• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

This paper investigated an overview of awareness for fluoride in the young christian association. 30% of men and 70% of women knew well the prevention of caries for fluoride and water fluoridation program and showed of 90% in 20's, 10% in 30's and 0.00% in 40's. 54%-known people for fluoride had each 37% of men and 63% of woman, then 46%-unknown people for fluoride had each 56.52% of man and 43.48% of women. This showed women knew well awareness for fluoride than men. This showed high level above 50% awareness for fluoride as 54% of comprehension for fluoride and 50% of water fluoridation program. Awareness of fluoride of the subjects known for fluoride, prevention of caries, effects of tooth and water fluoridation program appeared above 50% level as 54%, 47%, 45% and 50%, individually. Thus, tooth management in christian showed high level. But, awareness for fluoride of women in third condition 'unknown for mottled tooth' showed each 38%, 34% and 37%. The mottled tooth from an excessive fluoride appeared low level awareness for fluoride of women. It suggested hard scientific contents made woman subjects unknown the effects of fluoride for tooth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.292-301
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to consider the bodyshape factor of adult women according to their age groups. Age groups were 20's, the first half of 30's, the last half of 30's, 40's, 50's. Factor analysis was performed and bodyshape factors were abstracted at sight of front and side line of the body. Results indicate that the bodyshape factors were different to each age groups, so, age is very important component to the change of body shape of adult women. A suggestion is when they make standard sizes of women's ready-made clothes, it is important to reflect thier characteristics of body shape according to each age groups and age can be a standard to classify the body types of adult women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2013

This study is an initial report of actual wearing conditions and attitude based on a survey of wearing outdoor wear for men and women in their 30s to 50s who enjoy daily leisure sport activities. Most middle-aged men and women who enjoy outdoor activities were interested in new trends and clothing styles. The greatest area of interest was health(42.9%), followed by leisure and sports(38.4%); in addition, hiking(40.2%) was the most popular outdoor activity. The majority of subjects participated in outdoor activities for over 5 years(34.4%). The highest frequency of outdoor activities was conducted once or twice a month, and it took one to three hours for each activity. Nearly half of the respondents( 47.7%) answered that the goal of outdoor activities was to maintain their health. Subjects in their 40s and 50s were more equipped in their outdoor activities and in their 50s made ongoing investments despite costs. When wearing clothing, the subjects placed a priority on design(in the case of subjects in their 30s) and comfort(for subjects in their 40s and 50s). This survey shows that the subjects emphasized access to outdoor wear and equipment. In all age groups, the biggest complaint about outdoor wear was price; in addition, they were unsatisfied with the length and the sleeves of outdoor jackets. Outdoor wear will draw a positive attention for its practical use of clothing if it is developed according to consumer demands based on functionality for outdoor activities and convenience in daily life.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1481-1497
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between serum lipid profiles, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and dietary patterns in a cross-section of healthy individuals from Cheju-Do. Age, gender, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, dietary consumption, drinking / smoking habits and menopausal status were surveyed. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels were measured from overnight fasting blood. The study involved a total of 286 individuals(147 men and 139 women) between the ages of 20 and 60 years old. All of the subjects were recruited from a population of healthy individuals living in Cheju-Do. The results of the study are as follows : 1) Among the males, those in their 20's had the maximum food intake, while those in their 40's had the minimum food intake. For the females, food intake was the highest for those in their 30's. Energy and nutrient intakes were directly proportional to the amount of food intake. Men in their 30's were heavier than other men and women in their 40's were heavier than other women. The activity index for men in their 20's and 30's appeared to be lower than that of men above 40. The activity index of women in their 20's appeared to be lowest among all aged groups, and the index appeared to increase from the age of 30 onwards. 2) In terms of changes In serum constituents with age, men in their 40's appeared to have the highest levels of serum constituents such as lipids, glucose, and insulin. Men in their 50's showed the highest levels of serum LDL-cholesterol and glucose. Men in their 30's showed peak levels of serum triglycerides. On the other hand, women in their 50's appeared to have peak levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. There was no ch:ange with age in HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels for men and women. The percentage of the subjects had the following apo E phenotypes : E3/3, 91.3% ; E3/2, 5.4% ; E4/3, 2.5% ; E4/2, 0.7%. Lee's reserch with Korean female college students showed that the percentage of ApoE3/3, E3/2, E 4/2, E4/3, and E4/4 were 84.8%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 0.9%, 0.9%, respectively. The number of samples with ApoE mutation was so small that there was no statistical significance in the relation between apolipoprotein E phenotype and se겨m lipids. 3) To investigate the relati onship between weight and serum constituents, the subjects of this study were divided into three groups by BMI underweight, normal weight, and overweight. The serum constituents of men and women below the age 40 in the overweight groups belonged to the normal domain. On the other hand, serum cholesterol levels of both men and women above the age 40 in the overweight groups remained in the borderline-high region(above 200mg/dl), and the mean value of LDL-cholesterol(above 130mg/dl) and triglycerides of men were above normal. Fasting blood glucose levels also remained in the borderline-high region. Total cholesterol levels of women above the age 40 in the overweight group was in the borderline-high region. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1481-1497, 1998)

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.586-596
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• 2013

