• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.278-284
• /
• 2023

Recently, a closed-type plant factory has been receiving attention as a advanced agricultural method. It has diverse advantages such as climate-independence, high productivity and stable year-round production. However, high energy cost caused by environmental control system is considered as a challenges of a closed-type plant factory. In order to reduce the energy cost, investigation about energy load which is directly connected to energy consumption needs to be conducted. In this study, energy load changes of a plant factory have been analytically analyzed according to the environmental changes. The target plant factory was a lettuce growing container farm. Firstly, the impact of photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity change were examined. Under the climate condition of Daejeon in South Korea, increase of photoperiod and set temperature rose a yearly energy demand of a container farm. However, increase of set relative humidity decreased a yearly energy demand. Secondly, the climate environment effect was compared by investigating the energy demand under 9 different climate conditions. As a result, the difference between maximum and minimum value of the yearly energy demand showed 21.7%. Lastly, sensitivity analysis of each parameter (photoperiod, set temperature and relative humidity) has been suggested under 3 different climate conditions. The ratio of heating and cooling demand was varied depending on the climate, so the effect of each parameter became different.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.236-244
• /
• 2001

Background : Most current research using prognostic scoring systems in critically ill patients have focused on prediction using the first intensive care unit (ICU) day data or daily updated data. Usually the mean ICU length of stay in Korea is longer than in the western world. Consequently, a more cost-effective and practical prognostic parameter is required. The principal aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of the seventh day(7th day : the average mean ICU length of stay) APACHE III score in a medical intensive care unit. Methods : 241 medical ICU patients from July 1997 to April 1998 were enrolled. The 1st and 7th scores were measured by using the APACHE III scoring system and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the $1^{st}$ and $7^{th}$ APACHE III scores and the mortality risk. Results : 1 )The mean length of stay in the ICU was $10.3{\pm}13.8$ days. 2)The mean $1^{st}$ and $7^{th}$ day APACHE III scores were $59.7{\pm}30.9$ and $37.9{\pm}27.7$. 3) The mean $1^{st}$ day APACHE III score was significantly lower in survivors than in non- survivors($49.9{\pm}23.8$ vs $86.3{\pm}32.3$, P<0.0001). 4)The mean $7^{th}$ day APACHE III score was significantly lower in survivors than in non- survivors($30.1{\pm}18.5$ vs $80.1{\pm}30.4$, P<0.0001). 5)The odds ratios among the $1^{st}$ and $7^{th}$ day APACHE III scores and the mortality rate were 1.0507 and 1.0779 respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that the seventh day APACHE III score is as useful in predicting the outcome as is such like the first day APACHE III score. Therefore, in comparison to the daily APACHE III score, measuring the $1^{st}$ and $7^{th}$ day APACHE III scores are also useful for predicting the prognosis of critically ill patients in terms of cost-effectiveness. It is suggested that the $7^{th}$ day APACHE III score is useful for predicting the clinical outcome.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2006

