• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 depth layer partition을 이용한 2D 동영상의 자동 3D 변환 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법에서는 먼저 2D 동영상의 장면 전환점을 검출하여 각각의 프레임 그룹을 설정하여 움직임 연산 과정에서의 오류 확산을 방지하여 깊이맵(depth map) 생성과 정에서 오차를 줄여준다. 깊이정보는 두 가지 방법으로 생성되는데 하나는 영역 분할과 움직임 정보를 이용하여 깊이맵을 추출하는 것이고 다른 하나는 에지 방향성 히스토그램(edge directional histogram)을 이용하는 방법이다. 제안하는 기법에서는 객체와 배경을 분리하는 depth layer partition 과정을 수행한 후 생성된 두 개의 깊이맵을 원 영상에 최적이 되도록 병합하게 된다. 제안된 기법으로 신뢰도 높은 깊이맵과 결과 영상을 생성할 수 있다는 것을 다양한 실험 결과를 통해 알 수 있다.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2012

지능형 서비스 분야에 있어 3D맵은 유용하고 다양한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 기존의 삼차원 공간에 대한 연구 방법들은 제공하는 데이터가 원초적이고 처리량이 방대하여 지능형 서비스의 실시간 처리에는 적절하지 못하다. 본 논문에서는 전방의 공간에 대하여 스테레오 정합 연산의 결과인 거리정보 이미지를 바탕으로 블록 기반의 맵을 구성하여 해당 공간의 다양한 정보를 제공할 수 있는 방안을 제안한다. 블록기반 3D맵은 객체율과 블록크기의 2개의 중요한 변수를 가진다. 객체율은 하나의 블록에서 공간대비 객체의 픽셀수의 비율로써 블록종류를 결정한다. 블록크기는 정육면체로 구성되는 개별 블록의 한 변의 픽셀수를 나타내며, 블록의 크기를 결정한다. 실험을 통하여 블록기반 3D맵은 기존의 거리정보 이미지에 비하여 노이즈와 데이터양을 효과적으로 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. $320{\times}240$크기의 거리정보 이미지에 대하여 블록크기는 $40{\times}40$, 객체율은 30%에서 50%로 설정하였을 때 가장 정합율이 높은 블록기반 3D맵을 취득할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 블록기반 3D맵은 지능형 서비스분야에서 사용하기 용이하고 다양한 새로운 서비스를 도출할 수 있는 고부가가치를 갖는 정보를 제공할 수 있다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the applicable plan of GIS on the environmental impact assessment of 60 Hz Powerline. So we assessed distance data based on calculations by use of 2D and 3D Geographical information systems(GIS) and distance data based on measurements on 1: 5000 maps accord with on site distance measurements to use input data for calculating magnetic field. One hundred eight of the on site measured addresses were selected from residences. The data were achieved by measuring the distance between residence and power line on maps with scales of 1: 5000. The digital map was obtained from National Geographic Information Institute with scales of 1: 5000, and we made 2D and 3D map. Correlation analyses were performed for statistical analyses. For the 3D GIS versus on site comparison of different exposure categories, 70 of 108 measurements were assigned to the correct category. Similarly for 2D GIS versus on site comparison, 71 of 108 were correctly categorized. When comparing map measurement with on site measurement, 62 of 108 were correctly categorized. When the correlation analysis was performed, best correlation was found between 3D GIS and on site measurements with r = 0.84947 (p<0.0001). The correlation between map and on site measurement yielded an r of 0.76517 (p<0.0001). Since the GIS measurements and map measurement were made from the center point in the building and the on site measurements had to be made from the closest wall on the building, this might introduce and additional error in urban areas. The difference between 2D and 3D calculations were resulted from the height of buildings.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제9B권6호
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• pp.863-868
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 3차원(Full 3D)을 지원하는 온라인 RPG를 위한 맵 관리 방법을 제안하였다. 일반적으로 3차원 그래픽을 지원하는 게임은 클라이언트에서는 지원이 가능하나 온라인 게임 서버에서는 3차원 처리를 위한 데이터 처리량이 게임 월드의 크기에 따라 기하급수로 늘어나기 때문에 현재의 하드웨어 기술 하에서 가격대비 성능을 만족시킬 수 없다.이를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 스페셜 오브젝트라는 개념을 도입하여 온라인 게임 서버에서의 3차원처리가 적은 하드웨어 사양을 가지고 동작될 수 있게 하였다. 제안된 방식은클라이언트에서뿐만 아니라 서버에서도 3차원 맵 관리를 수행할 수 있는 구체적인 형태를 제공하였다.

