• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine mothers' ideal and actual parenting behaviors toward their infants in three parenting domains; social, didactic, and limit setting. A total of 264 mothers of young children under age three from Seoul, Korea completed Parental Style Questionnaires (PSQ). Mothers' self report on their ideal and actual parenting were explored as a function of child sex, age, and birth order. As expected, there were significant differences between mothers' ideal and actual behaviors in all three parenting domains: Mothers' ideal behaviors such as social interaction, didactic interaction and limit setting were higher than those of their actual behaviors. For mothers' ideal parenting, results revealed neither significant main effects nor interaction effects. However, the Parenting Domain x Birth-Order 2-way interaction and the Parenting Domain x Child Age 2-way interaction were significant for mothers' actual behaviors. Specifically, mothers reported more social and didactic behaviors with their first-born than later born children, but not for limit setting behavior. It was also found that higher limit setting behaviors were apparent for their 2- and 3-year-old than 1-year old children whereas lower social interactions were found for 3-year-old than for 1-year-old. In light of universality and uniqueness, mothers' parenting behavior toward young children has been discussed.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2012

This project examined 2, 3, and 4-year-old children (N = 34) in a university campus child care setting to assess their understanding of the graphic features they use in their emergent writing (to distinguish it from a drawing of the same referent). The graphic features present in samples of the children's work were examined and compared to the graphic features children could identify through verbal and nonverbal communication. We examined the frequencies of graphic feature identification, as well as significant differences between graphic feature usage and graphic feature identification. The most frequently used graphic features were linearity, unidirectionality, and small size of units. The most frequently identified graphic feature was conventional letter. Overall, children used significantly more graphic features than they were able to identify. Significant relationships comparing the 2-year-old group and 4-year-old group's usage and identification were also found. The findings are discussed in terms of their application to early childhood classrooms. Teachers can apply these findings when engaging children in conversations about their emergent writing; these discussions are explored as a beneficial teaching tool.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.161-172
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• 2001

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) limits movement of the tongue connected with feeding and has adverse impacts on both dental health and speech. For the patients with ankyloglossia, surgical intervention is recommended as primary treatment. This study suggests the efficient tool in determining indicatory factors for frenulotomy by quantifying Maximum Lingual Length-Protrusion (MLL-P) with boley gauge, and as a preliminary study, to show the measurement results with normal children using the tool. The subjects were 61 normal children, and the distance (MLL-P) between mandibular central incisor and tongue tip during tongue protrusion was measured with a boley gauge (Digimatic $Caliper^{(R)}$). The results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) The mean value of MLL-P (N=61 normal children) was 21.44 mm, (2) The mean value of MLL-P was 20.69 mm in males (N=33) and 21.91 mm in females (N=28). There was no statistically significant difference between males and females, (3) The mean value of MLL-P was 19.34 mm, 21.19 mm, 22.33 mm, 22.61 mm for measurement of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old children, respectively, and (4) The mean value of MLL-P showed statistically significant difference between 3- and 5-year-old children, between 3- and 6-year old children.

• 아동학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.153-170
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• 2004

This study explored age and sex differences in preschoolers' narrative representations of their mothers. Subjects were 120 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-year-old children, with 15 boys and 15 girls in each age group. Using the MacArthur Story Stem Battery(Bretherton et al., 1990), observations were made to obtain children's narrative representations of their mothers. content themes and emotional responses. Boys' representations were more negative and less positive than girls' regardless of their age. Boys talked about more aggressive themes and showed more anxiety and less joy. Five and 6-year-old children had less negative and disciplinary representations of their mothers than 3- and 4-year-olds. Six-year-olds showed less prosocial themes than 3- and 5-years, and fewer aggressive themes than 3-and 4-year while they showed less joy, distress and concern responses than 3-years.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2008

Objectives : This study describes a plan that was designed to prevent a measles outbreak that showed a changed outbreak pattern. This study is based on the epidemiological investigation of a measles outbreak in a preschool in Incheon, Korea, 2006. Methods : The subjects were 152 students at a preschool where a measles outbreak occurred. A questionnaire survey was conducted and serological testing for measles-specific IgM was preformed. Results : Of the fifteen confirmed, identified cases, eleven patients had been vaccinated with one dose, one patient had received two doses and three patients were unvaccinated. The three unvaccinated cases consisted of one 5-year-old child, one 3-year-old child and one 16-month-old infant. For the cases with one dose of the vaccination, there were 11 cases, which consisted of six 5-year-old children, two 4-year-old children, two 3-year-old children and one 2-year-old child. The case with two doses of the vaccination was one 4-year-old child. The attack rate of measles was 100% in the 0-dose group, 11.2% in the 1-dose group and 2.0% in the 2-dose group. The vaccine's efficacy was 88.8% in the 1-dose group and 98.0% in the 2-dose group. The vaccine effectiveness for the 2-dose group was higher than that of the 1-dose group. Conclusions : High coverage with a 2-dose vaccination should be maintained, and the vaccination should be given at the suitable time to prevent a measles outbreak with a changed outbreak pattern.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

This study was to examine the level of cognition, emotion, and social context of young children's injury risk behavior according to age and gender. The participants were 150 children of 3 to 5 years old(boys were 75 and girls were 75). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and two-way ANOVA. The results were as follows; 1) 5 year old children knew potential injury risk better than 3 or 4 year old children. 2) Boys felt less afraid than girls on risk situation. 3) As age increased, the score of social context was higher. The score of social context of boys was higher than that of girls.