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the positive menial stress, eustress, on autonomic nervous system(ANS) and human health. For this, we analyzed heart rate variability(HRV) parameters, the most promising markers of ANS function to assess the changes of emotional and physiological states of human body. We measured HRV Signal of World Cup group(281 male subjects: $29.8{\pm}5.6yr$., 187 female subjects: $29.0{\pm}5.4yr$.) in two stadiums at least an hour before the game during '2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan' event. We also measured control group's(331 male subjects: $30.9{\pm}4.7 yr$., 344 female subjects: $30.2{\pm}5.2 yr$.) in the health promotion centers in two university hospitals at least a month before and after the world cup event period. Considering physiological differences between males and females, the data analysis was applied to 'male group' and 'female group' separately. As a result, some tendency was observed that is different from what we have known as the stress reaction. In general, all parameter values except that of mean heart rate tend to decrease under stressed condition. However, under eustressed condition, both heart rate and standard deviation of the Normal to Normal intervals(SDNN) were higher then those of normal condition(p<0.05). Especially, in case of female group, contrary to distressed condition, every frequency-domain powers showed tile higher value(p<0.05, p<0.001). Considering that decrease of HRV indicates the loss of one's health, the increase of SDNN and frequency parameters means that homeostasis control mechanism of ANS is functioning positively. Accordingly, induction of eustress from international sports event may affect positively to the people's health.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
• /
• v.56 no.1
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the motion of the shoulder joint dynamically through a depth sensor-based motion analysis system for the normal group and patients group with shoulder disease and to report the results along with a review of the relevant literature. Materials and Methods: Seventy subjects participated in the study and were categorized as follows: 30 subjects in the normal group and 40 subjects in the group of patients with shoulder disease. The patients with shoulder disease were subdivided into the following four disease groups: adhesive capsulitis, impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and cuff tear arthropathy. Repeating abduction and adduction three times, the angle over time was measured using a depth sensor-based motion analysis system. The maximum abduction angle (θ_max), the maximum abduction angular velocity (ω_max), the maximum adduction angular velocity (ω_min), and the abduction/adduction time ratio (t_abd/t_add) were calculated. The above parameters in the 30 subjects in the normal group and 40 subjects in the patients group were compared. In addition, the 30 subjects in the normal group and each subgroup (10 patients each) according to the four disease groups, giving a total of five groups, were compared. Results: Compared to the normal group, the maximum abduction angle (θ_max), the maximum abduction angular velocity (ω_max), and the maximum adduction angular velocity (ω_min) were lower, and abduction/adduction time ratio (t_abd/t_add) was higher in the patients with shoulder disease. A comparison of the subdivided disease groups revealed a lower maximum abduction angle (θ_max) and the maximum abduction angular velocity (ω_max) in the adhesive capsulitis and cuff tear arthropathy groups than the normal group. In addition, the abduction/adduction time ratio (t_abd/t_add) was higher in the adhesive capsulitis group, rotator cuff tear group, and cuff tear arthropathy group than in the normal group. Conclusion: Through an evaluation of the shoulder joint using the depth sensor-based motion analysis system, it was possible to measure the range of motion, and the dynamic motion parameter, such as angular velocity. These results show that accurate evaluations of the function of the shoulder joint and an in-depth understanding of shoulder diseases are possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.361-371
• /
• 2015

This study analyzed the 91 cases of the statements for the Sea Area Utilization Consultation according to the developmental projects of ports and fishery harbors for 2012 2014 and the status of the record of document, and suggested the improvement way to go. The marine environmental timpact assessment items both marine chemistry such as water quality, sediment and marine biology such as benthic animal, plankton, and fisheries show highly rate of site survey. But, the utilization of those data through site survey is too low, and it is necessary to adopt the QA/QC for the reliability of survey data. The items of marine physics such as tide, tidal current analyzed based on references not a site survey. However, the simulation performed actively without calibration and verification compared to the result of site survey. When the projects of port and fishery harbor perform, it is necessary to monitor the physical parameter such as wave, tide and tidal current especially. Based on the scale and the type of project, we need introduce the system of scoping for prediagnosis the key assessment items and checklists.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 1980

Ionic dissociation rates of $\alpha$-chlorobenzyl ethyl ether in each solvent of toluene-$d_8$ and carbon tetrachloride were measured by the method of dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The spin system of these 1H NMR spectra was $AB_3$. The theoretical spectrum was calculated by computer simulation of dynamic NMR spectra, which agreed very well with observed spectra. From this computer simulation, the ionic dissociation rate constant k was obtained, and by Eyring plot with it, slope and intercept length was gained, from which kinetic parameters were calculated.The easiness of ionic dissociation depended upon solvent polarity. Activation enthalpy was 4.7 kcal/mole in toluene-$d_8$, 10.7 kcal/mole in carbon tetrachloride, and activation entropy was -35. 8 e.u. in toluene-$d_8$, -14.4 e.u. in carbon tetrachloride. It was understood that though the ${\Delta}H^{neq}$ value was small, this ionic dissociation had an easier procession in nonpolar solvents with increasing temperatures. Considering that the ionic dissociation could be thought as the first step of $S_N1$ mechanism, attention might be paid to the results that the value of ${\Delta}S^{neq}$ had a large negative value in comparison with a small ${\Delta}H^{neq}$.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.161-169
• /
• 2011

