• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2020

목적: Encoded healing abutment와 scan body를 이용한 디지털 인상과 pick-up 인상용 코핑을 이용한 인상 채득법의 정확도를 다른 임플란트 식립 각도에서 비교 연구하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 3D 프린터를 이용해 주모형을 제작하고 0°, 10° 및 20°의 근심경사로 3개의 임플란트를 위치 시켰다. 각각의 임플란트에 지대주를 체결하고 주모형을 스캔하여 참조 모델을 만들었다. P군 모델은 pick-up 인상용 코핑을 사용하여 15개의 석고 모형을 만들고 지대주를 장착 후 스캔하여 제작하였다. E군과 S군의 모델은 각각 encoded healing abutment와 scan body를 주모형에 체결하고 구내 스캐너를 이용해 15회씩 인상채득을 하여 제작하였다. 각각의 실험군 STL 파일은 best fit alignment를 이용해 참조 모델과 중첩하였고 root mean square (RMS) 값을 분석하였다. 결과: RMS 값은 P군에서 가장 작았고(25.56 ± 2.53 ㎛), 그다음 S군(35.27 ± 2.56 ㎛), E군(38.29 ± 4.12 ㎛) 순 이었다. S군과 E군 사이에는 유의차가 없었고, P군은 S군과 E군 보다 작았다(P < 0.05). 임플란트 각도와 RMS 값의 상관관계는 E군에서 유의하였다(P < 0.05). 결론:Pick-up 인상용 코핑 방법은 encoded healing abutment와 scan body 인상 채득 방법에 비해 더 높은 정확도를 보였고 encoded healing abutment와 scan body 인상 방법은 정확도에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. Encoded healing abutment의 임상적 사용은 가능하나 경사진 임플란트의 인상의 경우 주의하여 사용해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of sintering procedures on marginal discrepancies of fixed partial metal frameworks fabricated using different sintering-based computer-aided design and computer/aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty resin die models of prepared premolar and molar abutment teeth were fabricated using a three-dimensional (3D) printer and divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the fabrication method of metal frameworks used: HM (via hard milling), SM (via soft metal milling), L25 (via direct metal laser melting [DMLM] with a 25 ㎛ layer thickness), and L50 (via direct DMLM with a 50 ㎛ layer thickness). After the metal frameworks were fabricated and cemented, five vertical marginal discrepancy measurements were recorded in each site (i.e., buccal, facing the pontic, lingual, and facing away from the pontic) of both abutment teeth under a stereomicroscope (×40). Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. No statistically significant differences (P>.05) were found among the four axial sites of metal frameworks fabricated by sintering-based CAD/CAM techniques. The HM and L25 groups showed significantly (P<.001) lower marginal discrepancy values than the SM and L50 groups. CONCLUSION. Marginal discrepancy in the sites facing the pontic was not influenced by the type of sintering procedure. All fabrication methods exhibited clinically acceptable results in terms of marginal discrepancies.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.601-623
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• 2016

Precast concrete elements are widely used in the construction of buildings and civil infrastructures as they provide higher construction quality and requires less construction time. However, any abnormalities in precast concrete surfaces such as non-flatness or distortion, can influence the erection of the elements as well as the functional performance of the connections between elements. Thus, it is important to undertake surface flatness and distortion inspection (SFDI) on precast concrete elements before their delivery to the construction sites. The traditional methods of SFDI which are conducted manually or by contact-type devices are, however, time-consuming, labor-intensive and error-prone. To tackle these problems, this study proposes techniques for SFDI of precast concrete elements using laser scanning technology. The proposed techniques estimate the $F_F$ number to evaluate the surface flatness, and estimate three different measurements, warping, bowing, and differential elevation between adjacent elements, to evaluate the surface distortion. The proposed techniques were validated by experiments on four small scale test specimens manufactured by a 3D printer. The measured surface flatness and distortion from the laser scanned data were compared to the actual ones, which were obtained from the designed surface geometries of the specimens. The validation experiments show that the proposed techniques can evaluate the surface flatness and distortion effectively and accurately. Furthermore, scanning experiments on two actual precast concrete bridge deck panels were conducted and the proposed techniques were successfully applied to the scanned data of the panels.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