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Korean whole wheat flour making pan bread. Korean whole wheat flour was mixed with flour at the level of 10% (WHF10), 20% (WHF20), 30% (WHF30), 40% (WHF40) and 50% (WHF50) in order to make bread. According to mixogram, the CON (control), WHF10, WHF20, WHF30, WHF40, except WHF50 were found to be proper between 3 and 5 min. in terms of peak time. CON and WHF10 for peak value were at the level of over 60%. By increasing the ratio of Korean whole wheat flour, the pH, dough fermentation rate, volume, specific volume and moisture content were decreased, and gumminess, cohesiveness and hardness except springiness, were increased for storage days. In the crumbScan analysis, the addition of Korean whole wheat flour decreased the volume and increased the crumb fineness of pan bread. In the sensory evaluation, WHF30 showed good preference in the aspect of flavor, taste and overall acceptance, but was not significant between WHF20. CON scored the highest points in volume, specific volume, moisture content and texture, but was not significant between WHF20.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.153-164
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the body shape discordance, the difference between true body type based on body mass index (BMI) and self-recognized body image, on nutrient intake, weight control attempt, and mental health in Korean adults. Methods: Subjects were persons aged 19~64 years (4,382 men and 6,226 women) who participated in the 2010~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were categorized as RL (Group recognized as lighter than BMI criteria), RA (Group with agreement between BMI criteria and self-recognized body image), and RH (Group recognized as heavier than BMI criteria) according to the difference between actual body type based on BMI and self-recognized body image. Results: Means of BMI in RH groups were lower than or equal to that of RA groups in all groups. No significant differences in total energy intake were observed among the three groups in men, but total energy intake was higher in the RL group than in the RH group in 30~49 year old women. Proportion of carbohydrate was the highest in the RL group among 30~49 year old women. RH groups paid more attention to weight control and had less weight gain than other groups. Higher proportions of depressive symptoms were reported in the RH group in 19~29 year old men, while a higher proportion of depressive symptoms were reported in the RL group in 50~64 year old men. Conclusion: The current findings suggest an association of perceiving body shape with energy intake, weight control attempt, or depressed mood in some age groups. Body image perception can influence eating, weight control attempt, and depressed mood, therefore proper body image perception should be established in Korean adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper it to investigate the differences in prevalence of obesity and body fat distribution on the variances of age. Height, weight, skinfold thickness and girth circumference on about 422 women residing in Cheju, Korea were surveyed. The results of analysis of the survey are as follows : 1) All the antropometric measurements except height were shown to increase with age. Weight is at its highest level between the age of 50-59. The measurement of skinfold thickness and girth circumference between the ages of 20-39 of the female subjects are significantly higher than the above 40's. However, there is no significant difference among the middle aged women. 2) Physical indices tend to increase according to age. Both BMI and RBW of women in their 50's are at their highest values, however, the index values of the women in their 60's decreased slightly (p<0.05). On the contrary, there is no significant difference in the percentage of body fat and total body fat content among the middle aged women surveyed. 3) According to this survey, 15.6% of the 422 subjects are assessed as being obese ; more specifically 4.4% of women in their 20's, 12.6% in 30's, 25.6% in 40's, 22.5% in 50's and 17.3% in 60's. 4) 39.4% among obese women proved to be upper body type women. Because the frequency of upper body type women became higher as the obese women aged, there is possibility that the pattern of fat distribution can change. 5) Weight is the most highly correlated with BMI(r=0.91), whereas weight as correlated with RBW, percentage of BF and WHR are 0.8, 0.66 and 0.44 respectfully. The conclusion of this survey is that it is better to estimate the value of total body fat and percentage of body fat than the value of BMI in the analysis of prevalence of obesity and its related factors of middle aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to provide for the basic data useful to the development of the quality of brassiere featuring a good wearing feeling and an effect of reinstating and correcting breast shape. For this purpose, 220 adult women aged between 20 and 59 were sampled to survey their actual breast shapes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1 According to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and items of width, depth, circumference and length were increased, being obeser and breast point were drooped. So volume and bottom are3 of breast of 40.50′s women′s age group were larger than 20.30′s women′s age group and breast point width of 40.50′s women was being wider by increase of interior dimensions of breast. 2. The components of adult women′s breast shape can be categorized into "obesity of breast", "upper dimensions of breast and drop", "lower dimensions of breast and drop", "location of breast point and vertical size of breast", "interior dimensions of breast", "exterior dimensions of breast" Such components of breast shape very in terms of weight or apparence depending on ages. Older women tend to have more droopy and widen breasts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.452-463
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• 2020

This study analyzed wearing conditions to develop an optimum sports brassiere for women in their 50s. A total of 35.9% of the women exercised three times a week and 51.1% had been exercising for more than 2 years, and 58.5% exercised for 30 minutes to 1 hour each day. Regarding the question of whether women wore a sports brassiere when exercising, 54.8% of the respondents answered 'No'. 73.9% of the respondents found a sports brassiere stuffy. The most important factors in purchasing a sports brassiere were wear comfort and functionality. In particular, more exercise demanded greater functionality. When purchasing a sports brassiere, the price range was the highest for 84.3% of the respondents at less than 50,000 won, and 45.2% preferred achromatic colors. A total of 47.9% preferred the length of the sports brassiere to be about 5 cm from the bust; however, the respondents who exercised more preferred shorter length sports brassiere. A total of 57.6% of the respondents preferred the width of the shoulder strap to be 1-3 cm; however, respondents who exercised more preferred the shoulder strap to be more than 3 cm wide. Most respondents preferred the sports brassiere to have a moderate degree of compression at the front breast area.