Longitudinal serial cephalometric films in the every second year from fifty girls were used for the analysis of growth pattern of maxillary alveolar bone (MAE). Six parameters regarding MAB height were measured and were compared with stature and chronological age. Descriptive analysis. correlation coefficient test and linear regression analysis were done for the statistical analyses. 1. The height of MAE increased until 14 years although growth velocity was gradually decreased. which was different with stature growth pattern. 2. The correlation coefficients between chronological age and MAB height were high and had no statistical differences with those of stature and MAB height. In addition. the correlation coefficients between chronological age groups within each parameter of MAB were very high. 3. The growth amount of MAB could be predicted using linear regression analysis on the basis of chronological age data. The growth pattern between MAE and statue was quite different because of the growth pattern difference between skeletal and neuronal system. Therefore. growth pattern of Korean MAB must be considered in dental treatment of youth. Also. close relationship between chronological age and MAB height would be useful when clinicians want to predict growth amount of MAE for the dental implant treatment.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is comparison of radiological and clinical outcomes between proximal metatarsal osteotomy and distal chevron osteotomy for the correction of hallux valgus. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we included subjects who underwent the correction of hallux valgus in our institution between March 2001 and August 2006, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. The group of proximal metatarsal osteotomy was 23 patients (34 feet); the group of distal chevron osteotomy was 20 patients (26 feet). The group of proximal metatarsal osteotomy was composed of 26 severe cases (76.5%) and 8 moderate cases (23.5%); the group of distal chevron osteotomy was composed of 13 severe cases (50.0%) and 13 moderate cases (50.0%). Results: Compared to preoperative values, the hallux valgus angle, the first-second intermetatarsal angle and the distance of first-fifth metatarsal head were significantly decreased in two groups (p<0.05). In each parameter, the hallux valgus angle was decreased 66.3% (proximal metatarsal osteotomy) versus 49.6% (distal chevron osteotomy), which were significant (p=0.037). The first-second intermetatarsal angle and the distance of first-fifth metatarsal head were not significant. Mayo clinic forefoot scoring system (FFSS) score was significantly improved in two groups (p<0.05). The ratio of improvement was not significant (p=0.762). In severe group, hallux valgus angle and the first-second intermetatarsal angle was significantly decreased in proximal metatarsal osteotomy group compared to distal chevron osteotomy group (p<0.05), but the difference of the distance of first-fifth metatarsal head and FFSS score was not significant in both groups. In moderate group, the difference of all parameters was not significant in both groups. Conclusion: Although both proximal metatarsal osteotomy and distal chevron osteotomy showed satisfactory result in FFSS, proximal metatarsal osteotomy was more proper operative technique than distal chevron osteotomy in severe group, because of superiority of correction in radiological parameters.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 1976

The relationships between various nitrogen efficiencies among 57 rice cultivars grouped into three developmental categories were investigated by simple correlation with (12kg/10a) and without nitrogen fertilizer under the field condition. The relationship showed similar in a group or among all varieties of three groups. Yield among varieties showed highly significant correlation with Fe (fertilization efficiency: yield increment/nitrogen applied), E (nitrogen efficiency for yield), Ef(efficiency of nitrogen derived from fertilizer) and Eu (fertilizer use efficiency: nitrogen derived from fertilizer divided by total nitrogen applied). The E was correlated significantly and positively with harvest index (HI), percent translocation (T) of nitrogen to ear and negatively with nitrogen uptake amount (N), nitrogen concentration in grain (GN%) and in straw (SN%). The E depends almost on Ef and only inTongil group partly on Es (efficiency of nitrogen derived from soil). The Ef contributes to Fe more than Eu does (Fe = $Ef{\cdot}Eu$). It appears that Ef and Eu increased from the old group to the recommended local varieties, but only EF and Es increased markedly when rice was developed from recommended local group to Tongil line ($indica{\times}japonica$ hybrid selction). The fact that E and Fe depend more on Ef among rice varieties is very good contrast to the result that E and Fe depend more on Es and Eu respectively among soils in the previous investigatigation. The Ef appears as the most important parameter for rice varietal selection under fertilizer application system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.160-163
• /
• 2008

$CO_2$ ocean sequestration is being considered as a way to earn a frame of time to change other industrial life pattern to overcome the global warming crisis. The method is to dilute the captured $CO_2$ into ocean by ejecting the liquefied $CO_2$ through nozzles. The main issue of such method is the effectiveness and safety, and in both problems the rising speed of those LCO2 droplet is the key parameter. In this paper, the rising speed of LCO2 droplets is numerically studied including the effect of the surfactant which can be residing along the density interface of the droplets. A front tracking method with a simple surface tension model is developed and the rising speed of the droplets is carefully investigated with varying the various parameters. It is demonstrated that the variable surface tension can change the deformation of the droplet, the flow near the interface, and the rising speed.