In this paper, we developed a 3D printing system using a photo-curing resin in order to reduce the surface roughness of a sculpture produced with the 3D printer. Using the pattern of the resulting variable thickness, that gave rise to a stepped shape, and the area error of the photo-curable sculpture, a study was carried out for the process to reduce the surface roughness. At a given value of stage velocity (40~70 mm/s) and output air pneumatic pressure (20~60 kPa), the minimum pattern thickness of the pattern was achieved $65{\mu}m$ and the maximum pattern thickness of up to $175{\mu}m$. To increases the pattern resolution to about $40{\mu}m$, the process conditions should be optimized. 3D surface Nano profiler was used to find the surface roughness of the sculpture that was measured to be minimum $4.7{\mu}m$ and maximum $8.7{\mu}m$. The maximum surface roughness was reduced about $1.2{\mu}m$ for the maximum thickness of the pattern. In addition, a FDM was used to fabricate the same sculpture and its surface roughness measurements were also taken for comparison with the one fabricated using photo-curing. Same process conditions were used for both fabrication setups in order to perform the comparison efficiently. The surface roughness of the photo-curable sculpture is $5.5{\mu}m$ lower than the sculpture fabricated using FDM. A certain circuit patterns was formed on the laminated surface of the photo-curable sculpture while there was no stable pattern on the laminated surface of the FDM based sculpture the other hand.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.9-21
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study is to understand the effect of angle and curvature of push-return switches, which are external factors in the operation environment inside the cars, on the feel of operation and to propose optimum alternatives. Background: Customers' needs for products are changing from functional and performance aspects to customer-led type where customers can reflect on their needs on the products. The operation inside cars is executed by HMI. The push-return switch is utilized as the most intuitive mode of HMI; therefore, this push-return switch, which is widely used, has to be developed by assessing the preference and satisfaction of the customer. Method: The angle and curvatures, which are external factors that affect the feel of operation, are drawn through surveying the preceding research literatures. The stages to construct alternatives in experiments are as follows: (1) the tactile switch is replaced after dismantling the switch assembly to evaluate the internal characteristics proposed by preceding researches, (2) a drawing is prepared by using a design software, is printed using 3D printer, and then it is attached on the switch assembly, and (3) evaluation for satisfaction of operation is carried out by using a driving simulator. Results: Both the angle and curvature that are external factors of switch significantly affect the feel of operation. However, interaction between the two factors is found insignificant. Therefore, an optimum alternative is proposed considering the experimental outcomes. Conclusion: This study evaluates the satisfaction in operation that affects the feel of operation environment inside the cars. Based on the study results, a guideline for switch design in the center fascia is proposed. Application: This study is expected to be used as basic data for designing automotive switches, as well as switches in the industries similar with the operation environments of cars.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2010

Digital textile printing(DTP) is becoming more important because the production trend of textile printing goods is adapting to small-lot multiple items. Recently enhanced use of DTP is closely connected with production of high value-added products in fashion industry, which is also appropriate for quick response system(QRS). Quality of DTP depends on pre-treatment, after-treatment, ink, media, printer, etc. One of these parameters, Selection of good media is very important to obtain high quality of DTP products. Especially, the effects of media on printing quality of DTP according to yarn twist and structure of knitting fabric were examined in this study. Two types of yarn twist of 830 t.p.m and 1630 t.p.m for cotton knit were used and five types of media structures were knitted with single circular knitting machine. First, MIU, MMD, SMD's values are closely related with surface roughness of sample as well as printing quality. The hard twist samples were higher values than normal twist samples in the same media structure. In case of SMD, the values increased from plain to corduroy types. Second, aspect of line sharpness, line area, and line width values of hard twist samples decreased from plain to corduroy than those of normal twist samples. Third, line deviation values of hard twist samples, blurriness of line, also decreased than those of normal twist samples.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2016

Art Furniture is a terminology of creative and developed activity related Art in the field of furniture design. In a broad sense, the extent of Art furniture reaches from humanities to technology because Art includes them. Due to Postmodernism, designers who were involving Art furniture started to fuse various studies including high technology to achieve their own goals. To illustrate with the characteristic of high technology, I compare between low technology and high technology. Even though high technology are used both commercial furniture and Art furniture, the latter has been utilized high technology in a more creative and experimental way to develop experimental furniture design. In contrast, in order to earn economic profit, there is no unnecessary risk for commercial furniture. Considering information revolution which is deeply related with high technology, Art furniture designers could get information easily about other fields and make multiple connections of different kinds of people and markets. As a result, a combination between Art furniture and high technology has distinctive features. At first, high technology was applied to craft among Dutch furniture designers. After that, designers began to lay out the method of high technology and pushed the boundary of Art furniture thanks to experts and scientists. In addition, there was a designer who have conducted a series of research as a scientist adopting scientific methodology. In doing so, Joris Laarman could obtain a revolutionized work which could contribute society. In conclusion, combining Art furniture and high technology leads the definition of design from deciding physical shapes to directing and organizing processes.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2019

Background/Objectives: This paper proposes a dual mode feedback-controlled cycling system for children with spastic cerebral palsy to rehabilitate upper extremities. Repetitive upper limb exercise in this therapy aims to both reduce and analyze the abnormal torque patterns of arm movements in three- dimensional space. Methods/Statistical analysis: We designed an exercycle robot which consists of a BLDC motor, a torque sensor, a bevel gear and bearings. Mechanical structures are customized for children of age between 7~13 years old and induces reaching and pulling task in a symmetric circulation. The shafts and external frames were designed and printed using 3D printer. While the child performs active/passive exercise, angular position, angular velocity, and relative torque of the pedal shaft are measured and displayed in real time. Findings: Experiment was designed to observe the features of a cerebral palsy child's exercise. Two children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy participated in the experiment and conducted an active exercise at normal speed for 3 sets, 15 seconds for each. As the pedal reached 90 degrees and 270 degrees, the subject showed minimum torque, in which the child showed difficulty in the pulling task of the cycle. The passive exercise assisted the child to maintain a relatively constant torque while visually observing the movement patterns. Using two types of exercise enabled the child to overcome the abnormal torque measured in the active data by performing the passive exercise. Thus, this system has advantage not only in allowing the child to perform the difficult task, which may contribute in improving the muscle strength and endurance and reducing the spasticity but also provide customizable system according to the child's motion characteristic. Improvements/Applications: Further study is needed to observe how passive exercise influences the movement characteristics of an active motion and how customized experiment settings can optimize the effect of pediatric rehabilitation for spastic cerebral palsy.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