• 아동학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.293-306
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• 1999

This study investigated children's spatial skills and short term memory ability based on their practice with computer games. The 40 four-year-old and 40 six-year-old subjects were divided by experimental and control groups. Spatial skills of children were assessed by visual speed, mental rotation, and spatial visualization tasks. Short term memory was measured with a digit span task. Results showed that computer game practice enhanced children's memory ability and spatial skills. Even 4-year-olds performed better on mental rotation and spatial visualization tasks after practice. The treatment effect was significant for visual speed of 6-year-olds, short term memory ability and mental rotation of 4-year-olds, and spatial visualization of both 4- and 6-year-olds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

2010년, 2014년 3~5세의 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 유치원 및 보육시설을 이용하는 원아 509명을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 2014년 원아들의 조사 전날 결식률은 16.2%로, 2010년 원아의 결식률에 비해 5.5%p 증가하였다. 원아들의 연도별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과, 2014년도 원아들의 칼슘 섭취량은 권장량 대비 가장 적게 섭취한 영양소로, 2010년도 원아들에 비해 1일 39.78 mg (3세), 54.78 mg (4세) 35.78 mg (5세) 적게 섭취하였다. 영양소 적정섭취비의 경우, 2014년 4세와 5세 원아는 2010년 4, 5세에 비해 철과 티아민의 NAR이 유의하게 높았다. 영양 밀도지수에서 2014년 5세 원아의 칼슘과 인 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮은 반면, 티아민의 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 높았다. 과잉섭취 대상자 비율에서는 2014년 3~5세 원아들은 2010년 원아들에 비해 철과 티아민 과잉섭취 대상자 비율이 높았다. 또한 원아들의 연령별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과에서는, 평균 영양소 적정섭취비에서 3세의 MAR은 4세와 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮았고, 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취한 영양소의 개수는 4세 (2.14개)와 5세 (1.92개)에 비해 3세에서 2.72개로 유의하게 많았다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.115-128
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• 2004

In this study, we examined the relationship among Multiple Intelligence constructs and the relationship among the sub-areas and analysed the development of the Multiple Intelligence according to age and gender to evaluate Korean children's Multiple Intelligence structures that teachers evaluated based on MIDAS-MYC. The subjects of the study consisted of 158 4-5 year old children (71 4-year-old group(boy 38, girl 33); 87 5-year-old group(boy 40, girl 47)) in Seoul and Gyeonggi. We found several results which are as follows. 1) Reliability on each area of intelligence in MIDAS-MYC was good. 2) The result of confirmatory factor analysis using the model of structural equation modeling was consistent with the results of other studies that children's Multiple Intelligence consists of eight intelligent areas that are independent to each other but are relative to each other. In particular, interpersonal-intrapersonal intelligence, languistic-intrapersonal intelligence, languistic-Interpersonal intelligence, and languistic-logic/math intelligence were high correlation. However, physical/motion-naturalist intelligence and musical-logic/math intelligence were low correlation. 3) Children's multiple intelligence differed according to age and sex, the 5-year-old was higher than 4-year-old and girls were higher than boys in a general way. 4) There was high correlation between the result of evaluation based on MIDAS-MYC and the result of teacher's subjective evaluation about children's Multiple Intelligence.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.531-542
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• 2015

This study examined the structural relationships among 4- and 5-year-old children's playfulness, communication skills, and creative characteristics. This research analyzed the direct and indirect influence of child's playfulness on communication skills and creative characteristics. The study subjects were 249 children who attend kindergartens located in the Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area. A survey questionnaire was distributed to the children's mothers and teachers. The sample was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 program. The parameters were estimated by maximum likelihood method. The significance of indirect effect was tested by bootstrapping at .05 level. The results of this study were: (1) in both ages 4 and 5, playfulness had a direct and positive influence on communication skills, (2) in both ages, communication skills had a direct and positive effect on creative characteristics, and (3) the 5-year-old children's playfulness had a direct effect on creative characteristics, the 4-year-old children's playfulness did not exert direct influence onto creative characteristics. Communication skills 5-year-old children were seen to precipitate a partial mediation effect between playfulness and creative characteristics. At age 4, communication skills played a full mediation variable role between playfulness and creative characteristics. Discussions include suggestions to prosper creative characteristics through enhancing a child's playfulness and communication skills.