• 한국BIM학회 논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Comparing to general scanning data, the 3D digital map for large construction sites and complex buildings consists of millions of points. The large construction site needs to be scanned multiple times by drone photogrammetry or terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) survey. The scanned point cloud data are required to be registrated with high resolution and high point density. Unlike the registration of 2D data, the matrix of translation and rotation are used for registration of 3D point cloud data. Archiving high accuracy with 3D point cloud data is not easy due to 3D Cartesian coordinate system. Therefore, in this study, iterative closest point (ICP) registration method for improve accuracy of 3D digital map was employed by different overlap ratio on 3D digital maps. This study conducted the accuracy test using different overlap ratios of two digital maps from 10% to 100%. The results of the accuracy test presented the optimal overlap ratios for an ICP registration method on digital maps.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2003년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1168-1171
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• 2003

The visuo-motor map is based on the Kohonen's self-organizing map. The map is learned the relation of the end effecter coordinates and the joint angles. In this paper, a 3 d-o-fmanipulator which moves in the 2D space is targeted. A CCD camera is set beside the manipulator, and the end effecter coordinates are given from the image of a manipulator. As a result of learning, the end effecter can be moved to the destination without exact teaching.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.301-303
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• 2003

The extraction of 3D road network from high-resolution aerial images is still one of the current challenges in digital photogrammetry and computer vision. For many years, there are many researcher groups working for this task, but unt il now, there are no papers for doing this with TLS (Three linear scanner), which has been developed for the past several years, and has very high-resolution (about 3 cm in ground resolution). In this paper, we present a methodology of road extraction from high-resolution digital imagery taken over urban areas using this modern photogrammetry’s scanner (TLS). The key features of the approach are: (1) Because of high resolution of TLS image, our extraction method is especially designed for constructing 3D road map for next -generation digital navigation map; (2) for extracting road, we use the global context of the intensity variations associated with different features of road (i.e. zebra line and center line), prior to any local edge. So extraction can become comparatively easy, because we can use different special edge detector according different features. The results achieved with our approach show that it is possible and economic to extract 3D road data from Three Linear Scanner to construct next -generation digital navigation road map.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1159-1181
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• 2016

This study introduces an image-based 2D-to-3D conversion system that provides significant stereoscopic visual effects for humans. The linear and atmospheric perspective cues that compensate each other are employed to estimate depth information. Rather than retrieving a precise depth value for pixels from the depth cues, a direction angle of the image is estimated and then the depth gradient, in accordance with the direction angle, is integrated with superpixels to obtain the depth map. However, stereoscopic effects of synthesized views obtained from this depth map are limited and dissatisfy viewers. To obtain impressive visual effects, the viewer's main focus is considered, and thus salient object detection is performed to explore the significance region for visual attention. Then, the depth map is refined by locally modifying the depth values within the significance region. The refinement process not only maintains global depth consistency by correcting non-uniform depth values but also enhances the visual stereoscopic effect. Experimental results show that in subjective evaluation, the subjectively evaluated degree of satisfaction with the proposed method is approximately 7% greater than both existing commercial conversion software and state-of-the-art approach.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.328-340
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• 2019

Purpose: To generate phase images with free of motion-induced artifact and susceptibility-induced distortion using 3D radial ultrashort TE (UTE) MRI. Materials and Methods: The field map was theoretically derived by solving Laplace's equation with appropriate boundary conditions, and used to simulate the image distortion in conventional spin-warp MRI. Manufacturer's 3D radial imaging sequence was modified to acquire maximum number of radial spokes in a given time, by removing the spoiler gradient and sampling during both rampup and rampdown gradient. Spoke direction randomly jumps so that a readout gradient acts as a spoiling gradient for the previous spoke. The custom raw data was reconstructed using a homemade image reconstruction software, which is programmed using Python language. The method was applied to a phantom and in-vivo human brain and abdomen. The performance of UTE was compared with 3D GRE for phase mapping. Local phase mapping was compared with T₂* mapping using UTE. Results: The phase map using UTE mimics true field-map, which was theoretically calculated, while that using 3D GRE revealed both motion-induced artifact and geometric distortion. Motion-free imaging is particularly crucial for application of phase mapping for abdomen MRI, which typically requires multiple breathold acquisitions. The air pockets, which are caught within the digestive pathway, induce spatially varying and large background field. T₂* map, that was calculated using UTE data, suffers from non-uniform T₂* value due to this background field, while does not appear in the local phase map of UTE data. Conclusion: Phase map generated using UTE mimicked the true field map even when non-zero susceptibility objects were present. Phase map generated by 3D GRE did not accurately mimic the true field map when non-zero susceptibility objects were present due to the significant field distortion as theoretically calculated. Nonetheless, UTE allows for phase maps to be free of susceptibility-induced distortion without the use of any post-processing protocols.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2022

지하공간정보지도 관리 프로그램은 일반지도와는 달리 지하정보를 3D 형태로 한 눈에 볼 수 있도록 만든 시스템이다. 이 시스템은 전송 데이터의 경량화를 위해 지도를 타일지도로 만들어 관리하고 있으나 지하에는 다양한 지하구조물들이 있고, 3D 데이터로 되어 있어 데이터의 용량이 크다. 따라서 일반적으로 클라이언트가 모바일 프로그램에서 타일지도를 요청할 때 마다 서버가 요청한 타일지도를 클라이언트에게 전송하는데 전송지연시간 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 모바일용 지하공간정보지도 관리 시스템에서 클라이언트에게 제공되는 타일지도 데이터에 대한 요청응답 속도를 향상시키기 위해 타일 캐싱 방법을 설계한다. 제안된 기법은 클라이언트가 타일지도를 보고 있는 동안에 서버가 다음 타일지도를 미리 예측하여 프리페칭하고 프리페칭한 데이터를 서비스 서버에 저장하지 않고 클라이언트 모바일 단말기의 메모리에 미리 저장하여 전송지연시간 문제를 해결하는 방법을 제안한다.