목 적: 유방암 환자의 방사선치료 시 엎드린 자세를 적용하면 폐와 심장에 들어가는 선량을 줄일 수 있다. 하지만 빔 방향에 포함되는 couch의 영향으로 피부선량 증가 및 심부선량이 감소한다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 air gap을 이용해서 couch로 인한 영향을 줄일 수 있는 방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 본원에서 치료 받은 유방암 환자의 전산화단층영상을 바탕으로 3D 프린터(Builder Extreme 1000)를 이용하여 체적을 동일하게 묘사한 인체모형을 제작하였다. 제작한 인체모형을 전산화단층촬영하고 전산화치료계획시스템(Eclipse 13.6, Varian, USA)을 이용하여 6MV, Field-in-Field technique을 이용한 200 cGy/fx의 치료계획을 수립하였다. 피부선량 측정을 위해 내, 외측 4 지점(Med 1, Med 2, Lat 1, Lat 2)에서 광자극발광선량계(Optically Stimulated Luminescence Detector, OSLD)를 이용한 측정을 진행하였고, 심부선량 측정을 위해 유방의 전면과 후면의 2 지점(Anterior, Posterior)에서 FC65-G ion-chamber를 이용한 측정을 하였다. Couch와 인체모형 사이의 air gap(기준 3 cm)을 1 cm 씩 총 6 cm까지 증가시켜가며 측정하였으며 치료계획 선량을 기준으로 평가하였다. 결 과: 피부선량 측정 결과 외측 지점은 치료계획과 비교하여 ${\pm}5%$ 이내의 유사한 값을 보였다. 내측 1 지점은 air gap이 증가할수록 감소하며 3 cm 이상부터 7 % 이상 감소하였고, 내측 2 지점은 4 % 이상 감소하였다. 심부선량 측정 결과 후면 지점은 air gap 차이에 의한 선량변화가 ${\pm}1%$ 이내의 값을 보였다. 전면 지점의 선량은 air gap이 증가할수록 높아지며 3 cm 이상부터 치료계획 보다 4 % 증가한 값을 보였다. 결 론: 본 실험을 통해 couch와 인체모형 사이의 air gap을 특정 거리까지 증가시켰을 때 couch로 인한 피부선량과 심부선량의 영향이 감소함을 확인하였다. 따라서 유방암 환자에 대한 치료 전 선량평가를 진행하여 각 환자에게 최적의 air gap을 적용한다면 피부보효 효과를 높일 수 있고, 정확한 심부선량의 전달이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.260-268
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• 2017

목적: 치과 보철물을 적층 가공 기술로 제작하는 것은 많은 이점이 있으나 아직까지 연구 결과 부족으로 인하여 임상에서 널리 적용되고 있지 못하는 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 디지털 광학 기술 방식의 적층 가공 기술을 이용하여 제작한 치과 보철물에 있어서 재료에 따라 굴곡강도에 유의한 차이가 있는지 연구하기로 한다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 3유닛 고정성 보철 형태의 시편 제작을 위한 금속 지그를 제작하였다. 지그에 맞게 시편을 디자인하였다. 디자인 한 시편에 대하여 NC, DP-1, DT-1의 세 가지 재료로 디지털 광학 기술 방식의 출력을 하였다. 각 재료마다 5개의 시편을 제작하되 출력 각도를 수평면에 $30^{\circ}$로 하였다. 시편을 지그 위에 안착시키고 만능시험기로 굴곡강도를 측정하고 기록하였다. 기록한 데이터는 SPSS 상에서 일원배치분산분석법을 통하여 재료에 따른 파절 강도 차이의 유의성을 조사하였다. 사후 검정(Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test)은 그룹 간의 통계적 차이를 비교하여 시행되었으며 통계적 유의수준은 0.05로 하였다. 결과: 각 군들의 굴곡강도는 NC군은 $1119{\pm}305N$로 나타났고 DP-1군은 $619{\pm}150N$, DT-1군은 $413{\pm}65N$로 측정되었다. SPSS를 사용한 일원배치분산분석법 및 Tukey HSD에서는 NC와 DP-1, NC와 DT-1사이에 유의한 차이를 보였으며(P < 0.05), DP-1과 DT-1사이에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P > 0.05). 결론: 디지털 광학 기술 방식으로 3D프린팅을 하여 제작한 3유닛 고정성 보철 형태의 레진 보철물에 있어서 메타크릴산 에스텔 재료가 높은 굴곡강도를 보여주었다.