masking method could be chosen to enhance brain tissue contrast rather than to enhance venous blood vessels. Therefore, it is recommended to apply voxel-based analyses of SWI to investigate clinical applications.